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To uncover adaptation mechanism of Cyclobalanopsis glauca to the arid environment of Karst areas, current-year seedlings of C. glauca were potted and grown under four soil water conditions: Normal water supply (-0.1 MPa), light drought stress (-0.5 MPa), moderate drought stress (-0.9 MPa), and severe drought stress (-1.5 MPa). We measured leaf growth and parameters of fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction dynamics after treated by 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days. With the increase of drought stress intensity, leaf area, number of green leaves, leaf water content, the contents of chlorophyll a+b and carotenoids, the maximum fluorescence, maximum photochemical quantum yield and potential photochemical efficiency significantly decreased, while the number of dead leaves and the initial fluorescence significantly increased. There was no significant difference in these parameters between light drought and normal water treatments. There were no significant difference in the absorption flux per reaction center (ABS/RC), captured light energy used to restore q A (TR o /RC), number of active reaction centers per unit area (RC/CS), light energy captured per unit area (TR o /CS) and light energy used for electron transfer per unit area (ET o /CS) between light drought and normal water treatments. Among these parameters, RC/CS was slightly higher under light drought treatment than that of normal water treatment. TR o /CS and ET o /CS reached peaks at the 45th day, being 606.12 and 440.78, respectively. Leaf ABS/RC, TR o /RC, ET o /RC, DIR o /RC, RC/CS, TR o /CS and ET o /CS of C. glauca seedlings under mode-rate drought and severe drought treatment were lower than those of normal water treatment, and the parameters under severe drought stress decreased more significantly with the extension of drought stress time. With increasing intensity and duration of drought stress, the maximum quantum efficiency, probability of other electron acceptors, and quantum ratio of electron transfer decreased, but quantum yield for energy dissipation increased. These results demonstrated that C. glauca seedlings under light drought condition showed some degree of adaptability and resistance to drought. Mode-rate drought treatment caused a decline in chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments, leading to slow growth of seedlings. Severe drought had a serious impact on growth of C. glauca seedlings, but did not lead to seedling death. Therefore, C. glauca seedlings showed strong drought tolerance, which were suitable for the application of vegetation restoration and reforestation projects in Karst areas.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of mechanical stretch preconditioning on pathological stretch-induced activation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling pathway in human type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC II)., Methods: AEC II cell line (A549 cells) cultured in vitro were divided into control group (group C), pathological stretch group (group P1) and mechanical stretch preconditioning group (group P2). In group C, A549 cells were cultured routinely. In group P1, A549 cells were exposed to 20% cyclic stretch for 6 hours. In group P2, A549 cells were exposed to 5% cyclic stretch for 60 minutes, and then exposed to 20% cyclic stretch for 6 hours. The cells were harvested for determination of the cell viability by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, lactate dehydrogeuase (LDH) release was determined by colorimetric method, the levels of interleukin (IL-1β and IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the protein expressions of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABA A R) were determined by Western Blot., Results: Compared with group C, the cell viability of group P1 was significantly decreased (A value: 0.196 ± 0.071 vs. 0.886±0.107), the release rate of LDH was significantly increased [(12.3±2.4)% vs. (1.9±0.5)%]; the contents and mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in cell culture medium were significantly increased [IL-1β (ng/L): 138.6±19.7 vs. 32.7±7.4, IL-6 (ng/L): 196.5±31.7 vs. 55.4±13.8, TNF-α (ng/L): 111.3±21.8 vs. 20.8±7.6; IL-1β mRNA (2 -ΔΔCT ): 2.79±0.44 vs. 0.83±0.12, IL-6 mRNA (2 -ΔΔCT ): 1.99±0.25 vs. 0.56±0.11, TNF-α mRNA (2 -ΔΔCT ): 2.54±0.37 vs. 0.72±0.09]; the protein expressions of GAD and GABA A R were significantly decreased [GAD (gray value): 0.38±0.12 vs. 1.75±0.45, GABA A R (gray value): 0.29±0.09 vs. 1.68±0.39; all P < 0.05]. Compared with group P1, the cell viability of group P2 was significantly increased (A value: 0.523±0.132 vs. 0.196±0.071), the release rate of LDH was significantly decreased [(6.9±1.7)% vs. (12.3±2.4)%]; the contents and mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in cell culture medium were significantly decreased [IL-1β (ng/L): 79.2±11.6 vs. 138.6±19.7, IL-6 (ng/L): 89.6±15.6 vs. 196.5±31.7, TNF-α (ng/L): 55.9±11.4 vs. 111.3±21.8; IL-1β mRNA (2 -ΔΔCT ): 1.92±0.36 vs. 2.79±0.44, IL-6 mRNA (2 -ΔΔCT ): 1.09±0.18 vs. 1.99±0.25, TNF-α mRNA (2 -ΔΔCT ): 1.77±0.25 vs. 2.54±0.37]; the protein expressions of GAD and GABA A R were significantly increased [GAD (gray value): 1.26±0.33 vs. 0.38±0.12, GABA A R (gray value): 1.04±0.15 vs. 0.29±0.09; all P < 0.05]., Conclusions: The mechanism by which mechanical stretch preconditioning attenuates pathological stretch-induced injury in human AECII is related to the activation of GABA signaling pathway.

Objective: To develop a duplex PCR method for identifying Metagonimus yokogawai and Haplorchis taichui., Methods: ITS1 sequences of M. yokogawai and H. taichui, as well as those of their homologous species were obtained from GenBank, and two sets of specific primer pairs for M. yokogawai and H. taichui were designed accordingly using Primer Premier 5.0 software. PCR reaction system and conditions were optimized. The established duplex PCR method was applied in a pool of M. yokogawai, H. taichui, and 17 related species to examine its specificity. Sensitivity was evaluated through serial dilutions of plasmids containing their specific sequences. Finally, the duplex PCR was applied to identify M. yokogawai and H. taichui among trematodes collected from the viscera of 47 cats and 40 dogs to test its practicality., Results: The duplex PCR method amplified target sequences of M. yokogawai and H. taichui, generating 648 bp and 279 bp products, respectively. No cross reaction was found with the following 17 related species: Haplorchis pumilio, Clonorchis sinensis, Pharyngostomum cordatum, the metacercaria of Metorchis sp. and Exorchis sp., Echinochasmus liliputanus, Echinochasmus perfoliatus, Echinostoma friedi, Hypoderaeum conoideum, Holostephanus sp., Diplodiscus sp., Anisakis sp., Metorchis orientais, Paragonimus westermani, Watsonius watsoni, Notocotylus sp. and Hysterothylacium sp, indicating a high specificity of this method. The detection limits for DNAs of M. yokogawai and H. taichui were 1.49 x 10(-1) pg and 1.14 x 10(-1) pg, suggesting a good sensitivity for this method. Further, the duplex PCR successfully identified M. yokogawai and H. taichui from cat and dog viscera, with no cross amplification of other trematodes., Conclusion: The duplex PCR is effective in identifying Metagonimus yokogawai and Haplorchis taichui.

This case report discusses the impact on the mind and body of a cancer recurrence patient in puberty, as he comes to terms with, and adjusts to, a recrudescence in his illness. In our study of the nursing process, we used Gorden's assessment tools for health patterns and gathered subjective or objective information through interviews and observations to establish case problems (i.e., "changes in body and mind", "personal maladjustments related to changes" "injuries of high risk" and "oral cavity mucosa ulcers", etc.). After gaining an understanding of the previous medical treatments employed in this case, in a way of respecting the medical selection and considering the developmental task at the stage of life, we provided support and encouragement through appropriate communications and expressions of sympathy with the objective of enhancing patient self-caring and capacity for adjustment in order to help the patient achieve the best possible quality of life.

Objective: To supply the basis of the breeding the host of parasite of Cordyceps sinensis for it's natural culturing, by studying the biology of the host of parasite of C. sinensis, Hepialus biruensis., Method: The host of parasite was collected in field, eclosion, mating and spawning in the different conditions were made, and it's biology and the regularity of the growth and development were observed., Result and Conclusion: In the natural condition, H. biruensis has the rate of eclosion, 42.3%, and the sex ratio, 1:0.86, and it's lifespan is 2-5 days. It has the rate of eclosion, 67.4%, in the constant temperature. At the 18 degrees C, H. biruensis has the highest rate of mating and spawning, 92% and 98%, and its rate of mating and spawning varies in the different temperature conditions. The male moth cherishes average 814.4 eggs and lays 607.2 eggs. In the open country, the optimum air relative humidity for mating and laying eggs is 75%-90%, while indoors, the optimum air relative humidity is 78%.