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Background With the intensifying trend of population aging, cognitive impairment has become one of China's significant public health challenges. The impact of lifestyle on cognitive impairment warrants further exploration. Objective This study aims to ascertain the prevalence of cognitive impairment among the elderly in the Baoshan District of Shanghai and analyze how educational level, economic status, lifestyle, and comorbidities affect cognitive impairment, providing a scientific basis for early prevention and control. Methods From July 2020 to August 2020, a stratified random sampling method was employed to survey 374 residents aged 65 and older in the Dachang Community of Baoshan District, using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic Scale (MoCA-B) for cognitive evaluation. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors influencing cognitive impairment among the elderly. Results A total of 374 valid questionnaires were retrieved, with a response rate of 100.0%. The prevalence of cognitive impairment among the suburban elderly population over the age of 65 in Shanghai was 37.7% (141/374). The multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that socializing and chatting (OR=0.574, 95%CI=0.350-0.941) were protective factors against cognitive impairment (P

With the widespread application of cruise missile technology and the increasing complexity of mission execution, the mission planning of cruise missile formations is facing new challenges. A multi patrol missile pre war planning task allocation model based on multiple constraints is constructed, with the optimization objectives of mission value return and mission loss cost, while considering various practical constraints such as task execution timing. To solve the model, an improved genetic algorithm based on simulated annealing is designed, which adjusts the adaptive selection strategy and adaptive crossover strategy based on the population fitness of different periods, ensuring convergence while increasing population diversity. Finally, the effectiveness of the designed improved algorithm in solving the task allocation problem of multiple patrol missiles was verified through a case study.

Background Clinical practice guidelines in primary care are important tools to guide primary care practice, but they are found with relatively low quality and unstandardized reporting on the whole. Objective To develop the reporting guideline for clinical practice guidelines in primary care based on the Reporting Items for practice Guidelines in HealThcare (RIGHT) . Methods According to the reporting methods recommended by EQUATOR Network, an item development group and an expert consensus group were established to develop reporting guideline for clinical practice guidelines in primary care. Content analysis, brainstorming, and topic analysis were used in developing the initial items. The Delphi survey was conducted to determine the final items. Results Thirteen items (five were modified and eight were added) were developed initially, covering five domains: guideline title, health issues, intended setting, recommendations and suggestions for future research. Then the initial item checklist was revised to a final version consisting of 15 items according to the results of two rounds of Delphi survey (with 100% response rates from 22 experts) conducted from December 2 to December 26, 2022. Conclusion This reporting checklist will provide a detailed guide for developers of guidelines in primary care, which will further improve the reporting quality of guidelines in primary care, especially that of those in China.

In urban battlefield environments, unmanned reconnaissance vehicles help command centers better understand the situation in target areas, enhance decision-making accuracy, and reduce the threat of military operations. At present, unmanned reconnaissance vehicles mostly use Ackermann steering geometry. The path planned by the traditional algorithms does not conform to the kinematic model of the unmanned reconnaissance vehicle. Thus, the combination of bicycled motion model and deep Q-network are proposed to generate the motion trajectory of unmanned reconnaissance vehicles m an end-to-end manner. In order to solve the problems of slow learning speed and poor generalizing of deep Q-network, a deep Q-network based on experience classification according to the training characteristics of neural network and a state space with certain generalization ability are proposed. The simulation experiment results show that compared with the traditional path planning algorithms, the path planned by proposed algorithm is more in line with the movement trajectory of the unmanned reconnaissance vehicle, and which improve the learning efficiency and generalization ability of the unmanned reconnaissance vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the reflected beam shifts in the anisotropic chiral metamaterial based on the Ωparticle resonance model, we give the expression of the Goos-H?nchen(GH) shifts of reflected beam by using the stationary phase method. The numerical results show that for the incidence of the transverse magnetic wave, the relative GH shifts of co-polarization reflection are enhanced at two Brewster angles, and the enhancement peak of GH shift is larger corresponding to the large Brewster angle. Meanwhile, the enhancement of GH shifts at large Brewster angle is very sensitive to the thickness of the chiral material and incident frequency, the transition of the positive and negative enhancement of the GH shift can be realized by slightly adjusting the thickness or incident frequency. As the incident angle is fixed, the positive and negative transition of the co-polarization GH shifts at different thicknesses can be realized by selecting the appropriate incident frequency. In addition, for the fixed thickness of chiral materials, the positive and negative enhancement of the co-polarization GH shifts at different frequencies can be achieved by modifying the incident angles slightly.

With the continuous research on functional factors, the essential components in functional foods, numerous functional factors have been developed and applied to functional foods. For instance, unsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols and carotenoids have their own low bioavailability due to their special physicochemical properties, thus restricting their application in food. Therefore, the development of functional factor transport systems to improve the utilization of functional factors in food organisms has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, we systematically summarize the physicochemical properties of nanoemulsions, multilayer emulsions, solid -phase lipid particles, and gel particles based on recent research on functional factor delivery systems and explain the mechanism of action and application of various delivery systems. The target delivery system could help improve functional factors' problems and achieve the controlled release of targeted action sites in vivo. Conclusively, this paper aims to lay a theoretical basis for developing and applying targeted delivery systems for functional factors in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the exact conjugate method of harmonic gear drive， the tooth profile design method of the tri-arc harmonic gear drive is proposed and the influence of flex spline profile parameters on the conjugate interval are studied. The research results show that the tri-arc harmonic gear drive has a wider conjugate zone and a smaller interval between conjugate zones than the double circular arc harmonic drive. Reducing the radius of the convex tooth profile is helpful to increase the conjugate zone, but not conducive to reduce the interval between conjugate zones. Reducing the radius of the intermediate arc, the angles and are help to increase the conjugate zone, and also to reduce the interval between conjugate zones. The radius of the concave profile has little effect on the actual conjugate zone. Appropriate profile parameters of flex spline can bring a wider conjugate zone and shrink the interval between conjugate zones, which may facilitate the conjugate contact between the teeth as well as the improvement of transmission accuracy and torsional stiffness of harmonic drive.

In harmonic gear drive,backlash has a significant effect on transmission performance. Based on the exact conjugate method of harmonic drive,the changes of conjugate zone,circular spline conjugate tooth profile and backlash of harmonic drive with the variation of flexspline tooth profile parameters are studied. The results show that flexspline profile parameters play a decisive role in conjugate section,circular spline conjugate tooth profile and backlash. Reducing the circular arc radius of convex tooth profile is helpful to increase the meshing conjugate zone,but not conducive to reducing the backlash. The circular arc radius of concave tooth profile has no obvious effect on the conjugate zone,but has a significant effect on the backlash. Reducing the common tangent angle is helps to increase the conjugate zone,reduce the backlash and improve the backlash distribution. The circular arc radius of convex and concave tooth profile of flexspline have obvious influence on the circular spline tooth profile parameters,but the common tangent angle have little effect on it. A reasonable choice of flexspline tooth profile parameters may bring a bigger conjugate zone and more well-distributed backlash,the carrying capacity and transmission performance can then be improved.

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The intelligent tactical wargame which applies artificial intelligence to wargame deduction is developed year by year. The decision-making method based on Actor-Critic framework can realize the dynamic decision-making of tactical action of intelligent tactical wargame. However, if the Critic network only evaluates the single agent, and there is no cooperation among multiple agents, the decision-making of each agent will not be intelligent enough. In order to improve the intelligence level of wargame deduction, a multi-agent decision-making method based on reinforcement learning and rules is proposed. The decision analysis of the multi-agent action decision by using reinforcement learning is focuses, and combining with the production rules to plan tactical decision. An action decision model based on Actor-Critic framework for multi-agent distributed execution training is constructed. Compared with the closed action decision-making learning method in which each operator does not communicate with each other, the proposed distributed execution and centralized training method is more advantageous and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein ubiquitination is one of the most common yet complex post-translational modifications in eukaryotes that plays an important role in various biological processes including cell signal transduction, growth, and metabolism. Disorders in the ubiquitination process have been revealed to correlate with the occurrence and development of many diseases such as neurodegenerative disease, inflammation, and cancer. Investigation of protein ubiquitination is of great importance to uncover protein functions, understand the molecular mechanisms underlying biological processes, and develop novel strategies for disease treatment. Great advances have been made toward understanding protein ubiquitination; however, it remains a challenging task due to the high diversity of ubiquitination sites and structures, as well as the dynamic nature of ubiquitination in biological processes. Protein ubiquitination occurs through the formation of a covalent bond between the carboxyl terminus of ubiquitin and the ε-amino group of a lysine residue in the substrate. As a small protein, ubiquitin itself can be further modified by another ubiquitin molecule to form homotypic or heterotypic polyubiquitin chains. There are eight sites, namely seven lysine residues (K6, K11, K27, K29, K33, K48, and K63) and one N-terminal methionine (M1), in one ubiquitin molecule that can be used to form a ubiquitin dimer. The variations in modification sites, ubiquitin chain lengths, and conformations result in differences in protein sorting, cell signaling, and function. To resolve the high complexity of protein ubiquitination, new separation approaches are required. Affinity separation based on the specific recognition between biomolecules offers high selectivity and has been employed to study the structures and functions of ubiquitination. In addition, affinity ligands are central to the separation performance. Different affinity ligands have been developed and employed for the capture and enrichment of ubiquitylated proteins. Immunoaffinity separation based on antigen-antibody interactions has been one of the most classical separation methods. Antibodies against ubiquitin or different ubiquitin linkages have been developed and widely applied for the enrichment of ubiquitylated proteins or peptides. The specific capture allows the downstream identification of endogenous ubiquitination sites via mass spectrometry and thus facilitates understanding of the roles and dynamics of polyubiquitin signals. Ubiquitin-binding domains (UBDs) are a collection of modular protein domains that can interact with ubiquitin or polyubiquitin chains. Ubiquitin-associated domains, ubiquitin-interacting motifs, and ubiquitin-binding zinc finger domains are the most frequently used UBDs. Due to the moderate affinity of UBDs toward ubiquitin or ubiquitin chains, tandem ubiquitin-binding entities (TUBEs) have been engineered with high affinities ( K d in the nanomolar range) and exhibit potential as powerful tools for ubiquitination analysis. Because of their affinity and selectivity, UBDs and TUBEs have been applied for the isolation and identification of ubiquitylated targets in cancer cells and yeasts. Compared with antibodies and UBDs, peptides are smaller in size and can be facilely synthesized via chemical approaches. The modular structure of peptides allows for de novo design and screening of artificial ubiquitin affinity ligands for targeted capture of ubiquitinated proteins. Furthermore, the polyhistidine tag at the N-terminus of ubiquitin facilitates the purification of ubiquitylated substrates using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Considering the high complexity of biosystems, strategies combining multiple affinity ligands have emerged to further improve separation efficiency and reduce background interference. Several combinations of antibodies with UBDs, antibodies with peptidyl tags, and UBDs with peptidyl tags have been developed and proven to be effective for the analysis of protein ubiquitination. These affinity-based approaches serve as important solutions for studying the structure-activity relationship of protein ubiquitination. This review highlights the applications and recent advances in affinity separation techniques for analyzing protein ubiquitination, focusing on the methods using antibodies, UBDs, peptides, and their combinations as affinity ligands. Further, their applications in the enrichment of ubiquitin-modified substrates and the identification of ubiquitination structures are introduced. Additionally, remaining challenges in affinity separation of protein ubiquitination and perspectives are discussed.

Peptides participate in and regulate many important life processes as neurotransmitters, hormones and receptors. With detailed understanding of the structure and function of peptides, chemically synthesized peptides have shown great value in the fields of biomedicine and life analysis. Human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a polypeptide hormone consisting of 28 amino acids. The abnormalities in the content and metabolism of ANP are closely related to the diseases like cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In view of the important physiological functions of ANP, herein we monitored and optimized the chemical synthesis of ANP chemical synthesis. The strategy involved integrating solid phase synthesis of linear peptide chain and liquid phase oxidation. Based on the excellent separation performance of HPLC and the excellent qualitative ability of mass spectrometry (MS), a new method based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was established to monitor the synthesis reaction and to separate and purify the obtained products. This study provides a reference for the efficient chemical synthesis and oxidative ring formation of human atrial natriuretic peptide.

Objective: To explore the clinical phenotype, genetic variant, treatment and prognosis of a child with mosaic variegated aneuploidy syndrome (MVAS)., Methods: Immunological marker screening, chromosomal karyotyping and whole exome sequencing were carried out., Results: The 1-year-11-month old girl has featured severe growth retardation, feeding difficulty, short stature, microcephaly, facial anomalies, scoliosis, visual impairment, hypotonia, chylothorax, and renal lesions. Karyotype analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes has discovered variegated aneuploidy cells (6/11). DNA sequencing has identified compound heterozygous c.826delG (p.Asp276Metfs*21) and c.2441G>A (p.Arg814His) variants in the BUB1B gene, which were inherited from her father and mother, respectively., Conclusion: The compound heterozygous variants of the BUB1B gene probably underlie the pathogenesis in this patient.

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics of a patient with Sensenbrenner syndrome (also called cranioectodermal dysplasia type 3) caused by mutation of intraflagellar transport (IFT) 43 gene., Methods: The clinical data of the patient was retrospectively analyzed. The target genes was the patient were captured and subjected to next generation sequencing. Suspected mutations were verified through Sanger sequencing., Results: The patient, a-13 year-and-5-month-old girl, was admitted for anemia and renal dysfunction for 8 months. Clinically, she has featured short stature, short limbs, brachydactylia, tooth agenesis, and retinal dystrophy, high-degree myopia, and chronic renal failure. Gene sequencing showed that she has carried a homozygous c.1A>G (p.M1V) mutation of the IFT43 gene, for which both of her parents were heterozygous carriers., Conclusion: c.1A>G (p.M1V) mutation of the C14ORF179/IFT43 gene is the cause for praecox chronic renal failure in children. Genetic testing can facilitate the diagnosis of this rare disorder. For affected families, prenatal diagnosis should be provided.

Small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA)-induced RNA degradation can inhibit viral infection, and has been investigated extensively for its efficacy as antiviral therapy. The potential therapeutic role of lentiviral-mediated short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) replication in vivo has been explored less often. We constructed two recombinant lentiviral vectors containing shRNA against the phosphoprotein (P) of the NDV, RNAi-341 and RNAi-671. Recombinant shRNA lentivirus vectors were co-transfected into 293T cells, along with helper plasmids, to package the recombinant shRNA lentivirus. Lentivirus-based shRNAs were titrated and transduced into NDV-susceptible chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and chick embryos. Antiviral activity against the NDV strain was evaluated by virus titration and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RNAi-341 and RNAi-671 strongly suppressed transient expression of a FLAG-tagged P fusion protein in 293T cells. RNAi-341 and RNAi-671 NDV reduced virus titers by 66.6-fold and 30.6-fold, respectively, in CEFs 16 h after infection. RNAi-341 and RNAi-671 reduced virus titers in specific pathogen-free chick embryos by 99% and 98%, respectively, 48 h after infection. Both shRNAs inhibited accumulation of not only P-gene mRNA, but also nucleocapsid, M-, F-, HN-, and L-gene mRNA. RNAi-341 silenced P-gene mRNA more potently than RNAi-671. These results suggest that shRNAs silencing the P gene had substantial antiviral properties and inhibited NDV replication in CEFs and chick embryos.

Objective: In order to study the role of porcine CD151 in infection of porcine cells by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), we established a porcine CD151 transgenic PK-15 cell line., Methods: The full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) for porcine CD151 was amplified from porcine alveolar macrophages by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and subcloned into eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3. The recombinant vector pcDNA-CD151 was transfected into PK-15 cells and the transgenic cell line was generated after G418 selection. Transcription of the CD151 cDNA in transgenic cell line was detected by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The cell line, together with control cell lines PK-15, 3D4-CD163 and MARC-145, was infected with PRRSV, and the viral RNA genome or antigens in the infected cells was detected by RT-PCR or immunofluorescence. At different time points post-infection, the virus was harvested and titrated on MARC-145 cells., Results: The expected size of porcine CD151 cDNA was amplified with a sequence identity of 99.7% to the published sequence. From the pcDNA-CD151-transfected cell culture, a transgenic cell line PK15-CD151 was generated and correct expression of porcine CD151 was confirmed. After PRRSV infection, the viral RNA genome and antigens were detected in the cell-line. Although apparent cytopathic effect was not observed in the virally infected cell line, the infectious virus with a high viral title was detected. The cell line had been passed for more than 30 generations and no significant difference in viral title was observed among generations 10, 20 and 30 after PRRSV infection., Conclusion: Transfection of non-permissive PK-15 cells with porcine CD151 cDNA conferred the susceptibility to PRRSV infection, indicating an important role of the porcine CD151 in PRRSV infection of porcine cells.

Based on the needs of new packing materials for rapid and efficient separation, purification and analysis of biomacromolecules, a novel sulfonic acid-type strong cation exchange resin (SP-G-PGMA SCX resin) was prepared. The porous poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres (PGMA) were selected as the matrix and glucose was used as the hydrophilic modifier to block the hydrophobic domains of PGMA beads. Glucose modification on PGMA beads improved the biocompatibility and reduced the non-specific adsorption so as to increase the recoveries of protein. The PGMA beads possess the porous structure and the relatively high specific surface area, which make the PGMA-based resins good permeability and high loading capacity. The application of such SP-G-PGMA SCX resin for the chromatographic separation of biomacromolecules was explored. Four basic proteins were baseline separated within 6 min with the column size of 100 mm x 4.6 mm. The adsorption capacity of lysozyme on SP-G-PGMA SCX resin was determined as 39.5 g/L. The results make the material promising for the separation and purification of biomacromolecules.

Background and Objective: It has been proven that the expression of ZO-1 (zonula occluden-1) was correlated with the growth and metastasis of cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between ZO-1 gene expression and clinicopathologic parameters and the survival rates in the patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)., Methods: The expression levels of ZO-1 gene in 101 patients with NSCLC and lung tissues of 61 patients with benign lung disease were detected by real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical techniques., Results: There was a significant statistic difference of ZO-1 mRNA expression levels between carcinoma group and control group (P < 0.01). In carcinoma group, adjacent group and control group, ZO-1 protein expression levels were with significantly statistic difference between each other (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). There was a significantly statistic difference between ZO-1 mRNA expression levels in survival during 2 years follow-up group and death during 2 years follow-up group (t=-5.61, P < 0.01)., Conclusions: ZO-1 is a valuable predictive marker for NSCLC patients.

Objective: To investigate lesion size caused by channel radiofrequency volumetric reduction of porcine tongue base in vitro using the technique of three-dimensional reconstruction. And to evaluate safety about channel radiofrequency volumetric reduction of tongue base., Method: Eighteen fresh porcine tongues were randomly separated into six groups,and each group had three ones. The tongue bases were designed six points according to description of Powell. Tongues base were acted on 10 s and 6 level by Coblation radiofrequency system and were cut into serial freezing histological sections. These segments were sectioned at 20 microm on the injury lesion and stained with H & E. Collected 2D digital imagine of order histological sections, drawn and cut apart part of the lesion of these sections. Images were processed IPS and were taken three-dimensional reconstruction and statistics analyzes with SPSS10.0., Result: The mean value of tongue base lesion volumes among points was (359.5 +/- 5.6) mm3, (364.3 +/- 7.0) mm, (363.7 +/- 7.2) mm3, (354.1 +/- 11.8) mm3, (349.4 +/- 17.2) mm3, (353.5 +/- 7.9) mm3 separately. Statistic analysis by one-way ANOVA showed that there was a insignificant difference between the groups (P>0.05)., Conclusion: These results demonstrated no significant effect lesion size in channel radiofrequency volumetric reduction in the different points of the tongue base. These data also indicated that coblation radiofrequency system is a safe method for obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome.

Objective: To investigate the anatomic characteristics of lingual artery and hypoglossal nerve and relationship between lingual artery and hypoglossal nerve in tongue base, for the purpose of improving data with clinic and increasing safety in the operation of tongue base., Method: Twenty extraoral dissections of the submandibular region were performed on 10 human cadavers. The origin and distribution of lingual artery and hypoglossal nerve were observed: (1) The lingual artery was divided into four segments, length and adjacent organs were observed and measured; (2) The hypoglossal nerve length and adjacent organs were observed and measured; (3) The anatomic relationship of lingual artery and hypoglossal nerve was observed and measured., Result: The whole length of lingual artery was (9.73 +/- 0.83)cm. At points of foramen cecum of the tongue, 1 cm prior to foramen cecum, 1 cm behind foramen cecum and at adjacent part of foramen cecum to lateral tongue, hyoid, and distances between lingual artery and lateral of the tongue were separately measured. The distances were (2.34 +/- 0.20) cm, (2.48 +/- 0.14) cm, (2.43 +/- 0.26) cm, (2.53 +/- 0.33) cm, (2.14 +/- 0.16) cm, (1.11 +/- 0.09) cm, respectively. At points of foramen cecum of the tongue, 1 cm prior to foramen cecum, 1 cm behind foramen cecum and at adjacent part of hyoid, lateral tongue, and distance between hypoglossal nerve and midline of the inner mandible were separately measured. The distances were(2.28 +/- 0.14) cm, (2.36 +/- 0.16) cm, (2.34 +/- 0.21 ) cm, (1.25 +/- 0.42) cm, (1.86 +/- 0.32) cm, (2.64 +/- 0.28) cm, respectively. The position of the tongue base, lingual artery and hypoglossal nerve are significantly inferior and lateral, that is, 2 cm inferior and (1.11 +/- 0.09) cm lateral to the foramen cecum; (2.08 +/- 0.33) cm medial to the inner mandible., Conclusion: This inferior lateral location-'V' type- allows the potential for aggression tongue base resection without neurovascular bundle compromise. To ensure the operating safety, the depth and angle of radiofrequency of the tongue base for OSAHS should be controlled.

Objective: To provide anatomic basis for genioglossus advancement., Method: Forty adult cadaver heads (male=29, female=11) were dissected to measure genial tubercles and observe the start-stop points of genioglossus muscle and geniohyoid muscle., Result: The genioglossus muscle originates from the superior mental spine, and the geniohyoid muscle originates from the inferior mental spine. The height, width and process of the superior mental spin were (5.82 +/- 0.71)mm, (6.98 +/- 1.35)mm, (2.92 +/- 0.97)mm respectively, while (5.97 +/- 1.39)mm, (3.81 +/- 0.52)mm, (0.77 +/- 0.62)mm in the inferior mental spine. The distance from the menton to the inferior edge of the inferior mental spine was (5.11 +/- 1.33)mm. The thickness of the mandible at the genial tubercle was (11.95 +/- 1.59)mm in total. The distance from the apices of the incisors to the superior edge of the superior mental spine was (15.57 +/- 1.82)mm in male, (9.36 +/- 2.79)mm in female, which had statistically difference (t = 6.21, P < 0.01). There are statistical difference at width, process between superior mental spine and inferior mental spine,not at height., Conclusion: The distance from the apices of the incisors to the superior edge of the superior mental spine in male is greater than that in female. When the genioglossus and geniohyoid are advanced simultaneously, the inferior horizontal bone cut should be approximately 5 mm above the menton, which should be 11 mm if the genioglossus is advanced single. The superior horizontal bone cut should be approximately 18mm above the menton. The lateral vertical cut should be 4 mm lateral to midline. It is visible, practicable and exact that the osteotomy is located with the menton and midline as marks.