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In order to improve the chromatographic separation efficiency of pesticide residues and reduce matrix effects, a lipophilicity-matched chromatographic separation strategy was proposed in this study. The triazole fungicides in fruits and vegetables were selected as a case study to establish the analytical method of 21 triazole fungicides with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted by acetonitrile, followed by salting out and cleaned-up with dispersive solid phase extraction, then separated on chromatographic column with similar lipophilicity to triazole fungicides. The effects of alkyl bonded phase with different lipophilicity on the matrix effects, recoveries and chromatographic separation of triazole fungicides and matrix components were explored. The results showed that this strategy could improve the chromatographic separation of triazole fungicides and matrix components. And 21 triazole fungicides had matrix effects within −8.3%~4.7% and good linear relationship within 5~250 μg/L, the determination coefficient R2≥0.999. The average recoveries ranged from 91.4% to 108.1%, while the limits of quantitation were in the range of 0.5~3.5 μg/kg. This method could effectively reduce matrix effects and provide satisfactory recoveries using solvent calibration for quantification, which could significantly improve the detection efficiency. The proposed method was simple, accurate and sensitive, and suitable for determination of triazole fungicides in fruits and vegetables. This strategy could provide a method reference for column selection and matrix effect reduction in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis.

In order to ensure the safe production of the oil field，scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD)，combined with wire beam electrodes，were used to observe the corrosion morphology and analyze the corrosion products under the scale in accordance with the actual operating conditions of an oil field in northern Shaanxi.The influence mechanism of Cl-，CO2 and O2 on corrosion under scale was explored by polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy，and the corrosion inhibition performance of corrosion inhibitors on corrosion under scale was clarified.Results showed that Cl-，CO2 and O2 could easily penetrate the scale layer and reach the surface of the metal substrate to form corrosion cells，which increased the corrosion tendency.The corrosion inhibitor CH-1 had a small adsorption capacity on the scale sample surface，and had a strong anodic inhibition effect on the corrosion under scale.It could achieve the corrosion inhibition effect through negative catalytic effect，and had good corrosion inhibition performance under scale.

Objective: Improvement of the baking quality of the multi-grain pre-blent bread flour. Methods: On the basis of the previous study on the preparation of low glycemic index multi-grain pre-blent bread flour with oat flour, chickpea flour and wheat flour as the main raw materials, this study employed single factor experiment and response surface methodology to optimize the formula of the pre-blent bread flour. Results: The optimal concentration of xanthan gum, gluten, maltose amylase and ascorbic acid were 0.78 g/100 g, 3.42 g/100 g, 200.00 mg/kg and 171.70 mg/kg, respectively. The specific volume and hardness of the prepared bread were （2.21±0.03） mL/g and （15.97±0.69） N, respectively, which were closed to the bread made with pure wheat flour. The sensory evaluation results （including odor, internal structure, taste and overall acceptability） of the bread prepared from the multi-grain pre-blend flour were better than that of bread made from pure wheat flour. Conclusion: The formula of multi-grain pre-blent bread flour optimized by this study can be used in industrialization.

Objective To explore the postmortem diffusion rule of Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites in poisoned rabbits, and to provide a reference for identifying the antemortem poisoning or post-mortem poisoning of Aconitum alkaloids. Methods Twenty-four rabbits were sacrificed by tracheal clamps. After 1 hour, the rabbits were administered with aconitine LD50 in decocting aconite root powder by intragastric administration. Then, they were placed supine and stored at 25 °C. The biological samples from 3 randomly selected rabbits were collected including heart blood, peripheral blood, urine, heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney tissues at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h after intragastric administration, respectively. Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites in the biological samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Results At 4 h after intragastric administration, Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites could be detected in heart blood, peripheral blood and major organs, and the contents of them changed dynamically with the preservation time. The contents of Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites were higher in the spleen, liver and lung, especially in the spleen which was closer to the stomach. The average mass fraction of benzoylmesaconine metabolized in rabbit spleen was the highest at 48 h after intragastric administration. In contrast, the contents of Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites in kidney were all lower. Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites were not detected in urine. Conclusion Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites have postmortem diffusion in poisoned rabbits, diffusing from high-content organs (stomach) to other major organs and tissues as well as the heart blood. The main mechanism is the dispersion along the concentration gradient, while urine is not affected by postmortem diffusion, which can be used as the basis for the identification of antemortem and postmortem Aconitum alkaloids poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to explore the optimal row space configuration for high-quality and efficient production of 'Fuyan 70' in Hulun Buir area. A single factor randomized block design was used to study the effect of row spacing of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 cm on yield and silage quality. The grey relational degree was used for comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that row spacing configuration had significant effect on dry matter yield and silage quality ( P<0.05). The maximum dry matter yield of 'Fuyan 70' was 10 629 kg/hm2 when the row spacing was 20 cm. DM content was the highest (36.79%) at row spacing was 25 cm, CP content was the highest (13.40%) at row spacing of 30 cm, EE content was the highest (2.75%) at row spacing of 30 cm, ADF and NDF content increased significantly with the increase of planting row spacing, and ADF content was the lowest (25.11%) at row spacing of 20 cm. Grey correlation analysis showed that the comprehensive evaluation of row spacing of 20 cm was the highest, the correlation degree was 0.948. The experiment indicates that when planting row spacing is 20 cm, 'Fuyan 70' has high dry matter yield and excellent silage quality, which is suitable for planting in Hulun Buir area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nonlinear finite element model of high head expansion water seal is established to simulate the mechanical performance and deformation characteristics of the rubber material during the water sealing process. The influence of back pressure, reservoir water pressure and other parameters on sealing performance of the expansion water seal are further investigated. Firstly, the uniaxial tension compression and pure shear test date of rubber material are used to curve fitting and the Mooney-Rivlin model parameters based on the least square method. The APDL programming language in ANSYS is used to determine the contact state of steel head and apply the cyclic loads from lateral water pressure. Secondly, the influence of the Mooney-Rivlin model with different number of parameters on the accuracy of the simulation is analyzed by numerical examples. The validity of the simulation is verified by comparing with the model experiment. Finally, the parametric studies are presented to explore variations of free expansion, contact stress and steel head offset with back pressure, reservoir water pressure and the distance between panel and pressing plate in different working stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of silica was studied by diffuse reflectance infrared spectrum, and the two-dimensional diffuse reflectance infrared spectrum was further studied with Si-O-Si asymmetric stretching vibration (v asSi-O-Si) and Si-O-Si symmetric stretching vibration (v sSi-O-si) of silica as objects. The infrared absorption peaks of silica are V asSi-O-Si-1-2D (including Vas Si-O-Si-l-A-2D/ 1175 cm-1, and V asSi-O-Si-l·B-2D/1171 cm-1), V asSi-O-Si-2-2D (including V asSi-O-Si-2-A-2D/1092 cm-1, V asSi-O-Si-2-B-2D/1088 cm-1 and V asSi-O-Si-2-C-2D/ 1086 cm-1), V s Si-O-Si-1-2D (including Vs si-O-Si-l-A-2D/ 812 cm-1, Vssi-O-Si-l-B-2D/806 cm-1, Vssi-O-Si-l-C-2D/802 cm-1, Vssi-O-Si-l·D-2D/ 796 cm-1 and V s Si-O-Si-l-E-2D/ 792 cm-1), V s Si-O-Si-2-2D (including V s Si-O-Si-2-A·2D/ 788 cm-1, V s Si-O-Si-2-B-2D/ 784 cm-1, V s Si-O-Si-2-C-2D/ 778 cm-1, V s Si-O-Si-2-D-2D/774 cm-1), V s Si-O-Si-3-2D (including V s Si-O-Si-3-A-2D/700 cm-1, V s Si-O-Si-3-B-2D/ 696 cm-1, V s Si-O·-Si·-3-C-2D/692 cm-1 and V s Si-O-Si-3-D-2D/ 682 cm-1), V s Si-O-Si-4-2D/ 518 cm-1 and V s Si-O-Si-S-2D (including v s Si-O-Si-S-A-2D/ 475 cm-1 and v sSi-O-Si-s-B-2D 465 cm-1). Under the time disturbance factor, the order of change speed of each absorption peak is 1175 cm-1 > 1171 cm-1 1086 cm-1 > 1088 cm-1> 1092 cm-1, 802 cm-1 > 812 cm-1 > 792 cm-1 > 806 cm-1 >796 cm-1,774 cm-1 >788 cm-1 > 784 cm-1 > 778 cm-1, 682 cm-1 > 696 cm-1 >700 cm-1 >692 cm-1,465 cm-1 > 475 cm-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folk religion and superstructure is closely related to people's lives, which makes it an important research perspective of observing ancient Chinese society. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were many types of folk religion within Dongchang Prefecture, which were widely distributed. According to function and attribute, they are mainly divided into five categories; universal worship of gods, religion of disaster, religion of water gods, religion of profession gods as well as religion of local gods, sages and famous officials. Access to flowing canal and special local geographical environment, history and culture make the folk religion show a significant regional characteristic, main performances of which include the prevalence of water gods, the participation of businessmen or business groups and numerous local gods. Folk religion has a profound impact on governance of regional society and people's daily life, and become an important manifestation of social changes in the canal regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhangqiu Town is not only a canal thoroughfare and commercial center in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but also an area where the Alpheus belief is prevalent. The formation and development of the Alpheus belief is closely related to the Yellow River and canal's treatment. From the view of time, Alpheus belief has three waves, under the governance of Emperor Jingtai (1450-1456), Emperor Hongzhi (1488- 1505) of the Ming Dynasty and the late Qing Dynasty respectively, during which periods the Yellow River flood is most serious and water transport is most difficult, which is obvious time-dependent. Most Alpheus temples were built during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the main reason of which is to suppress flood and reward god. Alpheus belief with strong legitimacy and authority primarily serves the practical need of water transport, canal and river's governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heavy metals pollution is one of the ecological problems which have been paid close attention to Spodoptera exigua Hübner, one of the key pests on vegetables and cotton in the Yangtze River and its southern area in China, has broken out more frequently in recent years. In this study, accumulation of Pb2+ in S. exigua and its excretion were detected when fed with artificial diets with different Pb2+ concentrations (0. 3, 1. 2, 4. 8, 19. 2 and 76. 8 mg.kg-1, respectively). Life table was constructed according to the survival and growth of different stages of S. exigua. The effect of lead on three successive generations of beet armyworm was studied using the life table in the laboratory. It was found that the Pb2+ contents were significantly different when S. exigua was reared at different Pb2+ concentrations in the same generation in a significant dose-dependent manner. The concentration of Pb2+ increased with prolonging the stress time at the same time. The Pb2+ concentrations at the three developmental stages of beet armyworm followed the order of larvae > adult > pupa. The beet armyworm could excrete heavy metals by means of faeces, prepupa exuviate and puparium, and the concentrations of Pb2+ in faeces and prepupa exuviate were far higher than in puparium. According to the survival rates of different developmental stages, the female ratios and the egg numbers, the laboratory population life table was constructed. It showed that low doses of Pb2+ promoted the growth of the population, and high doses inhibited the growth, and the index of population trend (I) declined more rapidly with the increase of stress time. The study could provide references for long-term and objective assessment of heavy metal hazard and its effect on the populations of important agricultural pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flight risk has the characters of small probability and great hazard. In order to assess it quantitatively, extreme value theory (EVT) was adopted to analyze the distribution of decisive parameters. Firstly the fault model that takes pilot response into consideration was built, then a method of acquiring the extreme sample when the angular rate sensor breaks down was introduced. After that, the distribution of the decisive parameters was obtained using the simulation system; then non-linear model was used to replace the inaccurate linear model that is widely used in the process of identifying the extreme value distribution. In order to solve the uncertainty in the fitting process, four optimization algorithms were taken to identify the model parameters contrastively and the adaptive range particle swarm optimization (ARPSO) was found to be the best suitable algorithm. The acquired risk probability was then taken into Markov model that involves pilot mode to evaluate the compositive flight risk of control system quantitatively. The results can evaluate the dynamic reliability in some certain airplanes' control system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Traditional inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) determination of trace elements such as Ag and Cd in geochemical samples is seriously affected by the matrix effect and multiple polyatomic ions, making it difficult to measure these elements accurately. OBJECTIVES To compare the results of ICP-MS standard mode (STD) and kinetic energy discrimination mode (KED), and determine the valid determination modes of each element. METHODS The samples were digested by HNO3-HF-HClO4, and the residue was dissolved in aqua regia. Under the KED mode, the isotopes with less interference were selected as the determination isotopes. Rh was used as the internal standard element to correct the signal drift, and the sample solution was diluted by 1000. Under these conditions, the matrix effect was minimized. RESULTS The productivity of matrix elements such as Zr and Nb oxides was reduced, and the interference of oxides on Ag and Cd was minimized under the KED mode. The KED mode improved the signal-to-noise ratio and reduced the detection limits of this method with Ag and Cd, detection limits of 0.004mg/kg and 0.005mg/kg, respectively. The detection limits of the other 12 elements were also lower than those of 76 element analysis schemes in a multi-objective geochemical survey. The accuracy of determination of trace elements was significantly better than that of the STD mode. CONCLUSIONS The method has been verified by the first-class national reference material and the analytical results are in good agreement with the certified values. The method provides high-quality data for exploration geochemistry.

Objectives: To explore the postmortem diffusion rule of Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites in poisoned rabbits, and to provide a reference for identifying the antemortem poisoning or postmortem poisoning of Aconitum alkaloids., Methods: Twenty-four rabbits were sacrificed by tracheal clamps. After 1 hour, the rabbits were administered with aconitine LD 50 in decocting aconite root powder by intragastric administration. Then, they were placed supine and stored at 25 ℃. The biological samples from 3 randomly selected rabbits were collected including heart blood, peripheral blood, urine, heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney tissues at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h after intragastric administration, respectively. Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites in the biological samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)., Results: At 4 h after intragastric administration, Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites could be detected in heart blood, peripheral blood and major organs, and the contents of them changed dynamically with the preservation time. The contents of Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites were higher in the spleen, liver and lung, especially in the spleen which was closer to the stomach. The average mass fraction of benzoylmesaconine metabolized in rabbit spleen was the highest at 48 h after intragastric administration. In contrast, the contents of Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites in kidney were all lower. Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites were not detected in urine., Conclusions: Aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites have postmortem diffusion in poisoned rabbits, diffusing from high-content organs (stomach) to other major organs and tissues as well as the heart blood. The main mechanism is the dispersion along the concentration gradient, while urine is not affected by postmortem diffusion, which can be used as the basis for the identification of antemortem and postmortem Aconitum alkaloids poisoning.

Objectives: To establish a rapid screening method for 34 emerging contaminants in surface water by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS)., Methods: The pretreatment conditions of solid phase extraction (SPE) were optimized by orthogonal experimental design and the surface water samples were concentrated and extracted by Oasis ® HLB and Oasis ® MCX SPE columns in series. The extracts were separated by Kinetex ® EVO C18 column, with gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and 0.1% formic acid methanol solution. Q-TOF-MS 'fullscan' and 'targeted MS/MS' modes were used to detect 34 emerging contaminants and to establish a database with 34 emerging contaminants precursor ion, product ion and retention times., Results: The 34 emerging contaminants exhibited good linearity in the concentration range respectively and the correlation coefficients ( r ) were higher than 0.97. The limit of detection was 0.2-10 ng/L and the recoveries were 81.2%-119.2%. The intra-day precision was 0.78%-18.70%. The method was applied to analyze multiple surface water samples and 6 emerging contaminants were detected, with a concentration range of 1.93-157.71 ng/L., Conclusions: The method is simple and rapid for screening various emerging contaminants at the trace level in surface water.

Objectives: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on nuclear transcription factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteine aspartic acid specific protease-1 (Caspase-1) pathway in the substantia nigra (SN) of mice with Parkinson's disease (PD), so as to explore the neuroprotective mechanism of EA., Methods: Forty C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely, control, PD model, EA and sham-EA groups, with 10 mice in each group. The PD mouse model was established by gavage of rotenone for 4 weeks. Mice in the EA group were given EA stimulation (1 mA, 2 Hz) at "Fengfu" (GV36), bilateral "Taichong" (LR3) and "Zusanli" (ST36) for 30 min, once daily for 2 consecutive weeks. And mice in the sham-EA group were given acupuncture at the subcutaneous areas of the same acupoints without EA stimulation. The open-field test was used for assessment of mouse behavior. The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in the serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . The positive expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in SN was determined by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression levels of Nrf2, NLRP3, Caspase-1, gasdermin D(GSDMD), IL-1β, IL-18 and the protein expression levels of Nrf2, NLRP3, Caspase-1 and GSDMD in the SN were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, separately., Results: After modeling, compared with the control group, the behavioral score was increased ( P <0.01), the total exercise time, the total distance and the average speed were decreased ( P <0.01), and the positive expression of TH and the mRNA and protein expression levels of Nrf2 in the SN were decreased ( P <0.01), while the contents of IL-1β and IL-18 in serum, the mRNA and protein expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and GSDMD and the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the SN were up-regulated ( P <0.01) in the PD model group. Following EA intervention, the behavioral score was decreased( P <0.01), the total exercise time, total distance and average speed were increased ( P <0.01), the positive expression of TH and the mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2 in SN were up-regulated ( P <0.01, P <0.05), while the contents of IL-1β and IL-18 in serum, the mRNA and protein expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and GSDMD as well as the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the SN were down-regulated ( P <0.01, P <0.05) in the EA group relative to the PD model and sham-EA groups. There were no significant differences in the above indicators between the PD model and sham-EA groups., Conclusions: EA stimulation of GV36, LR3 and ST36 can improve motor deficits, reduce the loss of dopamine neurons in the SN, and inhibit neuroinflammatory responses in mice with PD, which may be related to its effects in regulating the Nrf2/NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway mediated pyroptosis.

Objectives: To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Fengfu" (GV16), "Taichong" (LR3) and "Zusanli" (ST36) on α-synuclein (α-syn), Occludin, Claudin-1, thioredoxin interaction protein (TXNIP) and Nod-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) in Parkinson's disease (PD) mice, so as to investigate the mechanisms of EA on intestinal barrier function and inflammation in PD mice., Methods: Thirty six C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control, model and EA groups, with 12 mice in each group. PD mice model was induced by rotenone intragastric administration for 28 days. Mice in the EA group were treated with EA (2 Hz, 1 mA) at GV16, LR3 and ST36 for 30 min, once a day for 14 days. The behavioral scores were observed. The total distance of autonomic movement was measured by open field test. The expression level of α-syn in substantia nigra and colon tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry. The colonic morphology and goblet cell distribution were observed by Alcian blue staining. The expression levels of Occludin, Claudin-1, TXNIP and NLRP3 mRNA in colon tissue were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR., Results: Compared with the control group, the behavioral scores of rats were increased ( P <0.01)；the total distance of autonomous movement was decreased ( P <0.01)；the positive expression level of α-syn in the substantia nigra and colon was increased ( P <0.01)；the goblet cells and crypts in colon tissue were reduced, and the muscular layer was thinner；the expression levels of Occludin and Claudin-1 mRNAs in colon tissue were decreased ( P <0.01) while TXNIP and NLRP3 mRNAs were increased ( P <0.01) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the surface villi of colon tissue was more complete, the goblet cells and crypts were increased, and the muscular layer was thickened；the other indexes were reversed ( P <0.01, P <0.05) in the EA group., Conclusions: EA at GV16, LR3 and ST36 can reduce the abnormal accumulation of α-syn in the substania nigra and colon tissue of PD mice, alleviate the damage of intestinal barrier, regulate TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway, so as to delay the occurrence and development of PD.

Purpose: To explore the effect of sodium alginate-g-deferoxamine/chitosan (SA-g-DFO/CS) microspheres on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)., Methods: A kind of SA-g-DFO/CS microsphere was developed through electrostatic interaction between porous chitosan microspheres and sodium alginate chemically grafted on the surface of DFO. Its morphology, porosity rate, pore size and sustained release of DFO in vitro were examined. Rat BMSCs were isolated and co-cultured with microspheres in osteogenic differentiation medium. MTT assay was used to study the influence of cell proliferation, and Calcein-AM/PI staining was used to observe the cell viability. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay was conducted. PCR was used to detect the expression of genes related to angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 software package., Results: The SA-g-DFO/CS porous microspheres were successfully prepared with a sustained re6lease of DFO. Compared with SA/CS microspheres, the SA-g-DFO/CS microspheres were conducive to cell proliferation and differentiation, with the increases in expression level of ALP, related angiogenesis genes HIF-1α, VEGF and osteogenesis genes COLI, OCN., Conclusions: The SA-g-DFO/CS porous microspheres can provide a new choice for the development of alveolar bone regeneration.

Ten alkaloids(1-10) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the fruit of Lycium chinense var. potaninii by silica gel, ODS, and preparative high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), and identified by NMR and MS as methyl(2S)-[2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-3-(phenyl)propanoate(1), methyl(2R)-[2-formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-3-(phenyl)propanoate(2), 3-hydroxy-4-ethyl ketone pyridine(3), indolyl-3-carbaldehyde(4),(R)-4-isobutyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-6-carbaldehyde(5),(R)-4-isopropyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-6-car-baldehyde(6), methyl(2R)-[2-formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate(7), dimethyl(2R)-[2-formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]butanedioate(8), 4-[formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]butanoate(9), 4-[2-formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]butanoic acid(10). All the compounds were isolated from the plant for the first time. Among them, compounds 1-3 were new compounds. Compounds 1-9 were evaluated for hypoglycemic activity in vitro with the palmitic acid-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. At 10 μmol·L~(-1), compounds 4, 6, 7, and 9 can promote the glucose consumption of HepG2 cells with insulin resistance.

The UNMIX model was used to analyze the source of heavy metals found to be present in the topsoil of parks in the main district of Lanzhou City. The Hakanson toxicity response coefficient was used concurrently to modify the traditional weights in the model, and the matter-element extension model was used to evaluate heavy metal pollution. The results of the evaluation were compared with the comprehensive pollution index ( P N ) and potential ecological risk index (RI). The results were as follows. ①The average heavy metal content in the topsoil at each sampling point was higher than that of the background value of soil in Lanzhou, with the proportion of Ni, Cu, and Co being 100% while the proportion of Cr, V, Pb, and As contents were 58.82%, 14.71%, 20.59%, and 2.94%, respectively. ② The results of source analysis showed that there were three major sources of heavy metal pollution in the topsoil of the parks in the study area. Source 1 is construction pollution, which contributes 56% of the Co present. Source 2 is traffic pollution, which contributes 44% and 52% of Cu and Pb, respectively. Source 3 is natural, and contributes 62%, 60%, 56%, and 56% of V, Cr, Ni, and As, respectively. Thus, this research showed that natural sources are predominant. ③ The weight correction effect for each heavy metal was significant; there was an approximately 44% reduction in both Cr and V, while the corrected weights of Ni, Cu, Pb, As, and Co increased in the order Co < Pb < Cu < Ni < As compared with the conventional weights. The most obvious change in weight was that of As, which increased by approximately 188%. ④ The results of the evaluation using the matter-element model showed that the state of 46% of the topsoil in the parks in the study area was grade Ⅴ (severely polluted), while 41% was grade Ⅳ (moderately polluted) and 3% was grade Ⅲ (lightly polluted); Co was the main pollutant. The results of the model evaluation were roughly the same as of from the P N and RI, indicating that the matter-element extension model can be used to evaluate heavy metal pollution in soil and the evaluation results are accurate and objective.

In this study, seven types of heavy metal elements and 11 types of characteristic parameters affecting heavy metal pollution and accumulation in surface dust were selected. Based on the comprehensive pollution index ( P N ) and potential ecological risk index (RI) calculated from the heavy metal element content of the school dust in the main urban area of Lanzhou City in 2018 as the training set, the P N and RI of the information sampling points were estimated using random forests. Then, the temporal and spatial characteristics of heavy metals in school dust in the main urban area of Lanzhou were analyzed. Finally, the correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional interpolation results and the random forest interpolation results. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the dust were higher than the local background values. The over standard rate of a single sample is 100%, Zn is 5 times higher than the background value, and Pb is 4 times higher than background value. P N in the study area was in the order Chengguan > Xigu > Anning > Qilihe, and RI was in the order Chengguan > Xigu > Qilihe > Anning. P N and RI exhibited very similar spatial distribution characteristics, both located in transportation hubs or downtown. In winter and summer, P N exhibited a high value, whereas RI had a high value. The reason for the high value of P N and RI in winter was the increase of coal sources in winter. The comparison of spatial interpolation results shows that the correlation coefficient between the results of random forest interpolation and traffic flow and normalized building index is greater than that of the traditional algorithm.

Objective: To explore the protective effect of Peroxiredoxin 4 (PRDX4) on the testes undergoing heat stress in PRDX4 knockout mice., Methods: Twenty-four C57BL/6 mice underwent CRISPR/Cas9-mediated total knockout of the PRDX4 gene and another 24 wild-type mice were used as controls. At 9 weeks of age, the rats were subjected to 15-minute testicular heat stress in 43℃ water once a day for 3 days, or in 25℃ water as the control. Before and at 1 day and 5 weeks after treatment, 4 from each group were sacrificed respectively and their testes harvested for observation of histological changes by HE staining, detection of the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells by TUNEL and determination of the expression of PRDX4 by Western blot and those of the oxidative stress factors hydroxynonenal (HNE) and 8-OHdG by immunohistochemistry., Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in testicular histology, the apoptosis rate of spermatogenic cells, and the expressions of HNE and 8-OHdG between the PRDX4 knockout mice and wild-type controls (P > 0.05). After 1-day 43℃ heat stress, the PRDX4 knockout mice showed a significantly increased apoptosis rate of spermatogenic cells as compared with the baseline (［38.65 ± 2.57］% vs ［0.46 ± 0.06］%, P < 0.01), and so did the wild-type controls (［13.21 ± 1.43］% vs ［0.33 ± 0.01］%, P < 0.01), higher in the PRDX4 knockout than in the wild-type control group even at 5 weeks after heat stress (［3.09 ± 0.16］% vs ［1.45 ± 0.11］%, P < 0.01). The PRDX4 knockout mice also exhibited a markedly upregulated expression of 8-OHdG (38.25 ± 1.19 vs 19.54 ± 1.13, P < 0.01), and so did the wild-type controls (24.30 ± 1.65 vs 18.22 ± 1.18, P < 0.01), higher in the PRDX4 knockout than in the wild-type control group even at 5 weeks after heat stress (25.40 ± 1.57 vs 23.25 ± 1.48, P < 0.01). The expression of HNE, however, showed no statistically significant difference before and at 1 day after 43℃ heat stress either in the PRDX4 knockout mice or in the wild-type controls (P > 0.05), though remarkably higher in the former than in the latter group at 5 weeks after treatment (28.57 ± 0.56 vs 19.00 ± 1.35, P < 0.01). The expression of 8-OHdG was also higher in the PRDX4 knockout than in the wild-type control group at 5 weeks, but with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05)., Conclusions: PRDX4 can effectively protect the testis from heat stress and promote the restoration of its spermatogenic function.

Objective: To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on gastric motility, protooncogene c-fos and hippocampus N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits in rats with functional dyspepsia (FD), and to discuss the molecular mechanism of hippocampal in EA at "Zhongwan" (CV 12) and "Weishu" (BL 21) for gastric motility., Methods: Eighty-four Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a Zhongwan group, a Weishu group, an acupoint combination group and a non-acupoint group, 14 rats in each one. Except for the normal group, FD model were established by moderate tail-clipping infuriation method and irregular feeding. The rats in the Zhongwan group, Weishu group, acupoint combination group and non-acupoint group were treated with EA at corresponding acupoints, 20 min per treatment, once a day for 7 days. The rats in the normal group and the model group received no treatment; grabbing and fixation were applied in the model group. The stress transducer was used to record gastric motion waveforms; immunohistochemistry method was used to detect the expression of c-fos in hippocampus; Western blot method was used to detect the expression of NMDA receptor subunits NR1, NR2A and NR2B in hippocampus., Results: Compared with the normal group, the gastric motility range was decreased ( P <0.05), and the expression of hippocampus NR2A was reduced and the levels of NR1 and NR2B were increased in the model group ( P <0.05), however, hippocampus c-fos expression was not significant different between the normal group and the model group ( P >0.05). Compared with the model group, the gastric motility range was increased, the expression of hippocampus c-fos and expression of hippocampus NR2A was increased but expressions of NR1 and NR2B were reduced in the Weishu group, Zhongwan group and acupoint combination group ( P <0.05). Besides, the differences of gastric motility range and expression of hippocampus c-fos, NR1, NR2A and NR2B between the model group and the non-acupoint were not significant ( P >0.05). Compared with the Zhongwan group and the Weishu group, the gastric motility range was increased, the expression of hippocampus c-fos and NR2A was increased but the expression of NR1 and NR2B was reducedin the acupoint combination group ( P <0.05). There was no significant difference in the frequency of gastric motility among the groups ( P >0.05)., Conclusion: EA at "Zhongwan" (CV 12) and "Weishu" (BL 21) could increase gastric motility of FD rats, which is likely to be related with activating hippocampal neurons, upregulating the level of NR2A and downregulating NR1 and NR2B.

APP/PS1/tau triple transgenic (3xTg) mouse is a classical animal model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has abnormalities in recognition and electrophysiological properties at early 6-month-old age. However, few studies were performed by using simultaneously recording cognitive behavior and brain electrical activity in the conscious 3xTg mice. By using a new wireless recording system, we recorded hippocampal Theta oscillations in 3xTg mice during the process of fear conditioning test. The results showed that: (1) in training session, no significant difference in the fear behavior and hippocampal Theta activity was found between 3xTg mice and WT mice; (2) in test session, 3xTg mice showed a significant decrease in freezing ratio compared with WT mice when they were exposed to conditioning stimulus (CS); (3) the 3xTg mice showed lower peak power in Theta oscillation in both Pre-CS and CS duration compared with WT mice; (4) CS effectively induced an increase in the peak frequency of Theta oscillation in WT mice, but not in 3xTg mice. These results indicated that the impairment of cognition behavior in 3xTg mice was accompanied with the decreased peak power and peak frequency of Theta oscillation in the hippocampus, suggesting that a decline in Theta oscillation might be involved in the impairments of the fear conditioning, and the enhanced hippocampal Theta oscillation may be beneficial for improving AD cognitive function.

The effects of ozone, powdered activated carbon (PAC), and their combination on controlling fouling and the removal of organic matter were investigated. The results showed that ozone mainly oxidized strong hydrophobic, high relative molecular mass ( M r ) compounds and the high M r was transferred to medium and small M r hydrophilic fractions. Ozone could control fouling effectively, demonstrating that hydrophobic organic matter with higher M r contributed to membrane fouling. PAC adsorbed organics with small M r and alleviated membrane fouling, showing that organics with small M r contributed also to membrane fouling. The ozone and PAC combination controlled membrane fouling and also enhanced the removal of organics, demonstrating the synergistic effect of such a combination.

Objective: To observe the gait changes of Alzheimer's disease PS1M146V/APPswe/tauP301L triple-transgenic (3xTg-AD) mice and to investigate the improvement effect of single chain variable domain antibody fragment 17 (scFv17) on the gait., Methods: In the present study, a selection of 6-month-old 3xTg-AD mice ( n =18) and C57BL/6 wild-type mice ( n =24) was performed. First, we observed their gait changes and found that the gait of 12-month-old 3xTg-AD mice was severely damaged. Then, the two groups of mice were randomly divided into four groups:WT+PBS( n =12), WT+scFv17( n =12), 3xTg-AD+PBS( n =9) and 3xTg-AD+scFv17( n =9). The gait behavior test and pathological test were performed after 12 weeks'continuous administration of scFv17 (1.5 mg/kg) or an equal volume of PBS (0.01 mol/L) by nasal gavage twice a week., Results: Compared with the same month old wild type mice, the rear track width of 12 month old 3xTg-AD mice was increased( P <0.01), swing time percent was decreased ( P <0.01), stance time percent was increased( P <0.01), so the ability of movement coordination and balance was seriously damaged. ScFv17 could improve the coordination and balance ability of 12 month old 3xTg-AD mice( P <0.01). The morphological structure of 3xTg-AD mice cerebellar Purkinje cells was improved. The treatment of scFv17 increased the Nissl body number of the cerebellar Purkinje cells of 3xTg-AD mice ( P <0.01). scFv17 reduced the amyloid β protein (Aβ) plaques in the cerebellar cortex of 3xTg-AD mice ( P <0.01), and scFv17 reduced the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of the cerebellar Purkinje cells of the 3xTg-AD mice ( P <0.01)., Conclusions: The coordination and balance ability of 3xTg-AD mice was significantly impaired. ScFv17 can improve gait behaviour in the 3xTg-AD significantly.The mechanism may be related to the improvement of the structure and protein function of cerebellar Purkinje cells, and the eliminating of the Aβ plaques and the neurofibrillary tangles.

In this study, a imaging system with hyperspectral reflectance, transmittance and interactance was constructed for estimate the firmness and elastic modulus of blueberry. The comparisons of these three imaging modes were carried out. This hyperspectral system could also be applied for scattering modewhile this mode was not suitable for small fruit such as blueberry. The reflectance hypercubes were segmented with the algorithm based on the Otsu method, and the transmittance and interactance hypercubes were processed with the algorithms based on region growing approach. Subsequently, the extracted spectra were pretreated with the Standard Normal Variate (SNV) and Savitzky-Golay of the first derivative (Der), and least squares-support vector machine was applied for the establishment of the corresponding prediction models. The obtained results demonstrated that -reflectance-SNV model could predict blueberry firmness with correlation coefficient of prediction sample set (Rp) of 0.80 and the ratio of percent deviation (RPD) of 1.76 among the models using full spectra. The elastic modulus of blueberry was better estimated by the full transmittance spectra subjected to SNV pretreatment with Rp (RPD) of 0.78 (1.74) than the other models. Furthermore, Random Frog selection approach could to some extent reduce the uninformative wavelengths while increasing the prediction accuracy of the established models. Random Frog-Interactance-Der model achieved Rp (RPD) of 0.80 (1.83) for blueberry firmness, but the number of wavelength was 140. In the case of blueberry elastic modulus, random frog-transmittance-SNV showed the relatively superior performance compared to the other models, with Rp (RPD) of 0.82 (1.83) and fewer wavelength number of 20.

An incubation experiment was carried out to study the effect of montmorillonite on pH, the fractions and availability of phosphorus in a sandy yellow soil (SY) and a mineral flavicant soil (MF) applied with biogas residues of swine manure (BSR). The rates of montmorillonite applied were 0%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%, respectively. The results indicated that soil pH was not affected by BSR, but was significantly increased by montmorillonite. In both soils, application of BSR caused an increase in the content and proportion of Al-P during the incubation, and an increase in the content but a slight decrease in the proportion of Fe-P in later period of incubation. The concentration of O-P was not markedly changed, but its proportion was decreased by applying BSR in both soils. The changes of Ca-P varied with soils. BSR had no significant influence on Ca-P content, but decreased the proportion of Ca-P in SY, meanwhile, it increased both Ca-P content and proportion in MF. Addition of montmorillonite in soils applied with BSR decreased the contents and proportions of Al-P and O-P, and the proportion of Fe-P did not change the contents of Fe-P, but increased the content and proportion of Ca-P in SY. In MF, montmorillonite could decrease the contents and proportions of Fe-P and O-P, and the proportion of Al-P did not affect the content of Al-P, but increased the contents and proportions of Ca-P greatly. The contents of available phosphorus (A-P) were enhanced by 17.9%-38.0% and 17.1%-33.7% in SY and MF respectively, and the phosphorus activation coefficient (PVC) was significantly improved in both soils by applying BSR. The contents of A-P were reduced by 8.8%-35.5% and 1.1%-11.6% in SY and MF respectively. Correlation analysis showed that montmorillonite reduced the availability of phosphorus through increasing pH and contents of Ca-P, decreasing the content of Al-P in SY, and through increasing pH and decreasing content of Fe-P in MF. The availability of phosphorus in SY was influenced more obviously than that in MF by montmorillonite.

The existing forms of phosphorus in seven organic waste materials including biogas residues of swine manure (ZZ), biogas residues of cattle manure (NZ), compost of cattle manure and corn straw (NJD), compost of sewage sludge (WD) and compost of rural daily garbage (NSLD) were characterized according to phosphorus fractionation procedures developed by DOU et al. The result showed that there was a great difference in the total phosphorus (TP) and the total phosphorus of various forms (P(t)) among different organic materials. ZZ had the highest content of TP with the value of 23.59 g x kg(-1); while NZ had the lowest TP content with the value of 3.61 g x kg(-1). The contents and proportions of phosphorus fractions in ZZ, NZ, NJD and WD followed the order of HCl-P > Residues-P > NaHCO3-P > NaOH-P > H2O-P, while followed the order of HC1-P > Residues-P > H2O-P > NaHCO3-P > NaOH-P in the three NSLDs. The proportion of HCl-P in the total fractionated phosphorus (P(tt)) in seven organic materials ranged from 47.75% to 84.96%, which indicated that most of P in organic materials existed in the forms that were easier to be extracted by strong extracting agents like HCl, which was difficult to be absorbed by plants. The inorganic phosphorus accounted for 79.72% -94.76% of the total phosphorus in the organic materials. Of all the phosphorus forms, the NaHCO3-P had the highest inorganic phosphorus fractions, but the inorganic phosphorus was mainly distributed in HCl-P. The organic phosphorus was mainly distributed in HCl-P and Residues-P. In addition, the higher proportions of inorganic phosphorus in NJD than those of NZ demonstrated that the composting process was benefit for the mineralization of organic phosphorus in organic materials and thus improving its availability.

Objective: To study the difference of femoral condylar twist angle (CTA) measurement in three dimensional (3-D) reconstruction digital models of human knee joint based on the two dimensional (2-D) images of MRI and CT so as to provide a reference for selecting the best method of CTA measurement in preoperative design for the femoral prosthesis rotational position., Methods: The CTA of 10 human cadaveric knee joint was measured in 3-D digital models based on MRI (group A), in 3-D digital models based on CT (group B), in the cadaveric knee joint with cartilage (group C), and in the cadaveric knee joint without cartilage (group D), respectively. The statistical analysis of the differences was made among the measurements of the CTA., Results: The CTA values measured in 3-D digital models were (6.43 ± 0.53) degrees in group A and (3.31 ± 1.07) degrees in group B, showing significant difference (t = 10.235, P = 0.000). The CTA values measured in the cadaveric knee joint were (5.21 ± 1.28) degrees in group C and (3.33 ± 1.12) degrees in group D, showing significant difference (t = 5.770, P = 0.000). There was significant difference in the CTA values between group B and group C (t = 5.779, P = 0.000), but no significant difference was found between group A and group C (t = 3.219, P = 0.110)., Conclusion: The CTA values measured in the 3-D digital models based on MRI are closer to the actual values measured in the knee joint with cartilage, and benefit for preoperative plan.

A simple ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation method was developed to prepare magnetic Fe3O4/graphene oxide (Fe3O4/ GO) nanoparticles. The characterization with transmission electron microscope (TEM) indicated that the products possessed small particle size. The hysteresis loop of the dried Fe3O4/GO nanoparticles demonstrated that the sample had typical features of superparamagnetic material. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to investigate the effects of the initial pH of the solution, the dosage of adsorbent, the contact time and temperature on the adsorption of methylene blue. The results indicated that the composites prepared could be used over a broad pH range (pH 6-9). The adsorption process was very fast within the first 25 min and the equilibrium was reached at 180 min. The adsorption equilibrium and kinetics data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption process was a spontaneous and endothermic process in nature. The composite exhibited fairly high adsorption capacity (196.5 mg.g-1) of methylene blue at 313 K. In addition, the magnetic composite could be effectively and simply separated by using an external magnetic field, and then regenerated by hydrogen peroxide and recycled for further use. The results indicated that the adsorbent had a potential in the application of the dye wastewater treatment.

The heavy metals pollution is one of the ecological problems which have been paid close attention to Spodoptera exigua Hübner, one of the key pests on vegetables and cotton in the Yangtze River and its southern area in China, has broken out more frequently in recent years. In this study, accumulation of Pb2+ in S. exigua and its excretion were detected when fed with artificial diets with different Pb2+ concentrations (0.3, 1.2, 4.8, 19.2 and 76.8 mg x kg(-1), respectively). Life table was constructed according to the survival and growth of different stages of S. exigua. The effect of lead on three successive generations of beet armyworm was studied using the life table in the laboratory. It was found that the Pb2+ contents were significantly different when S. exigua was reared at different Pb2+ concentrations in the same generation in a significant dose-dependent manner. The concentration of Pb2+ increased with prolonging the stress time at the same time. The Pb2+ concentrations at the three developmental stages of beet armyworm followed the order of larvae > adult > pupa. The beet armyworm could excrete heavy metals by means of faeces, prepupa exuviate and puparium, and the concentrations of Pb2+ in faeces and prepupa exuviate were far higher than in puparium. According to the survival rates of different developmental stages, the female ratios and the egg numbers, the laboratory population life table was constructed. It showed that low doses of Pb2+ promoted the growth of the population, and high doses inhibited the growth, and the index of population trend (I) declined more rapidly with the increase of stress time. The study could provide references for long-term and objective assessment of heavy metal hazard and its effect on the populations of important agricultural pests.

Objective: To understand the effect of temperature on the risk of mortality and the modification effect of latitude, in China., Methods: Relevant papers were searched and Meta-analysis was used to determine the exposure-response relationship for each health outcome which was associated with the exposure to temperature. Meta-regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect modification by latitude., Results: Ten studies in 15 cities were included in the study. When temperature increased by one centigrade, the risks of mortality showed the following changes:deaths from non-accidental increased by 2% (95%CI:1%, 3%), from cardiovascular disease increased by 4% (95%CI:2%, 6%)and from the respiratory disease increased by 2% (95%CI:1%, 4%). As temperature decreased by one centigrade, the mortality risks of the following diseases showed the changes as: non-accidental death increased by 4% (95% CI:2%, 7%), cardiovascular disease increased by 4% (95%CI:1%, 7%)and the respiratory diseases increased by 2% (95%CI:0%, 4%). When latitude ranged from 0 to 25, 26 to 30, 31 to 39 degree or over 40 degrees, respectively and the temperature decreased by one centigrade, the mortality risks of the general population increased by 6.5% (95%CI:-2.7%, 15.6%), 5.8% (95% CI:2.4%, 9.3%),0.8% (95%CI:0.4%, 1.2%),0.5% (95%CI: -0.5%, 1.5%). As temperature increased by one centigrade, mortality risk of the general population increased by 0.6% (95%CI:-0.3%, 1.4%), 1.9% (95%CI:0.7%, 3.1%), 2.0% (95%CI:1.0%, 3.0%) and 5.8% (95% CI:-3.2%, 14.8%). As latitude increased by five degrees with high temperature, the mortality risk of general people increased by 0.3% (95% CI:0.1% ,0.8%) while decreased by 0.8% (95% CI:0.5%, 0.9%) under low temperature., Conclusion: In China, the mortality risk increased along with the changes of temperature. The adaptability to coldness among people living in high latitude areas seemed to be stronger than those living in other areas of latitudes. Who were more vulnerable to high temperature.

Taking Qianguo paddy field of Jilin Province as investigation object, based on the soil test data of 7 different periods developed for 4 to 55 years, the vertical distribution of SOC content in the 1 m paddy field section was studied adopting the space scale method instead of time scale. The paddy soil carbon sink in last 20 years was discussed and the organic carbon storage of Qianguo paddy field soil was estimated. According to the second soil census data, the characteristics of soil SOC used in fields of different type were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the paddy field SOC decreased from top to bottom by layer, which showed an increasing trend with the increase of development age; the organic carbon content in the surface soil layer (0-30 cm) (1 820.79 t) was 46.87% of the total organic carbon storage in deep soil (3 885.05 t), and the soil SOCD content was highly different depending on the type of field, ranked in descending order as paddy field, dry land, and saline field. The development of paddy field is a SOC accumulating carbon sink process, which is conducive to the transfer of organic carbon from the surface soil layer to the bottom soil layer.

A test was conducted to examine the degradation effect and reductive dechlorination pathway of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in the presence of different electron donors, such as glucose, sodium lactate, sodium pyruvate and sodium acetate. The results showed that, compared with the effect of glucose, sodium lactate, sodium pyruvate and sodium acetate enhanced the dechlorination of 2, 4, 6-TCP effectively, among which sodium lactate could serve as a kind of hydrogen release compound, and the electrons required for reductive dechlorination were released in a sustained way. Substrate metabolism dehydrogenase activity was improved by the external electron donor; after reaction for 240 h, the activity of dehydrogenase was increased in the four electron donor systems, by 21.49%, 25.78%, 136.85% and 139.3%, respectively. The main reductive dechlorination products of 2,4,6-TCP included 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and phenol; when sodium acetate was used as the electron donor, 4-CP was the main degradation product, and the transformation ratio from 2,4,6-TCP to 4-CP was more than 22%.

To prepare composite phospholipid liposomes containing total alkaloids of Strychnos nux-vomica with hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) and 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphacholine (DPPC), and compare with normal DPPC thermosensitive liposomes for thermosensitive release property. Total alkaloids were extracted from S. nux-vomica with the impregnation method and further purified. Liposomes containing total alkaloids, thermosensitive liposomes and conventional thermosensitive liposomes without thermosensitive release property were prepared by ammonium sulfate transmembrane gradients and stealth liposome technique. Their encapsulation efficiency (EE), grain size, zeta potential and drug release behavior were compared. Their EEs and zeta potentials were almost identical; but the grain sizes of composite phospholipid liposomes and thermosensitive liposomes were significantly smaller than conventional liposomes. After comparing release behaviors of the three liposomes at 37, 43 degrees C, we found that the release of composite phospholipid liposomes was significantly lower than that of thermosensitive liposomes at 37 degrees C, but higher than that of thermosensitive liposomes at 43 degrees C. Meanwhile, conventional liposomes, with a very high phase-transition temperature, showed only slight release behavior at both temperatures. The study results showed that composite phospholipid liposomes had a better thermosensitive release behavior when the dosage of lysophosphatidic was reduced by 2. 5 times.

This study investigated the reversible and irreversible foulants in a submerged microfiltration (MF) with pretreatments (coagulation/powdered activated carbon (PAC)/potassium permanganate) in a pilot scale treatment of water from Taihu Lake. The study focused on the effect of relative molecular mass (M(r)) distribution and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity on membrane fouling using high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with UV and TOC detectors and three dimension fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM). HPSEC analyses showed that pretreatments could almost completely remove the macro molecules (M(r) > 10 x 10(3)), but only eliminate part of medium (10 x 10(3)) > M(r) > 1 x 10(3)) and micro molecules (M(r) < 1 x 10(3)). A majority of medium and micro molecules were found in chemical cleaning solutions, indicating that medium and micro molecules were the main foulants that contributed to irreversible membrane fouling. In addition, it was also found that the content of strong hydrophobic acids (SHA) and neutral hydrophilic (Neut) fractions in chemical solutions were far higher than that of weakly hydrophobic acids (WHA) and charged hydrophilic (Char), which suggested that both organic fractions were responsible for irreversible fouling. 3DEEM fluorescence demonstrated that aromatic proteins and soluble microbial products were the main contributors to irreversible membrane fouling.

Objective: To review the research progress of the location marker of rotational alignment of the distal., Methods: The recent literature concerning the location marker of rotational alignment of the distal femur at home., Results: Femoral prosthesis malrotational alignment could lead to some and abroad was extensively reviewed and analyzed. patellofemoral complications, such as dislocation of the patella, snapping, wear, and patellar pain. There are many methods to determining femoral component rotational alignment in the artificial total knee arthroplasty, including transepicondylar axis line, anterior posterior axis, the posterior condyles line, flexion gap balance technology, and computer navigation technology. Correct choice of the rotational alignment of the distal femur is crucial in reducing postoperative complications and the revision rate. Suitable reference axis is chosen during total knee arthroplasty to ensure the accuracy of the rotation axis of the femoral prosthesis, but it is currently still controversial., Conclusion: The rotational alignment of the distal femur is an extremely important part to affect the prognosis of total knee arthroplasty. The methods to determine the rotational alignment of the distal

Objective: To review recent advance in the application and research of three-dimensional digital knee model., Methods: The recent original articles about three-dimensional digital knee model were extensively reviewed and analyzed., Results: The digital three-dimensional knee model can simulate the knee complex anatomical structure very well. Based on this, there are some developments of new software and techniques, and good clinical results are achieved., Conclusion: With the development of computer techniques and software, the knee repair and reconstruction procedure has been improved, the operation will be more simple and its accuracy will be further improved.

Objective: To study the feasibility of virtual intercondylar notchplasty by applying MRI two-dimensional (2D) images to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) images and measure the size of intercondylar notch., Methods: Thirty healthy volunteers who had no knee joint disease and surgery history were selected. There were 15 females and 15 males with an age range of 20-30 years, weight range of 45-74 kg, and height range of 150-185 cm. They were divided into male group and female group, and the knees of each group were divided into 2 subgroups (the left group and right group). MRI scan of the left and right knees was performed, and the 2D images of MRI were imported into Mimics 10.01 medical image control system for 3D reconstruction. The related anatomical data as follows were measured from the 3D digital model and analyzed by statistical software: notch width (NW), condylar width (CW), and notch width index (NWI). Then the 3D knee images of patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury were collected between January and March 2010, and 4 patients with narrow intercondylar notch (NWI < or = 0.2) were selected for reconstructing the 3D model of the knee and simulating the intercondylar notch plasty. Then, the volume of osteotomy in 3D model was calculated and applied in the ACL reconstruction surgery, and whether the graft had impingement with intercondylar notch or not was evaluated., Results: There were significant differences in NW and CW between male group and female group (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was found in the NWI (P > 0.05). And there was no significant difference in NW, CW, and NWI between the left and right knees both in male group and female group (P > 0.05). After ACL reconstruction and intercondylar notchplasty, the shape of intercondylar notch became normal (NWI > 0.22), no impingement occurred between the graft and intercondylar notch under arthroscopy within 3-month follow-up., Conclusion: The shape of intercondylar notch of 3D model based on MRI 2D images is similar to the real intercondylar notch. NWI is one of important indexes which can reflect the narrow level of intercondylar notch. The virtual intercondylar notchplasty may provide preoperative plan and guidence for ACL reconstruction operation to avoid the impingement between graft and intercondylar notch after surgery.

Aim: To investigate TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB mRNA levels in mouse lymph node with experimental autoimmune myositis(EAM)and determine the role of TLR4 in autoimmune myositis., Methods: Thirty femal BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=6 animals per group): group 1 was the control, while animals in other four groups were killed at different time point: group 2 in the first week, group 3 in the second week, group 4 in the third week and group 5 in the fourth week since they had been given myosin for preparing EAM. The expressions of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB mRNA were measured with real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction., Results: (1)The expressions of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB mRNA in each EAM group were significantly high compared with those in the normal control group, which was significantly highest in group 3 of all(P<0.01) and significantly higher in group 4 than in group 5(P<0.01).(2)The expression level of TLR4 mRNA had significant positive correlations with the expressions of MyD88 mRNA and NF-κB mRNA(r=0.906, r=0.967, P<0.01), and the latter two also had significant positive correlations(r=0.919, P<0.01)., Conclusion: TLR4 played an important role in the development of autoimmune myositis and run its function mainly by MyD88-dependent pathway that could activate NF-κB for promoting the release of inflammatory factors.

Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity of NT-pro-BNP in daunorubicin (DNR) induced myocardial damage by monitoring the level of NT-pro-BNP and myocardial enzymes (CK, CKMB) before and after DNR treatment in childhood acute leukemia (AL) and performing control study., Methods: Sixty-two cases (total 194 samples) which diagnosed as primary AL were enrolled and had received the conventional chemotherapy. According to the cumulative dose of DNR, they were divided into three groups: cumulative dose ≤ 60 mg/m(2) (group A); cumulative dose 60 - 120 mg/m(2) (group B); cumulative dose > 120 mg/m(2) (group C) and 15 cases with idarubicin (IDA) or mitoxantrone (MXR) as altervative to DNR (group D)., Results: There was a significant difference (P = 0.000) in the level of NT-pro-BNP before and after DNR therapy, but did not in the myocardial enzymes activities (CK, P = 0.085 and CKMB, P = 0.076). The level of NT-pro-BNP appeared obviously elevated (P = 0.001) when DNR cumulative dose > 60 mg/m(2). While the level of CKMB did (P = 0.022) until DNR cumulative dose > 120 mg/m(2). In the 15 cases used IDA or MXR as alternative to DNR, the level of NT-pro-BNP fall from (239.9 ± 230.0) ng/L to (137.0 ± 131.9) ng/L (P = 0.024)., Conclusion: (1) Compared with myocardial enzymes detection, NT-pro-BNP level can predict earlier DNR-induced cardiotoxicity. (2) Selection of the second or third generation anthracycline to treat AL can significantly reduce the cardiotoxicity in children.