Search

Background Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients have severe multisystem metabolic disorders in the body, with a high comorbidity rate with various metabolic diseases and poor prognosis. The adipokine Metrnl is a newly identified target for regulating lipid and glycolipid metabolism. The correlation of Metrnl with OSAS and OSAS-related metabolic disorders has been rarely reported. Objective To observe the differences of adipokine Metrnl in patients with OSAS, and explore its relationship with inflammation and insulin resistance caused by OSAS. Methods A total of 119 participants who were hospitalized and physically examined in the geriatric department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology from 2021 to 2022, were selected and divided into the mild OSAS group (n=57), moderate-to-severe OSAS group (n=26) and control group (n=62) according to the results of standard polysomnography monitoring. General data of the 3 groups was collected, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), uric acid (UA), Metrnl, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-4 levels. The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to assess insulin resistance. Results BMI in the moderate-to-severe OSAS group was higher than the control group and mild OSAS group (P

In order to investigate the influence on heat transfer performance of heat pipe cold plate under vibration and acceleration conditions, ordinary copper-water heat pipe cold plate and micro-heat pipe array cold plate with different structures are chosen as the research objects, and the vibration test bed and acceleration test bed are established. The experimental results show that the Z-direction vibration and acceleration have the greater impact on heat transfer performance of the heat pipe cold plate than X-direction and Y-direction vibration and acceleration, but the effects of vibration can be ignored, and acceleration has more effect on micro-heat pipe array cold plate than on the double-U copper-water heat pipe cold plate. Also, the acceleration increase has little effect on the heat transfer characteristics of heat pipe cold plate. The double-U heat pipe cold plate has the best performance under vibration and acceleration conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand the epidemiologic characteristics of confirmed and suspected norovirus outbreaks in Shanghai during 2010-2014., Methods: The investigation reports of confirmed and suspected norovirus outbreaks in Shanghai from 2010 to 2014 were analyzed., Results: A total of 80 norovirus outbreaks, involving 2 399 cases, were reported during this period, and the overall attack rate was 4.17%. The median of the outbreak duration was 4.5 days and the incidence peaked 2 days later averagely for an outbreak. The outbreaks mainly occurred in autumn and winter, 53 outbreaks occurred during October-February, accounting for 66.25%. Seventy five outbreaks occurred in schools, child care settings and nursing houses, accounting for 93.75%. The attack rates in hospitalized patients and the elders in nursing houses were higher than those in pre-school and school aged children, the differences were statistically significant (χ² =683.12, P<0.01). The attack rates in medical staff and nurses in hospitals and nursing houses or staff in pre-schools and schools were lower. Vomiting, the main clinical symptom, occurred in 1 900 cases (79.20%), diarrhea and fever developed in 694 cases (28.93% ) and 364 cases (15.17% ) respectively. The differences were statistically significant (χ² =2 251.48, P<0.01). The outbreaks were mainly caused by short common exposures and contact with cases., Conclusion: The surveillance for norovirus infection should be strengthened in hospitals, schools and others with the crowed during autumn-winter. The protection of risk population should be enhanced.

Objective: To understand the distribution of diarrheagenic Escherichia (E.) coli in population in Shanghai and discuss the practice model of cooperation in enteric infectious disease prevention and control between public health institution and hospital., Methods: Sentinel hospitals were assigned, standard detection and identification of diarrheagenic E. coli were conducted, incidence curve of diarrheagenic E. coli infection was drawn and epidemiologic survey and laboratory detection were conducted for suspect diarrheagenic E. coli infection outbreaks., Results: A total of 7 204 stool specimens were collected from diarrhea patients in 4 hospitals during 2012-2013, in which 712 (9.9% ) were diarrheagenic E. coli positive, including 351 enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains, 292 enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains, 32 enteroinvasive E. coli(EIEC) strains and 6 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC/EHEC) strains, as well as 31 mixed strains. EPEC infection mainly occurred in children aged 1-5 years; and all of these infections were caused by aEPEC. The incidence peak of ETEC infection was during August, the positive rate was >20%. The ETEC infection mainly occurred in infants aged 1-28 days in 2012 and in people aged 20-60 years in 2013 (P<0.05). ST was the major type (59.6%), followed by LT (27.8%) and ST/LT (12.6%). EIEC infection increased in children obviously in 2013 (P<0.01). No EHEC O157:H7 case was detected, but two EHEC O26:H11 (eae-hlyA-stx1a) cases in children were reported for the first time in Shanghai. The survey result indicated that the multidrug-resistant ETEC (STh-CS21-CFA/I-ClyA-EatA-ST2332-SHNL0005) strain causing outbreak in 15 newborns in Shanghai in 2012 was in the same clone as the strain detected in Zigong in Sichuan province., Conclusion: Significant change has occurred in diarrheagenic E. coli distribution in Shanghai in recent years, ETEC has potential risk to cause outbreak of hospital acquired infection in neonates and food borne infection. The active surveillance on ETEC and other enteric pathogens by both public health institutions and hospitals need to be improved.

Objective: To understand the pathogen spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of diarrhea cases in Shanghai from August 2013 to July 2014., Methods: The survey was conducted in 23 hospitals at different levels randomly selected in Shanghai, the diarrhea cases seeking medical care in these hospitals were sampled, and stool samples were collected from them for pathogen isolation., Results: Among 3 467 stool samples detected, 1 561 were positive for at least 1 pathogen (45.02%). A total of 6 kinds of bacteria and 5 kinds of viruses were detected. The positive rate for bacterium was 13.46%, mainly Vibrio parahaemolyticus (172 cases) and Salmonella (143 cases). The positive rate for virus was 27.75%, mainly Norovirus (471 cases) and Rotavirus (312 cases). The positive rates peaked obviously in summer and during autumn-winter. The positive rate of virus was higher than that of bacterium during autumn-winter, and the positive rate of bacterium was higher than that of virus in summer, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Stratified analysis showed the constituent ratio of virus positive samples during November-February was highest among all age groups, however, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The constituent ratio of bacterium positive samples during June-September was highest in all age groups, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The proportion of the cases with fever in bacterium positive group (19.06%) was higher than those in virus positive group (10.91%), the difference had statistically significance (P<0.05)., Conclusion: The pathogen spectrum of diarrhea was relatively wide in Shanghai and the seasonality of the incidence was obvious. Specific etiological surveillance and control strategies should be strengthened among risk groups in different seasons.

Objective: To understand the epidemiological profiles of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and the major enteroviruses causing the epidemics of HFMD in Shanghai from 2010 to 2014., Method: The city-wide surveillance data between 2010 and 2014 were used to analyze the epidemiologic characteristics of the HFMD outbreaks in Shanghai. The annual incidence of HFMD was estimated based on the 2010 Shanghai Census data., Result: From 2010 to 2014, the reported HFMD cases were 41 080, 37 323, 51 172, 42 198, and 65 018, respectively; the severe cases (case-severity ratio) were 469 (1.14%), 456 (1.22%), 318 (0.62%), 104 (0.25%) and 248 (0.38%), respectively. Based on Shanghai census data by the end of 2010, the attack rates of HFMD in Shanghai were 0.16%-0.28% in the entire population. In terms of the proportion of HFMD cases and severe cases in the specific population, male accounted for 59.62%-61.48% and 62.26%-73.08%, migrant population accounted for 51.86%-62.40% and 72.01%-80.38%; children aged 1.0-1.9 years comprised the highest proportion, up to 22.70%-27.00% and 32.08%-36.40%. HFMD peaked from April to July, in parallel with the peak circulation of enterovirus (EV) 71, and a small peak usually occurred in autumn and winter. All the critically severe and fatal cases were caused by EV71. The detection rates of EV71 and Coxsackievirus A (CA) 16 were 73.08%-88.09% and 1.12%-2.90% in severe HFMD cases, 19.75%-48.74% and 2.02%-23.69% in uncomplicated inpatients, and 16.78%-40.08% and 8.36%-33.39% in mild community cases, respectively. The detection rates of CA6 and CA10 in the mild community cases in 2014 were 18.38% and 1.43%, respectively. In 2013 non-EV71 and non-CA16 enteroviruses comprised 74.86% in the community cases., Conclusion: The annual HFMD outbreaks occurred in Shanghai during 2010-2014. Children under 5 years of age, migrant population and male were the major susceptible population. EV71 and CA16 were the predominant pathogens causing the epidemics of HFMD except in 2013, and CA6 was prevalent in the community cases in 2014. The major peak season of HFMD usually overlapped with the peak of EV71 circulation and the majority of severe HFMD cases were associated with EV71 infection.