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Kidney stone has a high incidence and recurrence rate, which is one of the common diseases in urology.At present, Randall's plaque theory is a widely accepted mechanism for the formation of kidney stones. Studies on Randall's plaque are of great significance for the prevention and treatment of kidney stones. Renal epithelial cell damage promotes the formation of Randall's plaque.In this paper, the research progress of osteogenic changes in renal epithelial cells, reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, phagocytosis of macrophages, and non-coding RNA changes are reviewed.

Prostate cancer (PCa) ranks as the second most prevalent malignancy among males worldwide at present, and its prevalence keeps rising. Focal therapy not only results in tumor necrosis but also encourages the release of autoantigens originating from the tumor into the bloodstream and activates the host immune system to effectively fight the tumor. However, focal therapy alone may not achieve the total ablation of cancer cells and may cause locoregional recurrence. Immunotherapy, by boosting the body's immune response, destroys tumor cells and prevents immune escape. Recent studies show that focal therapy combined with immunotherapy can produce a better clinical efficacy by enhancing the initial immune response, especially for low- to intermediate-risk confined PCa. This article offers some fresh perspectives on the management of PCa by reviewing the etiology and progression of the malignancy, focal therapeutic options, and advantages and vista of focal therapy combined with immunotherapy.

Litter decomposition is one of the most important ecosystem processes, which plays a critical role in regu-lating nutrient cycling and energy flow in terrestrial ecosystems. The influence of litter inputs on soil microbial community is helpful for understanding the relationship between soil microbial diversity and terrestrial ecosystem function. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine how litter inputs affect soil microbial activity (fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes) and microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen in China. The results showed that compared with non-litter input, soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were significantly increased by 3.9% and 4.4% respectively after litter inputs. Soil fungal PLFA, bacterial PLFA, and total microbial PLFA were increased by 4.0%, 3.1% and 2.4%, respectively. The effects of litter inputs differed significantly with climatic region, annual precipitation, vege-tation type, and soil pH. Under different climate conditions, the responses of soil microbe showed the trend of subtropical monsoon climatic region > temperate monsoon climatic region > temperate continental climatic region, which increased first and then decreased with increasing annual precipitation. Under different vegetation types, the responses of soil microbes showed the trend of broad-leaved forest > grassland ≈ mixed forest > coniferous forest.