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The MAX phase of the ternary layered compound and the recently attracted attention of the MAB phase have become the research hotspots in the field of structural ceramics for more than 20 years because of their common characteristics of ceramics and metals. The high damage tolerance and high fracture toughness are different from the essential characteristics of traditional ceramics. The overall development of MAX phase and the latest research progress of MAB phase were briefly reviewed in this article, focusing on the analysis of the effect of multi-scale layered structure on macro-mechanical behavior and its internal mechanism. Based on the results of first-principles calculations,the bond stiffness model was established and the quantitative characterization of chemical bond strength was realized, and more importantly, it was clarified that "sufficiently" weak interlayer bonding is the root cause for the extraordinary mechanical properties of ternary layered ceramics. The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of Fe2AlB2 near room temperature shows the good application prospects of MAB phase compounds in the functional field. After more than 20 years of continuous research, the structure and performance of MAX-phase compounds have gradually become clear. At present, application research for specific scenarios is vigorously carried out all over the world. However, the current knowledge of MAB phase compounds is still very limited. Therefore, synthesizing and characterizing the structure, mechanical properties, physical properties, and service behaviour of existing MAB phase compounds are the important tasks at this stage. First-principles numerical simulation based on density functional theory (DFT) can play an important role, just as in understanding the extraordinary properties of MAX phase compounds and discovering new compounds.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of clinical treatment and prognosis of 118 cases of retinoblastoma (RB). Methods A total of 118 RB children treated in our department from February 2008 to February 2018 were recruited in this study. All of them were evaluated by the International Classification for Intraocular Retinoblastoma (IIRC, A~E stage) and extraocular staging standard. Mainly according to their tumor stage, combined with their physical condition and the wishes of their parents, treatments such as intravenous chemotherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT), freezing and enucleation were applied. All cases were followed up for 1 to 10 years, and the clinical efficacy and prognosis of the patients were analyzed retrospectively. Results The 118 enrolled children (154 eyes) were 70 males and 48 females, at an average age of 25.94±20.88 months (1~122 months) at first visit, and 36 of them suffered from bilateral RB and 82 from single. Among them, 41 received chemotherapy, 57 chemotherapy combined with TTT, 10 chemotherapy combined with freezing, and 10 enucleation only. After treatment, 76 eyes (76/154) were salvaged, with a total salvage rate of 49.35%, and of them, 47 eyes were treated with chemotherapy combined with TTT, accounting for 61.84% (47/76). Seventy-eight eyes were enucleated, with a total extraction rate of 50.65% (78/154), and among 63 eyes at stage E, 53 were enucleated, accounting for 84.13%. During the mean follow-up time of 86.66±5.69 months, 22 (18.64%) children died, and 96 cases (81.36%) survived. The 5-year cumulative survival rate of single eye was 71.40%, and of bilateral was 80.00%. Conclusion Intravenous chemotherapy combined with TTT is one of the main ways for RB salvage. Enucleation is still the primary treatment for stage E eyes.

Due to software and hardware differentiation, the problem of false positives mistakenly identified as network attack behavior caused by inconsistent mimic decision results frequently occurs. Therefore, a mimic decision method based on deep learning was proposed. By constructing an unsupervised autoencoder-decoder deep learning model, the deep semantic features of diverse normal response data were explored from different executions and its statistical rules were analyzed and summarized. Additionally, the offline learning-online decision-making mechanism and the feedback optimization mechanism were designed to solve false positive problem, thereby accurately detecting network attacks and improving target system security resilience. Since statistical rules of normal response data was understood and mastered by deep learning model, the mimic decision results among different executions could remain consistent, indicating that the target system was in a secure state. However, once the target system was subjected to a network attacks, the response data outputted by the different executions was deviated from statistical distribution of deep learning model. Therefore, inconsistent mimic decision results were presented, indicating that the affected execution was under attack and the target system was exposed to potential security threats. The experiments show that the performance of the proposed method is significantly superior to the popular mimic decision methods, and the average prediction accuracy is improved by 14.89%, which is conducive to integrating the method into the mimic transformation of real application to enhance the system's defensive capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the crack evolution during static demolition, the authors performed the test of static demolition in cubic limestone with the size of 200 mm x 200 mm x 200 mm at axial stress by true triaxial rock mechanics testing machine, and simultaneously monitored the acoustic emission from limestone fracture in the process of static demolition by dimensional location technology. The results are as follows, at axial stress, the crack initiation is located at the lower part of the borehole wall and the newly formed cracks can be divided into two groups according to the initiation time and location of crack. Every group cracks symmetrically appear near the borehole wall along a line. The propagation rate of two group cracks follows a trend of "from rapidness to slowness". The process of propagation can be divided into rapid increasing phase and rapid decreasing phase and the rate at the rapid increasing phase is higher than that at the decreasing phase. The propagation rate of early formed cracks group is higher than that of late formed cracks group. For single crack, its propagation is highly directional that the rate parallel the borehole axis is greater than that perpendicular to the borehole axis. The authors also presented a model based on the theories of elastic mechanics and fracture mechanics which is a relationship between forces from the static demolition agent and crack propagation radius, and the model proved to be applicable by comparing with the test results. In accordance with the actual geological situation of some mines, the basic parameters of manpower manipulated caving with static demolition are determined, which shows a good industrial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adaptive fuzzy PID controller is applied to the wind speed control of the mine anemometer certification system which finds the way out of the problem that the traditional PID controller could hardly control the wind speed accurately because of large overshoot, long setting time and lacked stability. The simulation experiment result shows that the fuzzy PID controller is effective to improve the dynamic performance, restrain the overshoot, cut down the setting time, and enhance stability robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that particle filter has the superior characteristics of solving non-linear non-Gaussian problems. A new regularized particle filter is proposed to improve the quality of image restoration with mixed or multiplicative noise in this paper. To reduce the error of sample importance re-sampling (SIR) particle filter, which comes from the neglect of measuring data when re-sampling, the posterior continuous distribution sample is adopted. The combination of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) and regularized re-sampling step makes the algorithm have the advantages of minimized variance, alleviating degradation and escaping from the exhaustion of particle. The proposed method has been applied to the mixed noisy and medical multiplicative noisy image restoration. The results show the effectiveness of the algorithm, and demonstrate its superiority, compared with wavelet threshold shrink method and SIR particle filter method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a human face tracking algorithm combing color and texture features based on particle filter is proposed. The proposed approach makes use of the characteristics of particle filter which not only can effectively deal with nonlinear and non Gaussian process but also can combine multiple face features information. Different robustness to different environments of features is considered and the weighted color histogram and rotated complex wavelet filter (RCWF) are used to describe features. Thus the color and texture features can be fused under particle filter framework to develop the new face tracking algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared with the method based on single feature, the robustness, accuracy and flexibility of the algorithm have the better effectiveness of the performance, and the experiments also show the accuracy for face tracking in real scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle filter is applied in image restoration, in order to remove degeneracy phenomenon and alleviate the sample impoverishment problem. The global optimization and particle diversity of generic algorithm(GA) are introduced, and the convergence of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method was combined, the crossover, mutation and selection operation were used in image restoration by particle filter, to enhance the robustness, accuracy and flexibility of the particle filter. Furthermore, a new image restoration algorithm by GA-MCMC particle filter is proposed. Simulation results showed that this method can reduce the impoverishment and degeneracy problems, and from the restoration results to mixed noisy image, we can see the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effects of a aminoalcohol-carbazole compound BTB3 against Echinococcus granulosus in vitro., Methods: The protoscoleces from sheep and germinal cells from secondary-infected mice were cultured and treated with 1, 2, 4, 8, 10 and 20 μg/ml BTB3 for 3 days. The viability of protoscoleces and cells was determined by the methylene blue exclusion method and CCK-8 assay. Meanwhile, the effect of 10 μg/ml BTB3 on germinal cells was assessed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The metacestodes were treated with 1, 5 and 10 μg/ml BTB3 for two weeks, and the integrity of the metacestodes was evaluated by SEM., Results: The 10 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml BTB3 caused a death rate of （100.0±0.0）% and （85.2±7.2）% respectively for protoscoleces. As the concentration decreased, the death rate remained below 10%. Moreover, the activity inhibition rate on germinal cells was about 100% for 8, 10 and 20 μg/ml BTB3, and was reduced with the decrease of BTB3 concentration other than the afore-mentioned three. SEM revealed detachment, shrinkage, and cavitation of germinal cells after BTB3 treatment. And the metacestodes all showed the loss of turgidity after BTB3 treatment for 14 days, which indicated cell detachment and uneven distribution of cells in internal cyst of metacestodes., Conclusion: BTB3 has strong effects against Echinococcu granulosus protoscoleces, germinal cells and metacestodes in vitro, which make it a potential drug against hydatid diseases.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Eucalyptus robusta leaves extract against Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices in vitro., Methods: Mature leaves of Eucalyptus robusta were collected on 24th day in each month from January to December 2012, and air-dried in the room. Ultrasonic extraction of the leaves was done with 4 solvents with different polarity, petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and anhydrous ethanol. Protoscolices were incubated with the extract at various concentrations for 72 h, and mortality and median lethal dose（LC50） was calculated., Results: The extracts were different in characteristics and yield. The petroleum ether extract was in the form of black oil, while dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and anhydrous ethanol extracts were in the form of dark green, pink and white powder respectively. The average yields by petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and anhydrous ethanol were 4.4%, 2.1%, 2.3% and 2.3%, respectively. The extract yield was highest for petroleum ether, with a yield of 5.4% in May. The mortality of protoscoleces in all monthly groups of petroleum ether and dichloromethane extracts reached 100% with the concentration of 100 μg/ml and the same mortality reached in most groups of petroleum ether extracts with the concentration of 50 μg/ml. The effects of dichloromethane extracts were less than petroleum ether extracts, but significantly stronger than those of ethyl acetate and ehanol extracts. Further studies conducted on petroleum ether and dichloromethane extracts showed, the lethal effect of petroleum ether extract ranked in month of preparation from strong to weak as June>March>November>April>February>May>October>August>December>July>January>September. In June, the LC50 was 2.577 μg/ml and 95% confidence interval was 0.85-6.22 μg/ml. The lethal effect of dichlorom ethane extract ranked in month of preparation from strong to weak as November>May>October>April>July>December>June>September>August>February>March>January. In November, the LC50 was 21.85 μg/ml, and 95% confidence interval was 12.38-36.28 μg/ml., Conclusion: The Eucalyptus robusta leaves contain potential compounds against Echinococcus granulosus. Further experiments of isolation, analysis and identification are needed.

Eucalyptus is a fast-growing plant with rich activities. The roots, stems and leaves of Eucalyptus all have medicinal values. Extracts from different parts of various kinds of Eucalyptus show antiparasitic effects, not only the repelling and killing effects on ectoparasites such as ticks and mites, but also the antiparasitic activities against endoparasites such as helminth and protozoa. This paper reviews the effects of Eucalyptus extracts and their chemical componets on protozoa including flagellates, sporozoan and ciliates.

Objective: To study the metabolism of niclosamide in plasma, and the protective effect of its oral administration on Schistosoma japonicum cercarial invasion in mice., Methods: Twenty-four female Kunming mice were randomly divided into 8 groups, each with 3 mice. Each mouse was treated orally with 120 mg niclosamide per kilogram of body weight (120 mg/kg). The plasma samples were collected at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h after treatment by retro-orbital blood sampling. The blood drug concentration was determined by HPLC. The pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated such as peak concentration (Cmax), peak time (Tmax), mean residence time (MRT), and elimination half life (T½). Thirty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups. Among them, 5 groups were treated orally with 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 mg/kg niclosamide, respectively. The remaining untreated group served as control. One hour post-treatment, each mouse was infected with 40 ± 2 Schistosoma japonicum cercariae. Another 35 mice treated with 200 mg/kg niclosamide were randomly divided into 7 groups. Mice in each group were infected with 40 ± 2 S. japonicum cercariae on 0.25, 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after treatment, named as group A, B, C, D, E, and F. Five untreated mice served as control (group G). All mice were sacrificed 35 days post-infection. Mean worm burden and worm reduction were calculated., Results: At a dose of 120 mg/kg niclosamide, the blood drug concentration was (0.40 ± 0.28) µg/ml at 0.25 h post-treatment, reached a peak of (0.91 ± 0.34) µg/ml at 1 h, and decreased to (0.49 ± 0.38) µg/ml at 2 h, and got close to 0 at 16 h. The mean residence time (MRT) in mice was (6.78 ± 1.47) h, and the elimination half time was (6.80 ± 7.05) h. No significant difference was found in worm burden between different dose groups and control group (P > 0.05). The mean worm burden in group A was significantly lower than that of the control (P < 0.05) with a mean worm reduction of 79.1%. And there was no significant difference in worm burden between other groups and the control (P > 0.05)., Conclusions: The blood drug concentration increases rapidly by gavage administration of 120 mg/kg niclosamide, reaching to the maximum concentration at 1 h post-treatment. It shows a certain potective effect of oral administration of 200 mg/kg niclosamide on Schistosoma japonicum cercarial invasion at 0.25 h after treatment.

Parasitic infections, especially the gastrointestinal and lung nematode infections, are most common in livestock in temperate areas, and it is the major constraints affecting livestock production. In grazing season, outdoor activities of animals cause inconvenience to the application of antiparasitic drugs. Therefore, controlled drug delivery systems can prolong the effect time and reduce the difficulty of drug administration. This review summarizes several types of long-term delivery devices and dosage forms including intraruminal devices, long-acting injectables, in-situ forming implants, novel microparticles and nanoparticles. Their advantages and drawbacks are dicussed.

Objective: To determine the contributions of main chemical compositions of extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis represented by GC/MS elute peaks to the molluscicidal activities, and explore a shortcut of looking for the effective components from natural products., Methods: E. camaldulensis leaves were collected consecutively in 12 months at the same place, extracted with dichloromethane, analyzed by GC/MS, and their LC50(s) of molluscicidal activities were tested according to the method recommended by WHO. The correlation of the main components in 12 extracts and their molluscicidal activities were analyzed by the grey relative correlation analysis model with software GTMS 3.0., Result: All the dichloromethane extracts of eucalyptus leaves showed excellent molluscicidal activities with the highest LC50 of 0.257mg/L and 0.242mg/L for the samples in June and July and the lowest LC50 of 6.802 mg/L and 5.406 mg/L in December and January respectively. The structures of 16 main chemical components were elucidated by GC/MS and NIST Mass Spectral Library, most of which were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenoids. The gray correlation coefficients with activity were all over 0.5, the first five over 0.9 were 4,4, 8-Trimethyltricyclo [6.3.1.0 (1,5) ]dodecane-2,9-diol, (-)-Spathulenol, a structural isomer of (-)-Spathulenol, Eucalyptol and Ledol., Conclusion: The most main ingredients in the dichloromethane extracts of E. camaldulensis leaves show good correlations with the molluscicidal activity, which suggests that the molluscicidal role is synergistically played by the multiple components together.

Objective: To observe the change in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin (DBL), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), albumin (ALB) and globulin (GLB), and mouse liver ultrastructure during 1-16 weeks of albendazole treatment., Methods: 180 female Kunming mice were divided randomly into albendazole treatment group and negative control group. Each mouse of albendazole treatment group was treated with 136.3 mg/(kg x d) albendazole. The mice in control group were given same amount of physiological saline. After 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks of treatment, 10 mice from each group were randomly selected, serum samples were collected and analyzed for the above seven liver function indices. Pathological changes of liver were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Linear regression analysis was conducted for the relationship between liver function indices(dependent variable) and pathological scores (independent variable)., Results: During 1-16 weeks of albendazole treatment, there was no significant difference in serum levels of DBL, IBIL, ALB and GLB between albendazole treatment group and control group. Compared with other treatment period, after 12 weeks of treatment the serum levels of ALT (55.2 +/- 23.7), AST(176.4 +/- 49.2) and ALP(141.1 +/- 19.4) in albendazole treatment group were higher than that of the control (35.5 +/- 8.6, 108.2 +/- 21.9, 84.0 +/- 24.8) (P < 0.05). After 2, 8, 10, 12 and 14 weeks of treatment, the pathological score of albendazole treatment group was 11.8 +/- 4.8, 10.6 +/- 4.8, 13.6 +/- 3.5, 29.8 +/- 10.7, and 5.6 +/- 2.5, respectively, which was higher than that of the control (0.8 +/- 0.4, 1.2 +/- 0.8, 2.4 +/- 2.0, 1.2 +/- 0.4, 1.4 +/- 1.1) (P < 0.05). Among the three liver function indices AST, ALT and ALP, AST was the best fit index for linear regression. The regression formula was Y = -17.616 + 0.188X., Conclusion: Long-term treatment with albendazole at a dosage of 136.3 mg/(kg x d) for mice can cause significant elevation of serum levels of ALT, AST and ALP, and result in mild pathological changes in the liver.

Synthesized fenbendazole prodrug N-methoxycarbonyl-N'-(2-nitro-4-phenylthiophenyl) thiourea (MPT) was analyzed in vitro in artificial gastric juice, intestinal juice and mouse liver homogenate model by using HPLC method, and metabolic curve was then generated. MPT was tested against Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices in vitro. The result showed that MPT could be metabolized in the three biological media, and to the active compound fenbendazole in liver homogenate, with a metabolic rate of 7.92%. Besides, the prodrug showed a weak activity against E. granulosus protoscolices with a mortality of 45.9%.

Prodrug strategies have been used for drug optimization to overcome the drawbacks in pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Most enzymes involved in prodrug biotransformation are hydrolases, in which esterase and amidase have been widely researched. This review summarizes the recent progress in antiparasitic prodrugs based on both targets.

Mebendazole is currently used in the treatment of hydatid disease. Its poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and low bioavailability aroused further research on new formulations of mebendazole to increase the bioavailability and improve the therapeutic efficacy. This review summarizes the recent research progress.

A method was proposed for the determination of trace copper and lead in beer with flame atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration of copper and lead by rapid coprecipitation technique with 8-oxyquinoline-Mg(II) using manganese as an internal standard at pH 9. The standard addition recovery of lead is between 97.6%-103.0%. The detection limit is 6.28 x 10(-3) microg x mL(-1) for copper and 2.26 x 10(-2) microg x mL(-1) for lead when the sample volume is 100 mL. The effect of matrix can be overcome by the method and the results are satisfying. The method proposed here is rapid and has good reproducibility.

Objective: Since males are at higher risk of cardiovascular diseases than females, the aim of the study was to examine whether there is an association between BP and a polymorphic Hind III biallelic marker in nonrecombining region of Y chromosome in essential hypertension in Tangshan district in China., Methods: In the study, 225 patients with essential hypertension and 187 healthy people were enrolled into this study as control group. DNA was extracted from white blood cell. Segments of polymorphic Hind III restriction site of the Y chromosome were amplified from DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products were restricted with 10 U of Hind III for a night at 37 degrees C. The digested products were subjected to electrophoresis in 3% agarose gels, and stained with ethidium bromide., Results: We amplified 178 controls (95.2%) and 216 essential hypertensive patients (96.0%) successfully. Hind III(-) genotype was found in 45.8% of the men in essential hypertension and in 32.0% of the men in the controlled group. The Hind III(-) genotype was significantly higher than that in the controls (chi2 = 7.782, P = 0.007). However, the Hind III(+) genotype was lower in SBP (133.16 mm Hg +/- 21.60 mm Hg vs. 143.58 mm Hg +/- 24.16 mm Hg, P < 0.001), DBP (82.82 mm Hg +/- 11.72 mm Hg vs. 86.82 mm Hg +/- 12.65 mm Hg, P = 0.001), pulse pressure (50.34 mm Hg +/- 14.31 mm Hg vs. 56.76 mm Hg +/- 14.20 mm Hg, P < 0.001) and mean arterial pressure (99.59 mm Hg +/- 14.19 mm Hg vs. 105.74 mm Hg +/- 15.31 mm Hg, P < 0.001) than the Hind III(-) genotype., Conclusion: Polymorphic Hind III restriction site of the Y chromosome seemed to be associated with essential hypertension in Tangshan district in China.

Aim: To study the activities of in vitro resistance to the tachyzoite of Toxoplasma gondii by murine lymphocytes., Methods: The rat's splenocyte culture method was used to observe the effects of lymphocytes themselves and lymphocytes together with Mandelic( MA) on the invasion and proliferation of T. gondii in lymphocytes. At the same time acetylspiramycin was used as positive control., Results: As compared with other somatic cells, the lymphocytes invaded by T. gondii still inhibited and killed the toxoplasma organisms in the presence of immunity, the effect safety dose of MA on inhibition of the invasion of T. gondii was not notable while the inhibition of the proliferation of T. gondii in lymphocytes was remarkable., Conclusion: Cell-mediated immunity(CMI) was an important factor that host resists the T. gondii infection. So, we should pay attention to improving the organism's CMI and take proper medicine so as to enhance the effect of lymphocyte's resistance to T. gondii.

We researched the genetic polymorphisms of vWA in Henan population and its usefulness in forensic science.DNA extracted from non-relative persons in Henan population with Chelex was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and was typed by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis silver staining.A total of 8 alleles and 19 genotypes were found in Henan population,its heterozygosity is high and the locus can be used in forensic genetics. We obtained the allelic frequency of the locus vWA in Henan population. The results of amniotic fluid,villus,blood stain indicate vWA is a good locus for forensic study.

To investigate the allele frequencies of six short tandem repeats (STR) loci: F13A1, F13B, D8S1179, CSF1PO, D5S818 and TPOX in Han population in Henan province, DNA was extracted with chelex from EDTA-blood samples of the unrelated individuals in Henan province and amplified with PCR technique. The PCR product was analyzed with the undenatured PAGE vertical electrophoresis and silverstain. The results were obtained through genetical analysis. The authors got the number of allele of six loci, Three alleles of F13A1 could be detected in this population. The F13A1 * 7 is the most common allele with a frequency of 45.2%, followed by F13A1 * 5 and F13A1 * 4 respectively. F13B had four alleles among which F13B * 10 has the highest frequency, followed by F13B * 9, F13B * 8, F13B * 11. The 8 alleles of D8S1179 in the order from high to low frequency is D8S1179 * 14, * 15, * 12, * 11, * 10. And the most common frequencies of alleles of CSF1PO, D5S818, TPOX ore CSF1PO * 12, D5S818 * 11, TPOX * 8, respectively followed by the allele of * 11, * 14, * 10, * 13 in CSF1PO locus, and * 12, * 13, * 10, * 9, * 14, * 8, * 15, * 7 in D5S818 locus, * 11, * 9, * 12, * 10 in TPOX locus. The heterozygosities of the six loci were 0.62, 0.46, 0.83, 0.59, 0.78 and 0.65; the discrimination powers were 0.78, 0.66, 0.95, 0.79, 0.92 and 0.82. The heterozygosities of the six loci are high and the frequencies are in good agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The six loci are good as genetic markers. We can use these loci in dividualidentification and partenity test in forensic area.