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The MILD combustion is a combustion mode that occurs in a moderate or extremely low oxygen environment, combining the advantages of high combustion heat utilization and very low NOx emissions, and is considered by the international combustion field to be one of the cleaner combustion technologies with great potential for application. Since the relevant research began around 1990, the technology for achieving a MILD combustion of gas fuels has been relatively mature, while the research on the MILD combustion mechanism and implementation conditions of solid fuels such as coal powder and biomass is still relatively lacking. Based on the high momentum oxidizer jet, internal recirculation is achieved, eliminating the need for external high-temperature preheating to establish MILD combustion, greatly expanding the application range of MILD combustion. This paper provides an overview of the basic characteristics of MILD powder fuel combustion from the aspects of particle dispersion, heating, ignition, combustion, and pollutants. Due to the uneven dispersion and reaction of particles, the MILD combustion process of carbon-based solid fuels such as coal powder is more complex than that of gas fuels. High speed jet MILD combustion not only increases ignition delay but also expands ignition and reaction zones, requiring systematic research on the characteristics and mechanisms of each combustion stage. This paper introduces the research achievements in the theoretical design and equipment development of solid fuel MILD combustion. It is recommended to improve the existing coal-fired boiler burner, adjust the process parameters to match the MILD combustion mode, increase the residence time of coke particles to improve combustion efficiency, improve combustion stability, and suppress various pollutant emissions, including fine particulate matter, through high-precision numerical simulation. Based on the overall approach of interconnected energy systems, the coupling research between MILD combustion and various new combustion technologies should be promoted, especially strengthening the research on the co-combustion characteristics of coal powder, biomass and hydrogen, ammonia and other combustible gases, and assisting in energy transformation. Exploring the characteristics of turbulent two-phase flow, turbulent interphase heat transfer, and turbulent chemical coupling in the powder MILD combustion is crucial for deepening the understanding of powder MILD combustion. It involves multivariate analysis and high-precision simulation, which will be the focus and difficulty of future research.

The main acne-causing bacteria are Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Quorum sensing, an important factor for bacterial survival, is closely associated with expression of bacterial virulence factors and biofilm formation. Although the quorum sensing types of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis have been identified, the quorum sensing types of Propionibacterium acnes are still controversial. Plant-orginated quorum sensing inhibitors with few side effects have a greater potential in the treatment of acne. This article reviews the progress on the mechanisms by which plant-originated quorum sensing inhibitors inhibit pathogenic bacteria of acne.

Developing a cleaner and more efficient combustion technology of pulverized coal is an important way to deal with the increasingly serious environmental pollution. Moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion of pulverized coal is regarded as a new combustion technology with great potential due to its advantages of reducing NOx emission and improving the uniformity of heat flux in the furnace. More importantly, the pulverized coal MILD technology combined with the oxy-fuel combustion technology will be an important path to reduce carbon emission in the process of coal utilization in the future. The history, characteristics and current research status of the MILD combustion of pulverized coal worldwide are summarized, and the key issues and research challenges of the MILD combustion technology of pulverized coal with a low preheating temperature are put forward. The MILD combustion technology of pulverized coal originates from that of gaseous fuels, which strengthen the entrainment of high-temperature flue gas and then dilute the reactants to make the flame become blurred or even invisible. Under the MILD conditions, the peak temperature in the combustion region is reduced and the uniformity of temperature distribution is improved, therefore significantly inhibiting the generation of thermal NOx and fuel NOx. The MILD combustion of pulverized coal can be realized by preheating air to high temperatures or increasing the jet velocity greatly, and the second way is more economical and feasible. However, the mechanisms and characteristics of the MILD combustion of pulverized coal under the condition of strong shear and turbulent mixing, when the jet velocity is as high as around 100 m/s, still need to be further investigated. Under the strong shear and entrainment of high-speed jets, the dispersion of coal particles, which is directly related to the achievement of the MILD combustion mode, is quite different from that in the conventional coal combustion. In addition, a strong turbulent mixing will affect the heating, devolatilization and char combustion of pulverized coal, therefore changing the ignition delay, the flame structure and the generation of pollutants. Based on the in-depth understanding of the above key issues and combined with the research on the MILD combustion of gaseous fuels, a systematic and accurate criterion for the MILD combustion of pulverized coal can be further developed, so as to better guide the application of the MILD combustion technology of pulverized coal.

For studying the stress corrosion susceptibility of high manganese austenitic cryogenic steel HM400 in liquid ammonia medium, the slow strain rate test (SSRT) was used to investigate the stress corrosion susceptibility of high manganese austenitic cryogenic steel HM400 in four media: pure liquid ammonia (NH3), air+liquid ammonia (NH3+Air), 0.1 mg/L H2O+pure liquid ammonia (NH3+0.1 mg/L H2O) and air (Air) at room temperature. The fracture micro morphology, crack morphology, change of microstructure and mechanical properties of the samples before and after tests were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and hardness tester. Results showed that strain strengthening occurred in high manganese austenitic cryogenic steel HM400 during tensile deformation. Moreover, HM400 steel possessed poor stress corrosion resistance in liquid ammonia medium, and hence it was not suitable as high parameterization and lightweight materials of liquid ammonia storage and transportation containers.

The conclusion of "near-source accumulation" of tight oil is inferred based on the reservoir characte-ristics that crude oil is difficult to migrate laterally for a long distance in low-permeability reservoirs, yet there has been no direct geochemical evidence for a long time. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of source rocks and the source differences of oil in the near-source assemblage (Chang 6 member to Chang 81 sub-member) of the Tirassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, this paper explores the geochemical basis of tight oil near-source accumulation and explains its cause. The results show that the crude oil in the near-source assemblage comes from the in-situ Chang 7 source rocks, and even the oil sources in the adjacent blocks are different. It is difficult for crude oil to undergo large-scale lateral migration in a tight reservoir. The biomarker compounds of Chang 7 source rocks in the Ordos Basin have significant differences in the plane and are distributed in a circularbelt along the sedimentary center. The oil source difference caused by the combination difference ofbiomarker compounds in different facies zones is the fundamental reason for the predecessors' discovery of "near-source accumulation" of tight oil. The "near-source accumulation" of tight oil has changed the previous view that oilsource correlation is a generalization of the whole basin and the source rocks of the same layer, and has important significance for the zoning and fine evaluation of different types of oil and gas resources in a single basin in the future.

BackgroundWork-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are one of the major occupational health problems in the world. Pharmaceutical industry is an important part of China's national economy. At present, there are few related studies reported at home and abroad. ObjectiveTo investigate the status and influencing factors of WMSDs in chemical pharmaceutical industry. MethodsA cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted among all workers from three chemical pharmaceutical enterprises in Guangzhou. The Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire was used to collect information on demographic characteristics, symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders, types of work, work organization, and and work postures. Multiple logistic regression method was used to analyze the risk factors of WMSDs in chemical pharmaceutical workers. ResultsIn this study, 563 workers were selected as subjects. The total prevalence rate of WMSDs symptoms in the chemical pharmaceutical workers was 43.9% (247/563), and the leading body part-specific prevalence rate from high to low was 34.3% in the lower back, 24.3% in the upper back, 24.0% in the shoulders, and 23.8% in the neck. The prevalence rate of WMSDs symptoms in multiple body parts (30.0%) was 2.16 times higher than that in single body part (13.9%), and the prevalence rate of WMSDs symptoms in four body parts was the highest (11.4%). The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥50 years (reference age

For studying the critical condition for the transition of the dominant failure mechanism of 304 austenitic stainless steel in OH-+ Cl- medium, the stress corrosion sensitivity of 304 austenitic stainless steel in the mediums of 10% NaOH and 15% NaOH solutions containing different Cl- content at 100 ℃ was investigated by slow strain rate test (SSRT). The surface morphology of the sample fracture and the composition of the corrosion product were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive analyzer (EDS). Result showed that Cl- could promote the occurrence of alkali stress corrosion of 304 austenitic stainless steel in 10% NaOH + nCl- (n = 100 ～1 000 mg/L) and 15% NaOH + nCl- (n =100～2 000 mg/L). With the increase of Cl- concentration, the interaction mechanism between Cl- and OH- changed from promotion into competition. When the Cl- concentration reached the critical value, the dominant failure mechanism of 304 austenitic stainless steel in OH-+Cl- mixed medium transformed to chloride stress corrosion (CSC). Besides, the critical concentration of Cl- within the scope of experiment for the transition of the dominant failure mechanism of 304 austenitic stainless steel in the mediums of 10% NaOH and 15% NaOH were 500 mg/L and 1 000 mg/L respectively.

In order to overcome the difficulties that current attack graph model cannot reflect real-time network attack events,a method is proposed including a forward risk probability update algorithm and a forward-backward combined risk probability update algorithm,which meets the needs of real-time analyzing network security.It first performs specific quantitative analysis on the uncertainty of each node in the graph,and uses Bayesian networks to calculate their static probabilities.After that,it updates the dynamic probability of each node along the forward and backward paths according to the real-time network security events,instantly reflecting the changes of external conditions and assessing real-time risk levels across the network.Experimental results show that the method can calibrate and adjust the risk probability of each node according to the actual situation,which helps the network operator correctly understand the dangerous levels of the network and make better decision for defense and prevention of the next attack.

Objective To clarify the current direction of improvement of heart sound auscultation teaching. Methods Questionnaire survey was conducted on the students of Peking Union Medical College who had studied diagnostics. At the same time, two tests of heart sound auscultation for medical students were collected. Two teams of residents were interviewed to investigate the mastery of medical students in heart sound auscultation and learning problems. Results Forty-seven students answered the questionnaire. A total of 177 test scores in the diagnostic heart sound section of the medical students of two grades were collected. Ten residents from the two interview teams participated in the interview. There are 87.2% of students think sound auscultation is very important in the clinical. The teaching of diagnostics for heart sounds is mainly explained by the teacher by demonstration of heart sound recordings and language descriptions, but only 53.2% of students learn some of the content and, 4.3% students said that they did not learn at all. There are 44% of the students who are able to answer correctly in the heart sound case examina- tions,nearly 80% of medical students and residents were not confident in understanding heart sounds. About 76.6% of students would look for special heart sound teaching software and audio for further study, but only 6.4% of students thought that such teaching materials and software were of great help, mainly due to the distortion of heart sounds provided by auxiliary teaching materials. Medical students hope that teachers provide effective heart sound software, real heart sound databases, and a large number of cases supplemented with medical history and imaging examination results to support their clinical reasoning; medical students also hope to obtain more bedside auscultation opportunities. Conclusions The article presented here showed shortcomings of the existing heart sound teaching, and provide some evidence from learners' side to improve learning outcomes.

Private set intersection (PSI) is a secure multi-party computation technique that allows several parties,who each hold a set of private items,to compute the intersection of those private sets without revealing additional information.PSI has been widely used in the field of artificial intelligence security and data mining security.With the advent of the multi-source data sharing era,most PSI protocols mainly solve the problem of two-party privacy set intersection,which can not be directly extended to multi-party privacy intersection computing scenarios.This paper designs a multi-party privacy intersection protocol with the help of cloud servers,which can outsource a part of the computation and communication to untrusted cloud server without disclosing any privacy data.This paper makes the protocol more efficient by using the methods of oblivious pseudo-random functions,secret sharing and key-value pair packing.It proves that the PSI protocol can be secure in the semi-honest model and all participants and cloud servers can not obtain the additional data.Compared with the existing scheme,the proposed protocol has the merit of less restricted and more applicable in application scenarios.

Objective To explore the role of laparoscopic virtual simulator in the standard training of residents. Methods Twenty surgical attending physicians finished laparoscopic surgery independently with less than 10 cases and 20 residents in our hospital were selected as the research group. Laparoscopic skills training was conducted to all cases, the completion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy was compared between the two groups. Results The performance of surgical operations of the residents after training was better than before training (P＜0.05). The performance of surgical operations of the attending physicians after training neither is better than the residents physicians before training. Conclusions Laparoscopic virtual simulator can effectively enhance the skill of laparoscopic operation and reduce clinical risk.

Objective To assess the feasibility, safety and short⁃term outcomes of angioplasty and stenting for patients with symptomatic non⁃acute middle cerebral artery occlusion (SNAMCAO). Methods Eight SNAMCAO patients who failed in medical treatment and underwent endovascular recanalization, were collected from January to December 2019. The success rate, perioperative complications, prognosis and stent restenosis were summarized. Results In 8 cases, 7 cases succeeded and one case failed. Four cases occurred perioperative complications, including symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (2 cases), transient ischemic attact (1 case) and stent thrombosis (1 case). Seven to 13d after operation the modifical Rankin Scale(mRS)0-2 score were seen in 6 cases, 3 in one case and 4 in one case. Four months after operation one case occurred restenosis in the stent. Conclusions For patients with SNAMCAO, if medical treatment is not effective, endovascular recanalization can be considered, but the recanalization technique is complicated and the incidence of complications is still high. Therefore, the safety and necessity of endovascular recanalization need to be strictly evaluated. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2020.06.008

DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2019.12.015

For permanent magnetic gears （PMGs）， each transmission ratio can be made by several combinations of the numbers of magnetic pole pairs （NMPP） on the driving and driven rotors. In order to investigate the influence of NMPP on transmission efficiency and output torque， transmission ratio i=5 is selected， PMGs with 6 combinations of NMPP and corresponding two groups （each group has 6 combinations） are analyzed， the 6 combinations of NMPP on driving/driven rotors are 2/10， 3/15， …， 7/35. Finite element analysis （FEA）simulations indicate that variations of output torque to NMPP on driving rotor （Ph） are quadratic curves with peak values occurring at Ph=4， variations of transmission efficiency to Ph also show quadratic curves basically but with slow change and a little higher values occurring at Ph=4~7. So it is concluded that considering output torque and transmission efficiency together， for PMGs with transmission ratio i being close to 5， the NMPP on driving/driven rotors （Ph /Pl） should be selected as 4/19 to get a better transmission characteristics.

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2014.01.014

The reservoirs discovered in the Turpan Depression are mainly distributed in the Middle Jurassic, some distributed in the Upper Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. The characteristics of the mudstone overpressure are studied to reveal the relationship between reservoir distribution and mudstone overpressure. There are several overpressure mudstone cap-rocks in the depression, of which the most steady and the best one is in the Middle Jurassic Qiketai Formation. The distribution of reservoirs in the Jurassic and the sequences above is dominantly controlled by mudstone overpressure. In the regions without mudstone overpressure, reservoirs are often destroyed because of frequent fault activities. Reservoirs have different dependence on the overpressure mudstone sealing. Overpressure mudstone seals oil reservoirs indirectly, although it seals gas reservoirs and gas-cap reservoirs directly. Without rock salt or gypsum in the multicycle basins in West China, mudstone overpressure plays an important role in hydrocarbon accumulation and reservoir preservation. Key words: Turpan Depression, mudstone, overpressure, oil and gas reservoir, petroleum accumulation

Line spectra in the radiated noise of marine vessels are the most visible signals, which can be detected, tracked and identified by passive sonar of the enemy, and hence it is of great significance to reduce the line spectra for improving the acoustic stealth of marine vessels. The technology of chaos spectra reduction was used to reduce line spectra in the radiated noise of submarines based on the fact that response spectrum of a nonlinear system under harmonic excitation is a continuous one when chaos occurs. The feedback chaotification of the single-degree-of-freedom vibration system and multi-degree-of- freedom vibration systems subjected to harmonic excitation were analyzed, and the chaotification method of the multi-degree- of-freedom vibration system subjected to multi-frequency excitation was proposed. The study discovered the condition and approach that the vibration system enters the chaos state subjected controller effect, and overcome the difficulties that how to maintain the chaotic motion when the operation condition and the environment change. The experimental platform of the two- degree-of-freedom VIS for discretization and chaotification was designed, and the dynamics of the system with different feedback plus was experimentally studied. The results confirmed the effectiveness of this method, and can provide the theoretical and experimental bases of design for chaos VIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the accuracy of implant placement between modified and traditional immediate implant placement in mandibular molar regions., Methods: Twenty-four patients were selected for immediate implantation in the molar area including 24 implantation sites. Preoperative cone-beam CT(CBCT) was conducted and then digital software Simplant 18.0 was used to design the ideal three-dimensional position of the implants. In the experimental group, the implant socket was prepared first according to reference of the remaining natural teeth, then the implant was implanted after minimally invasive extraction. Twelve patients in the control group underwent immediate implantation by traditional immediate implant procedures. Minimally invasive extraction, then socket preparation, and final implanting were performed. All patients underwent CBCT after surgery. Implant sites designed prior to surgery and actual implant sites differences between modified and traditional immediate implant placement were measured by Simplant 18.0 and compared with SPSS 17.0 software package., Results: In the experimental group and control group, the measured average deviation were as follows, the angle was (4.492±0.912)° and (7.255±1.307)°, respectively; The horizontal error of the implant shoulder was (0.379±0.083) mm and (1.229±0.270) mm, respectively; The measuring horizontal error of the implant apex was (1.263±0.267) mm and (2.183±0.264) mm, respectively; The calculative horizontal error of the implant apex was (1.324±0.203) mm and (2.709±0.383) mm, respectively; Depth error of the implant apex was (0.663±0.123) mm and (1.533±0.155) mm, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of the control group., Conclusions: Compared with the traditional method, modified immediate implantation can improve the accuracy of implantation in mandibular molars.

Purpose: To compare the mechanical properties of 3D-printed titanium meshes and pre-shaped titanium meshes, and to evaluate the effects of 3D-printed titanium meshes on cell proliferation and differentiation., Methods: 3D- printed titanium meshes were produced and prepared with laser printing machine. The mechanical properties were analyzed by static tension and compression load test. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were extracted from 4-week-old male SD rats. BMSCs were co-cultured with 3D-printed titanium meshes of different apertures. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect cell proliferation. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay was used to test ALP activity. The expression of related osteogenic genes was tested by real-time PCR. The adhesion and growth of BMSCs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and living / dead cell staining. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for statistical analysis of the results., Results: The results of 3D-printing Ti-meshes tension and compression loading experiment were excellent. The 3D-printing Ti-meshes showed no inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, survival and adhesion, but had a positive effect on osteogenesis of BMSCs., Conclusions: The mechanical properties of 3D-printed Ti-meshes are excellent. The 3D-printed Ti-meshes have good biocompatibility.

Objective: To analyze the imaging manifestations of 79 cases of hepatic echinococcosis retrospectively, so as to provide evidences for improving the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the disease., Methods: Seventy-nine patients with hepatic echinococcosis who underwent imaging examinations and pathologic confirmation in Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital from 2014 to 2017 were chosen as the investigation objects, and the data of their medical records and imaging manifestations were collected and analyzed., Results: Among the 79 cases of hepatic echinococcosis, 57 were suffered from cystic echinococcosis (CE) and 22 were suffered from alveolar echinococcosis (AE) . Among the patients with CE, those in single cystic type, multiple cysts type, internal capsule collapse type, solid type, and calcification type were 21, 16, 9, 4 cases and 7 cases respectively. The imaging signs of 62 cases were common. The image of the single cystic type was characterized by intrahepatic cystic water-like lesions, the cystic wall was thin and uniform without any enhancement. The multiple cysts were characterized by "cyst in the cyst", "rose petals", and "spoke wheel". The collapse and separation of the internal capsule was manifested as "drift belt sign" and "double ring sign", the calcification of the cyst wall was curved and eggshell-shaped, the contents of the cyst were cotton-shaped or the whole lesion was calcific. The image of the patients with AE was manifested as a solid mass in the liver, the density and signal were heterogeneous, the edge was irregular and not obviously enhanced, the "small vesicles" scattered in the lesion were often accompanied by calcification, and the whole lesion showed a map appearance. The other 17 cases of hepatic echinococcosis showed complex and rare imaging features. The capsules of 6 cases of CE contained fat, the images presented single or multiple fat density nodules in the hepatic hydatid cyst, and CT value was -28 to -84 HU; in 4 cases of echinococcosis, the lesions were broken into the bile duct, the density of adjacent bile duct was increased, with bile duct wall thickening and peripheral biliary dilatation. For the 4 cases of echinococcosis combined with primary liver cancer, the imaging manifestations of the hepatic cysts presented solid-mass enhancement, with "fast forward and fast out" performance. For the image of the 3 cases of CE with infection, the cystic wall was thickening and enhanced obviously, of these, 2 cases had gaseous shadows in the cyst, 1 patient's cyst was complicated with infection and it invaded the abdominal wall., Conclusions: The imaging manifestations of hepatic echinococcosis are varied and complicated, which need careful analysis for differential diagnosis.

Objective: To analyze the blood supply and metabolism in the marginal area of foci of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis by quantitative perfusion parameters., Methods: Thirty patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis were scanned with the Revolution CT and the images were analyzed. The perfusion parameters, such as the bloodflow (BF), time to peak (TTP), blood volume (BV), mean transit time (MTT) and hepatic arterial fraction (HAF) were compared among different groups., Results: The BF, TTP, BV and MTT values of the peripheral infiltration zone and the values of the surrounding normal liver tissues were significantly different ( F = 24.579, 8.343, 20.535 and 21.843, all P <0.05), but the HAF values of the peripheral infiltration zone and the values of the surrounding normal liver tissues were not significantly different in the hepatic alveolar echinococcosis patients ( F = 2.621, P > 0.05) ., Conclusions: The whole hepatic perfusion Revolution CT can accurately and quantitatively analyze the alveolar echinococcosis foci, especially the peripheral infiltration zone, which has important guiding significance for the formulation of surgical plan.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of CT imaging of inferior vena cava and hepatic vein in patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis., Methods: A total of 100 patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis were given triple-phase abdominal CT scan, and the reconstructed images of the inferior vena cava and hepatic vein were obtained and compared to the real situation during the surgical operation. The reliability of the CT evaluation of the echinococcus cyst lesion invading inferior vena cava and hepatic vein was analyzed., Results: The compression displacement, half-globular, no clear demarcation between the lesion and blood vessel and narrowing of the vessel detected by CT evaluation were in accordance with the real situation under the surgical sight. However, four cases of clear demarcation between the lesion and blood vessel were affirmed wrong under the surgical sight. There were three cases of over diagnosis of vascular stenosis judgments., Conclusions: The CT images of hepatic vein and inferior vena cava can clearly show the relationship between the hepatic echinococcus cyst and hepatic vein and inferior vena cava.

Objective: To evaluate the value of the three-dimensional visualization technology for the preoperative assessment of liver autotransplantation for end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis., Methods: A total of 8 patients with end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis undergoing liver autotransplantation in Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital from May 2013 to July 2017 were collected. All cases received preoperative abdominal CT scanning and dynamic three-phase enhanced CT scanning, and the original CT data were transferred to the human 3D visualization virtual surgical planning system. The volumes of Echinococcus multilocularis and pre-resected liver were measured using the 3D visualization reconstruction, and the relationship between the lesion and the neighboring tissues was observed. The value of the 3D visualization technology for the preoperative assessment of liver autotransplantation for end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis was assessed by comparing with the intraoperative findings., Results: The 3D visualization reconstruction model clearly displayed the adjacent relationship between the lesions of end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis and the neighboring tissues, and no significant difference was seen between the pre-resected liver volume in 3D visualization reconstruction model and the actually resected liver volume ( t = 1.083, P > 0.05)., Conclusions: 3D visualization technology is feasible to develop a reasonable scheme for liver resection and vascular anastomosis for end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis prior to liver autotransplantation, which may increase the success of surgery and improve the prognosis.

Objective: To investigate the expression of Toll-like receptor 2（TLR2） and TLR4 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC） and in the liver of patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE), and their correlations with related cytokines in plasma., Methods: Twenty-eight HAE patients hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University during January 2012 and June 2015 and 28 healthy volunteers as a control were enrolled in this study. Plasma levels of interferon-γ （IFN-γ）, interleukin-5 （IL-5）, IL-23, and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. qRT-PCR was performed to detect TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA levels in PBMCs and hepatic tissues. The percentage of peripheral blood eosinophil （Eo%） was determined by a hematology analyzer. The correlations of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA levels in PBMCs with levels of related cytokines and Eo% were analyzed with the Spearman Correlation method., Results: ELISA results showed that the plasma levels of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-23, and IL-10 in the HAE group were （301.100±47.290）, （43.420±11.380）, （86.580±31.990） and （8.766±7.568） pg/ml respectively, which were higher than those in the control［（301.100±67.790）, （40.970±6.310）, （46.770±15.490） and （6.272±10.360） pg/ml］ with a statistical significance for IL-23 （P<0.01）. Results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression level of TLR2 in the HAE group （0.100±0.084） was significantly higher than that in the control （0.055±0.040） （P<0.05）, while the expression level of TLR4 in the HAE group （0.004±0.003） was comparable to that in the control（0.003±0.002）（P>0.05）. The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in HAE lesions in the HAE group（29.680±25.650 and 21.340±16.640, respectively） were both significantly higher than that in para-lesion regions（2.308±4.140 and 5.541±9.233） and that in tissues of the control （1.112±1.431 and 1.100±1.734）（P<0.01）. There was also a significant difference in Eo% between the HAE（0.448±0.240） and the control（0.110±0.100） groups. Spearman correlation coefficients revealed a positive correlation of TLR2 mRNA in PBMCs with plasma IL-23 level and peripheral blood Eo% in HAE subjects（r=0.368, r=0.382, respectively）., Conclusion: There are increases in TLR2 and TLR4 mNRA expression in PBMCs and in HAE lesions in HAE patients. The TLR2 mNRA expression in PBMCs positively correlates with plasma IL-23 level and peripheral Eo%.