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Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) spectrum can be used to quantify the lamellar structure of starch. However, the spectrum analysis lacks a special data analysis software and needs complicated mathematical equations for it, which seriously restricts the applications of SAXS technology in starch studies. In this study, a simple graphical method was established to quantitatively measure the SAXS spectrum parameters (peak intensity, peak position, peak width at half maximum, and lamellar distance). These parameters can reflect the information of starch lamellar structure. The SAXS spectra of starch with different crystal types, rice starch with different amylose contents, and acid-modified and gelatinized starch were all analyzed using the graphical method, showing that the lamellar structure of starch was related with the plant origin, but had no direct relationship with crystal types. For the starch from the same plant origin, the amylose content was significantly negatively correlated with peak intensity and peak width at half maximum, and positively correlated with lamellar distance of SAXS spectrum. The acid hydrolysis had no effect on lamellar distance of starch, but changed the peak intensity and peak width at half maximum of SAXS spectrum. Heating treatment also had no effect on lamellar distance of starch, but destroyed the crystalline structure, leading to the gradual decrease, even disappearance of peak intensity with increasing heating temperature. This study indicated that the quantitative graphical method is simple, good repeatable, and highly credible, and could be widely used in crop starch studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

阐述了特殊函数——冗余函数、线性函数、自反函数、自双反函数的定义.讨论了它们的有关谱系数的性质.据此提出了这四个函数的特点的四个定理，给出了相应谱系数图的特点，得到了基于谱技术的谱系数图检测冗余函数、线性函数、自反函数、自双反函数的新方法.实例展示了基于上述定理的谱系数图检测上述函数的过程.实例表明该方法具有直观、简单等特点.

线性函数是布尔代数中常用的特殊函数之一，本文根据线性函数、部分线性函数的定义与性质，提出了检测线性函数与部分线性函数六个定理.在此基础上，给出了基于K图与bj图的线性函数与部分线性函数的图形检测方法，并举例说明具体检测过程.

The powerful image analysis and statistical capabilities of computers can effectively solve problems such as insufficient precision in clastic rock particle size measurements and the heavy workload during the process. The MATLAB programming language was employed to process the samples of the Zhoutian Formation in the Upper Cretaceous of the Huichang Basin through techniques such as grayscale transformation, binarization, adaptive median filtering, and color annotation, accurately measuring their grain size parameters. The results indicate the following. The average grain size obtained using MATLAB,s direct calculation method and the graphical method are 4. 008φ and 3. 103φ, respectively. The standard deviations are 0. 8φ and 0. 803φ, the skewness values are - 0. 195φ and - 0. 041φ, and the kurtosis values are 0. 911φ and 0. 916φ. The standard deviation and kurtosis errors are small, allowing for mutual substitution between the two calculation methods, while the standard deviation and skewness errors are relatively large, making them unsuitable for mutual substitution. Both MATLAB,s direct calculation method and microscopic rock mineral identification indicate a relatively poor roundness of the Zhoutian Formation as a whole, with angular to sub-angular clastic particles. The sedimentary environment discrimination formula reflects the formation of the Zhoutian Formation in a fluvial depositional environment, consistent with the geological background and microscopic observation results. Through the MATLAB programming language, it is possible to accurately identify particle outlines and calculate various parameters in clastic rocks, providing great convenience for sediment grain size research, eliminating subjective interference, and improving work efficiency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The packaging carton papers of products need to be checked by quality control machine after printing. Thus,a stack of carton papers shall be taken out one by one and placed onto conveyor belt. A paper picking mechanism composed of two cams and five links（including vacuum suction cups） is designed. By alternate use of inversion-graphic method and fitting of analytical formula,the profile of two cams is obtained.With a higher revolution speed,the proposed paper-picking mechanism can steadily pick 1200 carton papers every minute. Driven by the cam-linkage mechanism,its paper-picking suction cup can move in complex trajectories. Instead of interfering with paper bin,the suction cup is completely fitted to paper bin during paper picking and pauses at the right time to provide negative pressure in harmony with gas path. In this way,a smooth and reliable paper picking process is guaranteed.

Copyright of Journal of China University of Petroleum is the property of China University of Petroleum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recognition and type classification can be performed on the reduced plots of village land for the decision-making on the village and land reduction. The village and construction land can represent the low use efficiency in the economically developed regions of China, particularly with the fast urbanization. It is a high demand for the amount reduction and quality improvement of construction land use. This study aims to explore the quantitative recognition and distinguish of the reduced plot of village land using ecological security patterns, in order to promote the regional ecological civilization construction, as well as regional green and sustainable development. Taking Miyun District of Beijing as an example, the evaluation index system was comprehensively constructed for the reduced plot of village land from three different dimensions of ecological security, spatial stability, and development suitability. A regional ecological security pattern was also established using multi-source data, such as land use, point of interest (POI) and socioeconomic statistics. The reduced plots were then determined after evaluation. Furthermore, 3D Rubik’s cube graphical method was used to classify the reduced plots. The results showed that: 1) The classification of habitat quality was featured by the outstanding regional aggregation and distribution characteristics. Specifically, the high-value areas were mainly distributed in the north and middle parts of the study area. The land use types were dominated by woodland, grassland, and water area. The low-value areas were mainly in the towns and relatively dense areas in the southwest. The ecological source area was 781.65 km2 after screening using the habitat quality assessment, accounting for 35.06% of the total study area. A total of 15 ecological corridors with a total length of 479.11 km were recognized via the minimum cumulative resistance model. As such, the ecological security pattern was formed in the Miyun District. 2) There was a great different comprehensive evaluation score for reduced plot of village land. Among them, the high terrain was in the northeast, while the low was in the southwest. The area of reduced plots was 789.84 hm² after a comprehensive evaluation. 3) The reduced plots of village land were divided into short-, mid- and long-term reduction areas. The short-term area consisted of three types, such as ecology-space, ecology-development, and spatial-development reduction. A total area of 565 plots covered an area of 213.34 hm² and accounted for 27.01% of the total reduced plots. Three types of reduced plots were the fundamentals action for the amount reduction and quality improvement. The reduction target needed to be prioritized for the reduction. The mid-term reduction area was composed of three types: ecological security, spatial stability, and development suitable reduction, with a total of 565 plots, covering 337.18 hm2 and accounting for 42.69% of the total reduction plots. The reduced plots in the mid-term reduction areas occupied a large proportion for the core reduction areas. Some measures should be taken for the plot reduction of villages. The long-term reduction area included one type of comprehensive reduced area, with a total of 209 plots, covering a total area of 239.32 hm² and accounting for 30.30% of the total reduced plots. Special attention should be paid to the economical and intensive use of this part of the reduced plot. A long-term reduction area was gradually recovered as the village land. Finally, some reduction measures were proposed, according to the different types of reduced plots. The findings can provide the scientific basis for the identification and classification of the reduced plots of village land in the ecological conservation areas, in order to serve the reduction of ecological conservation areas, ecological protection and regional sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shendong mining area,located in Northwestern China,is characterized by a dry climate and scarce water resources. A large amount of mine water is used for ecological irrigation in this mining area. This study investigated the suitability of mine water for irrigation through on-site sampling and hydrochemical testing of mine water in the mining area. We analyzed the spatial distribution patterns of water quality parameters and hydrochemical types. This study also evaluated and predicted the suitability of long-term irrigation using sodium ion adsorption ratio(SAR), soluble sodium percentage (KNa), Kelly ratio (KR),permeability index (PI),residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium adsorption ratio (KMg) single indicator methods,as well as USSL and Wilcox graphical methods. Taking into account the groundwater level,we discussed soil texture types,climatic conditions of the mining area and the applicability of the evaluative indicators. The results show that the main ions in the mine water of Shendong mining area are sorted by mass concentration. The cations are Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+ and K+,and the anions are HCO-3,SO2- 4,Cl-and NO-3 . The mine water is weakly alkaline as a whole,and the concentrations of Cl-and NO-3 vary significantly with space. There was a significant positive correlation among Na+,Cl-,SO2- 4,total dissolved solid (TDS),electric conductivity (γ),Ca2+ and Mg2+,and a negative correlation between F-and Ca2+,Mg2+. The hydrochemical type of mine water in the mining area is primarily the NaHCO3 type. The chemical composition of mine water is mainly affected by ion exchange and evaporation. Na+,Cl-,SO2- 4,Ca2+,Mg2+ and F-in the mine water were abnormally enriched and the TDS and γ values exceeded the standard. The salt accumulation effect is not obvious under the combined influence of groundwater and surface water waterlogging in the mining area,and the soil compaction is not prominent. The PI method and the USSL graphic method are not suitable for evaluating irrigation water quality in this area. The evaluation results based on Wilcox graphical method show that the mine water of Halagou,Shigetai and Daliuta mines are suitable as irrigation water. The mine water from Bulianta,Shangwan,Buerta,Wulanmulun,and Huojitu mines should not be used for long-term direct irrigation. This study has theoretical and practical significance for the rational development and utilization of mine water resources in mining areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using the vertical pipe test data of riverbed sediment in the downstream section of the main stream of Hotan River, the paper carried out the application and evaluation of different vertical pipe test parameter calculation methods. The HTST01 test point was selected for vertical permeability test, and the HTST02 test point was selected for horizontal and vertical permeability tests, respectively. The rationality of the permeability coefficient value obtained by the traditional calculation method and the difference between its calculation results and the linear graphical method were analyzed. The results indicate that: the array of permeability coefficients obtained by traditional calculation methods approximately follows a non-standard normal distribution with certain skewness and kurtosis, all of which have moderate variability. The use of arithmetic mean values for parameter values has certain rationality and applicability. When using random calculation values, the error size of parameter values has contingency and uncertainty. The straight line graphical method can effectively avoid the generation of random errors, but the calculation results obtained by it differ from the arithmetic mean of traditional calculation methods to some extent. The average relative error value is 10.59%, and the maximum relative error value exceeds 27.00%. In the application process of vertical pipe tests, the influence of the rationality of parameter values obtained by calculation methods should not be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Carsologica Sinica is the property of Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Control Theory & Applications / Kongzhi Lilun Yu Yinyong is the property of Editorial Department of Control Theory & Applications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Coal Geology & Exploration is the property of Xian Research Institute of China Coal Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering is the property of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nonferrous Metals (Mining Section) is the property of Beijing Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy Technology Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (1006-2467) is the property of Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The collapse morphology of the loess bank of the Dabeigou Reservior which is located in Weibei loess tableland area was investigated in the field, and experimental research on the bank collapse characteristics and morphology of the loess bank under different water level conditions was carried out by physical model tests. The results indicate that the bank collapse width is directly proportional to the water level, and the higher the water level, the more frequent the bank collapse, the shorter the time interval, and the more intense the bank collapse. Meanwhile, there is an upright section of the above-water bank slope and a curved underwater bank slope after bank collapse, which is different from the linear type of the graphical method. In addition, the underwater bank slope angle varies greatly with the distance from the toe of the slope, the angle of underwater bank slope far away from the slope toe is basically the same. And underwater integrated stability slope angle is 16°-18°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aiming at the lack of system perspective of the current situation analysis model for air defense system and the poor interpretability for commanders to analyze the results, this paper proposes an auxiliary situation analysis model based on generative adversarial network for air defense system. Firstly, the situational information and combat capability of the air defense system are described in a graphical method so that it is easily to interpret the result to human commanders. Secondly, using generative adversarial network to simulate the process of human commanders' situation analysis, which can obtain the capability map of air defense system from superficial situation feature. Finally, using multiple indicators to compare the results of various models. The experiment results show that the model proposed in this paper can analyze from the system perspective, and obtain the capability map of the air defense system. The accuracy of the generated image is at least 34.1% higher than other models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the service life of the grain dryer and reduce the number of maintenance failures, its service life was analyzed and studied by using reliability analysis theory. Firstly, the maintenance data of a certain type of grain dryer was analyzed and sorted, and the Weibull probability plot（WPP）diagram was fitted according to the failure interval time obtained from the maintenance record. Based on the graphical method, it can be preliminarily determined to accept the two-parameter Weibull distribution. Then, the superiority of point estimation was used to judge Criterion, the estimated value obtained by solving the likelihood function with particle swarm algorithm was used as the parameter of the Weibull distribution model. Finally, the K-S（Kolmogorov-Smirnov） test method was used to test the Weibull distribution model, and on the basis, the interval time between failures of the grain dryer was obtained, with probability density function, probability distribution function, and reliability function. The results show that the failure interval of the grain dryer obeys the two-parameter Weibull distribution, and the average failure interval of the dryer is calculated to be 249.8 h, and when the reliability is 0.9, the preventive maintenance period is 137.6 h. The method has high accuracy and ease of use, and is of great significance for enterprises to make reasonable maintenance decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The calculation formula of BQ (basic quality) classification index in GB 50218- 1994 is modified in the revised Standard for Engineering Classification of Rock Mass ( GB/T 50218- 2014), but its two limiting conditions (saturated uniaxial compressive strength of rock and rock mass integrity coefficient) were not modified simultaneously. Through a large number of data studies, it is found that the calculation results are inconsistent with the qualitative and quantitative calculation results when the data are directly reduced by Rc and Kv, constraints. Therefore, the limited conditions are modified and analyzed based on simplified graphical method. According to the analysis results that are widely affected by Rc constraints, 54 sets of new data in the database are taken as samples, and a new calculation formula is established by regression analysis of the data reduced by Rc constraints. The revised limit conditions and new section calculation formula obtained are analyzed and demonstrated on the basis of actual engineering data. The results show that the revised limited conditions and the calculation formula proposed in this study improve the agreement between the qualitative classification and the quantitative classification, and a more accurate classification result is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the interaction of organic matter with arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in natural water, standard dissolved organic matter (standard DOM) was taken as the research object, and the analysis was carried out by spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, parallel factor analysis and other methods. The results showed that compared with fulvic acids and humus, protein-like tyrosines showed higher binding capacity to As and Pb. The results of high-resolution mass spectrometry showed that heavy metals could change the original characteristics of the standard DOM, resulting in the transformation of organic matter, such as the decrease of amino carbohydrate components, the increase of tannin-like components, the decrease of the relative abundance of CHO, and the increase of the relative abundance of other heteroatoms. DOM-As showed that there was a strong positive correlation between the ultraviolet characteristic parameter a254 and the fluorescence characteristic parameter HIX, the amino sugar component and CHO obtained by ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry were positively correlated with the ultraviolet characteristic parameters a254, a260, a280 and the fluorescence characteristic parameter HIX, and the fluorescence component C1 was positively correlated with the unsaturated hydrocarbon component obtained by mass spectrometry. The results of the study may provide theoretical support for the quantitative assessment of the mechanism of organic matter-heavy metal interactions in water bodies, thereby reducing the environmental behavior of various pollutants such as heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy & Power / Reneng Dongli Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy & Power and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Guangxi Normal University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The parabola shaped channel has an excellent hydraulic performance and strong ability of anti-frost heave, and is used widely in the field of spillway and irrigation channels. The water surface profile of gradually varied steady flow is an important hydraulic element for the channel design and the operational management, but the differential equation of water surface profile is the transcendental equation with no analytic solution. The current differential test algorithm, iterative method and graphical method for solving the water surface profile has complex calculation process, large errors and low efficiency, so on. To obtain the simplified calculation formula of water surface profile of parabolic cross-section, we introduced the concepts of the parabolic cross-sectional characteristic water depth (that is the product of the water depth and the parabolic shaped perimeter) and characteristic wetted perimeter (2 times of the product of parabolic shaped perimeter and wetted perimeter), and did the identical deformation for the basic differential equations of the gradually varied steady water surface profile of the parabolic cross-sectional channel. The optimal hydraulic cross-sectional parabolic cross-sectional characteristic water depth is 0.947 m. In practical engineering, the design of the parabolic cross-sectional channel is required to be close to the optimal hydraulic cross-section as far as possible under permissive conditions so that it would obtain good hydraulic conditions, save the substantial cultivated land, reduce project expense and achieve better economic benefits. The study here focused on the common parabolic cross-sectional channel in the engineering practice with the range of characteristics water depth of 0.6-1.5 m. Since the characteristic wetted perimeter of the original differential equations is a complex non-integrable function within the most commonly used scope in practical engineering, we analyzed the interrelation between characteristic water depth and characteristic wetted perimeter, plotted a curve with characteristics water depth as ordinate against characteristic wetted perimeter. The results showed that the relationship between characteristics water depth and characteristic wetted perimeter followed the power function. The equation coefficients were fitted by the least squares method, and then a simple integral expression of characteristics wetted perimeter was obtained. The error analysis showed that the absolute value of the relative error of the proposed formula was smaller than 1.08%, indicating that this method is effective to solve the unintegrable equation of characteristic wetted perimeter. As a result, the direct numerical integration method had been deduced by the beginning and final section water depth for determination of the flow distance of the water surface profiles in parabola shaped channel. To test the feasibility of the proposed integration method in calculating the flow distance of water surface profile, it was used to compare with the difference method for 2 cases. Results showed that the maximum relative error was less than 0.2% between both methods, indicating the high efficiency and high precision of the proposed method. In addition, the proposed formula also has simple form, clear physical concept, easiness to use and wide applications. The direct integration formula proposed here is useful in the channel design and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to validate the water environment changes of regional soil after implementing the water-saving upgrading program. The background of this research is about program implementation of water-saving upgrading in North irrigation district. The groundwater samples were analyzed scientifically and systemically in Inner Mongolia Hetao irrigation district, then the descriptive statistics, the correlation matrices, the ratio coefficient of the main ions and the graphical method (including the H..... diagram, the piper diagram and Multi-rectangular diagram) were utilized to gain the better understanding of the spatial-temporal variability of the characteristics and the evolution rule of groundwater hydrochemistry in Hetao irrigation district of Inner Mongolia. The results showed that evaporation concentration, lixiviation and cation exchange were the main hydrological chemical processes which controlled the evolution of groundwater quality in irrigation district. Compare with the 2007 (before water-saving upgrading), the absolute content of HCO3 - has change from smallest to largest in anion which becoming the main anion in the groundwater on 2008 and 2009. Coefficient of variation of Ca2+,Mg2+,HCO3 - had few change and kept in a stable content in the groundwater. In addition, coefficient of variation of Na+,Cl-,SO4 2- had a large change in the groundwater. As a result, Na+, Cl-,SO4 2- became a susceptibility factor varying with environmental factors and major variables that determined in groundwater salinization effect. The main chemical types of ground water were HCO3—Na (middle and lower reaches), SO4—Na (downstream) and Cl—Na (upstream) in irrigation district. Moreover, compared with the 2007, the concentration of HCO3 - was increasing, but the concentration of Cl-and Na+ were decreasing. The groundwater was changing to more desalt water and small harm for crop. There was a complex spatiotemporal variation of chemical types for ground water. To follow the direction of groundwater flow, the chemical types of groundwater had been changed from Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4-HCO3, Na-Mg-Cl-SO4-HCO3 and Na-Mg-Ca-HCO3- SO4-Cl to Na-Cl-SO4, Na-SO4-HCO3 and Na-Mg-Cl-HCO3. Furthermore, the chemical types of groundwater had been changed from Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3-SO4-Cl, Na-Mg-Ca-HCO3-SO4-Cl and Na-Mg-Cl-HCO3-SO4 to Na-Cl-HCO3-SO4, Na-HCO3-Cl-SO4 and Na-Ca-HCO3-SO4-Cl in 2008. In 2009 the chemical types of groundwater had been changed from Na-Ca-Cl-SO4-HCO3, Na-Mg-Ca-HCO3-SO4-Cl and Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-HCO3- SO4 to Na-HCO3-Cl-SO4, Na-Cl-SO4 and Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4-HCO3. The Na+ had absolute predominance trend. Therefore, in chemical type aspect, HCO3 - of anion in 2008 and 2009 was more primary chemical type than HCO3 - of anion in 2007. The research results can give the references to evaluate the impacts of the water-saving upgrading program on water environment of regional soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Geology / Gongcheng Dizhi Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Geology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science Technology & Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Considering the problems that quantitative analysis and optimization of the geometrical model of scroll compressor created from involute of circle with variable radii are incomplete, the changing trend of the working chamber volume from the beginning of the suction process to the end of the discharge process is given. The volume calculation differences of Green’s theorem method, the graphical method, and the normal isometric method are compared, the reasons for calculation errors are analyzed, and the correctness of the geometrical model is verified. The calculation formula of teeth area utilization rate is deduced, and the sensitivity models of suction volume and teeth area utilization rate are constructed. It is concluded that the influence of the base circle radius variation coefficient and the occurrence angle of the inner profile are particularly significant. A multi-objective optimization analysis model considering nonlinear constraints and taking the suction volume and teeth area utilization rate as the optimization goals is established. The results show that the multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-II has a better comprehensive performance than the multi-objective particle swarm algorithm MOPSO and the suction volume of the scroll compressor created from the involute of circle with variable radii for an automobile air conditioner has been increased by 6.5% and the teeth area utilization rate has been reduced by 4.27%. This paper can provide further theoretical reference for the optimal design and quantitative research of the scroll compressor constructed from involute of circle with variable radii.

The sedimentary sequences superimposed by loess and paleosol are widely d:stributed in the northern of Shandong peninsula. Based on the field investigation and photoh iminescence dating, the grain size and the characteristics of fractal dimension of loess sediments from Zhifu island in Yantai area of Shandong were calculated by graphical method and power exponential function method . and Late Pleistocene climate environment and evolution in the northern of Shandong peninsula were studied. The results show that the formation age of Zhifu section is 62. 85- 124.90 ka B. P., corresponding to last glacial last inierglacial periods, and is composed of sandy loess, loess and paleosol; the sediment from Zhifu section has a good fractal structure . which can clearly distinguish the paleosol (the fractal dime sio is 2. 379) . loess (2. 191). a d sa dy loess loess (2. 157); the fractal dime sio has a sig ifica t positive correlation with the standard deviation. the correlation coefficient isO. 889 1; ii has a high po shive correlation with the average grain size and a lcjw correlation with the kurtosis and skewness; the fractal dimension of sediment from Zhif u section show remarkable variations in alternation of peaks and valleys vertically. which can be used as an indicator of sedimentary environment; the low fractal dimension reflects the dry and cold climate, and the winter wind is strong and loess accumulation accelerates, on the contrary. the climate is warm and humid, and the paleosol is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Sedimentologica Sinica is the property of Acta Sedimentologica Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As traditional graphical method to design wrap profile modification using twin circular arcs has higher design error, an analytical design method was proposed. General formulas of modification parameters of modified wrap head as well as equations of modification circular arcs were given. Accurate expressions for calculating axial projective area of modified wrap and every working chambers volume in different angular positions of crankshaft were derived. The error of graphical design method was also analyzed, and the result shows that the circular arcs' meshing clearance error of modified wrap designed by graphical method is up to 0.01mm. Therefore, the graphical method is difficult to meet with the high precise demands of the meshing of scroll wrap, and it is necessary to apply analytical method to design modified wrap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geology & Exploration is the property of Geology & Exploration Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Southern Energy Construction is the property of Southern Energy Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Computer Measurement & Control is the property of Magazine Agency of Computer Measurement & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polymer Materials Science & Engineering is the property of Sichuan University, Polymer Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polymer Materials Science & Engineering is the property of Sichuan University, Polymer Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to explore the optimal calculation mode of vertical sand silo area under the condition of flocculating sedimentation of unclassified tailings， the minimized result error was determined through 3 calculation modes based on the ideal sedimentary condition and the different sedimentary characteristics. Took the case of a lead and zinc ore as an example: the flocculating sedimentation tests of fine unclassified tailings were conducted， then the slurry settlement curves under the best settling condition were obtained by regression analysis. The reliability of calculation modes for vertical sand silo area was analyzed. Results showed that the best flocculent condition is as follows: the relative molecular weight of APAM is 8×106， the volume fraction of feeding slurry is 7.80% and the appropriate unit consumption of flocculants is 17.66g·t-1. The optimal area of vertical sand silo is 36.06m2， which is 97.04% close to the result based on the Talmage-Ficth graphical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Refrigeration is the property of Journal of Refrigeration Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) is the property of South China University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes and researches the current practice teaching system in universities. An effective idea of "lean thinking" has been introduced from enterprises to the research. The resources, products, producers, customers and educational value were analyzed in higher education. It has been recognized dialectical unity of views that higher education output is "educational services" and "talent products". The students are not only education products, but also consumers and users of education; the present society and the future society demands for talent may be a value standard for building the practice teaching system of colleges and universities. Borrowing the "lean thinking", using a graphical method we analyze and comb the value stream which is existed in common practice teaching system in colleges and universities. The analysis gives advices to build a practical teaching system in science colleges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase equilibrium conditions and its influencing factors are especially significant for the rapid generation of gas hydrate. Using visual and high pressure-resisting experimental setup and graphical method, this paper investigated the phase equilibrium conditions of mine gas hydrate formed by gas samples in three different concentrations of NaCl solution. The results show that NaCl could change the phase equilibrium condition and make it more demanding. At the same temperature, the phase equilibrium pressure increases from 0. 50 to 2. 98 MPa than that in pure water during nine experiments. The hypothesis model of influence mechanism of NaCl on the phase equilibrium was established based on hydrated ion ionization equilibrium theory. This paper concludes that the strong electric field of Na+ and Cl- ionized from NaCl produces an interaction on water molecules. This interaction will destroy the clusters structure of water molecules that surrounds gas molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]