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Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) play very important roles in the generation and conduction of action potential in the excitable cells. Recent studies have showed that VGSCs are also expressed in the macrophages and regulate a variety of biological functions, including phagocytosis, endosomal acidification, podosome formation, polarization, and antiviral responses, etc. This paper will review the roles of VGSCs in regulating the biological functions of macrophages and the underlying mechanisms, which would provide clues for the studies of the functions of VGSCs in the other immune cells.

Neutrophils are one of the most abundant leukocytes present in the human blood circulation system, which could provide continuous immune surveillance. Recent studies have shown that neutrophils are closely related to angiogenesis. Neutrophils could release various cytokines, which regulate the angiogenic process by affecting the growth and migration of endothelial cells directly or indirectly. In the present review, the regulatory effects of neutrophils on angiogenic process and mechanisms are analyzed and summarized, which would provide clues for the treatment of related diseases using neutrophils as the targets in the future.

Microglial cells are widely distributed in the brain and spinal cord, and usually act as resident immune cells which could provide continuous monitoring roles within the central nervous system. When the cells in the central nervous system are injured, microglial cells are activated and induce a series of biological effects. Recently, several voltage-gated sodium channel subtypes were found to be expressed on the surface of the microglial cells which are able to participate in the regulation of the activation, phagocytosis, secretion of multiple cytokines/chemokines, migration, invasion of microglial cells, and etc. In the present study, the latest progresses on the regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel isoforms on microglial cells were summarized and analyzed. In addition, the mechanism and future research of the relationship between voltage-gated sodium channels and microglial cells were also discussed.

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), which are widely distributed in the excitable cells, are the primary mediators of electrical signal amplification and propagation. They play important roles in the excitative conduction of the neurons and cardiac muscle cells. The abnormalities of the structures and functions of VGSCs can change the excitability of the cells, resulting in a variety of diseases such as neuropathic pain, epilepsy and arrhythmia. At present, some voltage-gated sodium channel blockers are used for treating those diseases. In the recent years, several neurotoxins have been purified from the venom of the animals, which could inhibit the current of the voltage-gated sodium channels. Usually, these neurotoxins are compounds or small peptides that have been further designed and modified for targeted drugs of sodium channelopathies in the clinical treatment. In addition, a novel cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRBGP) has been isolated and purified from the buccal gland of the lampreys (Lampetra japonica), and it could inhibit the Na+ current of the hippocampus and dorsal root neurons for the first time. In the present study, the progress of the sodium channelopathies and the biological functions of voltage-gated sodium channel blockers are analyzed and summarized.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of depressive symptom and its influencing factors among primary and middle school students in urban-rural-integrated area of Chongqing., Methods: A total of 3 013 primary and middle school students from an urban-rural-integrated area of Chongqing were selected by using multistage stratified cluster sampling method in this study. The general information, physical activities and physical examination conditions were investigated. Meanwhile, the depress symptoms were assessed by using children's depression inventory (CDI) and the incidence of adolescence related events were evaluated by using pubertal development scale (PDS). Chi-square test was used to analyze the detection rate of depression symptoms among different population and Logistic regression was used to analyse the influencing factors of depressive symptoms among primary and middle school students., Results: The detection rate of depressive symptoms was 20.1% (607/3013) totally, and it was gradually higher among the students with bad to good economic status (28.3%/18.4%/18.3%, chi2 = 28.415, P < 0.05). The students' detection rate of depression symptoms in different development level compared to companion by self image were 43.1%, 26.5%, 22.0% and 15.8% (chi2 = 79.621, P < 0.01). Among the senior school students, worse economic status, higher development level in self-evaluation, and no physical activities in a recent month (including physical training, aerobic exercise) were considered as the influencing factors of depressive symptoms., Conclusion: Focusing on the physical and mental health of growing children, establishing a good school environment and family environment, and strengthening physical activities will contribute to reducing the incidence of depressive symptoms.

Objective: To establish a gas chromatography method for simultaneous determination of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticide residues in Viscum coloratum by cloud-point extraction (CPE)., Method: Pesticides were extracted with the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100. The apparatus was gas chromatography with electron capture detector and the separation was performed on an Hp-5 column. The pesticide residues were calculated by external standard method., Result: Good linear relation was obtained over the range of 5-500 microg L(-1) for organochlorine and 10-1,000 microg L(-1) for pyrethroid. The limits of detection was 1.5-7.5 microg kg(-1). The average recoveries of organochlorine and pyrethroid were 74.15% -111.6% with corresponding RSD of 4.0% -9.1%., Conclusion: The sample and rapid method was applied to pesticide residues determination.

A bacterial strain that degrades phenanthrene was isolated from activated sludge of wastewater treatment plant from a chemical corporation. The strain can utilize phenanthrene as sole source of carbon and energy. It was identified as Burkholderia sp. according to morphological and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Phenanthrene (100 mg x L(-1)) was removed 74.1% within 84 h by this strain. It was suggested that the strain possessed the salicylic acid pathway by LC-MS and UV methods. And the strain contains an inductive catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C230). The kinetic constants Km and Vmax were 10.93 micromol x L(-1) and 106.38 micromol x min(-1), receptively. It indicates that the affinity of the endoenzyme to catechol is great and catechol is a better substrate.