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This study investigated the effect of salicylic acid (SA) treatment on preserving the color and nutritional quality of broccoli during postharvest cold storage. The results demonstrated that SA treatment significantly delayed the yellowing process, increased chlorophyll content, −a*/b* value, quantum yield (Fv/Fm), and fluorescence decline ratio (Rfd) and decreased L* value and yellowing index compared with untreated control. Meanwhile, the losses of glucoraphanin (GRA), glucobrassicin (GBS), sulforaphane (SFN), indole-3-methanol (I3C), and ascorbic acid (AsA) were obviously alleviated in the treated samples, and the accumulation of total phenols and total flavonoids was significantly increased. In addition, the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of the treated samples was improved remarkably and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly reduced. Multivariate statistical analysis visualized the distribution of sensory and nutritional variables in both groups of samples, further demonstrating that SA treatment was more effective in preserving GRA and AsA and effectively induced an improvement of the antioxidant capacity.

Chinese cabbage is the vegetable with the highest yield in China, and treatment procedures produce plenty of waste, while inappropriate treatments, including careless disposal, cause huge resource waste and severe environmental pollution. Chinese cabbage waste enriches nutrients, such as protein, glucosinolates, and minerals, which can be prepared as an excellent feed. However, the characteristics, including unclear nutrient composition, seasonal production and perishable nature, limit the effective development of Chinese cabbage waste forage utilization. Therefore, this paper reviewed the industrial situation of Chinese cabbage, the nutritional characteristics, forage technology and feeding effects of Chinese cabbage waste, and suggested the prospects of the future research tendency of forage utilization, which aimed to provide theoretical and technological references for forage utilization of Chinese cabbage waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the degradation effect of microbial solid-state fermentation of rapeseed cake on fiber and glucosinolates as well as improvement effect of nutrient content. In the experiment, rapeseed cake was used as fermentation material. Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum were used as mixed fermentation strains, and the total change rate ( Y) was used as a comprehensive index to confirm the optimal mixed bacteria ratio and the optimal fermentation conditions. The results showed that the interaction between Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum has a significant impact on the total change rate and the degradation rate of neutral washing fibers ( P<0.05). The best fermentation process was as follows: Inoculation amount 12%, liquid to solid ratio 1.2 mL/g, fermentation temperature 35 ℃ and fermentation time of 96 h. Under these technological conditions, the total rate of change ( Y) was the highest, and the acid-soluble protein of fermented rapesseed cake increased by 120.77%, the content of thioside and neutral detergent fiber decreased by 57.53% and 3.09%, respectively. The study indicates that mixed bacterial solid-state fermentation can increase the acid soluble protein of rapeseed cake, reduce the content of glucosides and fiber, and improve the nutritional value of rapeseed cake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the effect of selenium-sulfur interaction on the glucosinolate content and antioxidant properties of Chinese cabbage sprouts, the seeds were sprayed with 4 mmol/L ZnSO4, 50 or 100 μmol/L Na2SeO3 or their combination during sprouting and the changes in the major physiological and biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity and glucosinolates content of Chinese cabbage sprouts were analyzed. The results showed that the application of ZnSO4 alone caused growth stress on Chinese cabbage sprouts, while the application of Na2SeO3 alone increase the length and fresh mass of sprouts per plant. The combined application of Na2SeO3 and ZnSO4 could effectively alleviate the inhibitory effect of ZnSO4 on the growth and development of Chinese cabbage sprouts. Moreover, compared with the control group (deionized water), ZnSO4 combined with Na2SeO3 significantly increased total selenium content and the contents of total glucosinolates (P < 0.05), and the combined application of ZnSO4 and 50 μmol/L Na2SeO3 resulted in an approximate 50% increase in the total content of glucosinolates. The contents of total selenium and total glucosinolates were significantly higher on the sixth day than on the fourth day of sprouting. The results of the study provide data support for the production of functional Chinese cabbage sprouts rich in selenium and glucosinolates.

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为筛选可高效降解菜籽饼粕中硫苷的细菌，给硫苷降解基因工程菌的构建提供实验数据，以堆放菜籽饼粕的土壤为分离源，通过硫苷选择培养基筛选及硫苷降解率测定，获得一株硫苷降解率最大的菌株C1，采用16S rRNA基因序列进行种属鉴定，通过第3代Illumina NovaSeq PE150测序，获得其基因组完成图并进行功能注释，借助比较基因组学探究C1降解硫苷的机制。结果表明：菌株C1为枯草芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus subtilis)，其硫苷降解率为 (68.98±4.74)%；C1菌株的基因组染色体全长为4 139 381 bp，鸟嘌呤和胞嘧啶含量为43.88%，编码区总长度占全基因组的比例为89.14%；C1菌株能编码大量的功能蛋白，主要涉及氨基酸转运与代谢；比较基因组学分析确认，C1与枯草芽孢杆菌的模式菌株 (NC000964.3) 共线性高，序列中未见大片段易位和倒置的区域，但C1序列中2.7 Mb处出现一个小片段的插入，2.1~2.4 Mb处出现小片段缺失，分别涵盖了2条黑芥子酶的相关基因，推测C1的硫苷降解机制为其可高效分泌黑芥子酶。C1菌株能够高效降解菜籽饼粕中的硫苷，是构建硫苷降解基因工程菌的可选材料。 In order to screen bacteria that can efficiently degrade glucosinolates in rapeseed meal and provide experimental data for the construction of glucosinolate-degrading genetically engineered bacteria, the soil stacked with rapeseed meal was used as the separation source, and a strain C1 with the greatest glucosinolate degradation rate was obtained by glucosinolate selection medium screening and glucosinolate degradation rate determination,and 16S rRNA gene sequence was used for C1 species identification and the third generation Illumina NovaSeq PE150 was used to sequencing the whole genome to obtain C1 genome completion map and functional annotation was carried out. The comparative genomics was used to explore the mechanism for glucosinolate degradation of strain C1. The results showed that strain C1 was Bacillus subtilis, and its glucosinolate degradation rate was (68.98±474)%. The genome chromosome of the strain C1 was 4 139 381 bp in length, and the guanine and cytosine content was 43.88%. The total length of the coding region accounted for 89.14% of the whole genome. Strain C1 could encode a large number of functional proteins, mainly related to amino acid transport and metabolism. Comparative genomics analysis confirmed that C1 was highly colinear with the model strain of Bacillus subtilis (NC000964.3), and there were no large fragment translocation and inversion regions in the sequence. However, a small fragment insertion was found at 2.7 Mb in C1 sequence, and a small fragment deletion appeared at 2.1-2.4 Mb,covering two gens of myrosinase, respectively, and the mechanism of glucosinolate degradation of C1 was presumed to efficiently secrete myrosinase. Strain C1 can efficiently degrade glucosinolates in rapeseed meal and is a potential material for constructing glucosinolate-degrading genetically engineered bacteria.

In order to achieve the enrichment of sulforaphane, polyphenols, flavonoids and other bioactive substances in broccoli sprouts so as to reduce production costs, this study used plasma treatment induction method to treat broccoli sprouts. The plasma treatment conditions and its effects on the sprouts of different varieties of broccoli were studied. The results showed that the plasma treatment voltage and time had significant effects(P

[Objective] The present paper aimed to analyze the effects of sowing date and film mulching on yield and quality of direct seeding winter rapeseed to provide a theoretical basis for suitable sowing and high-yielding cultivation of winter rapeseed in dryland in southwest China. [Method] A two-factor completely randomized block design was adopted to explore the effect of sowing date(20th September, 30th September, 10th October, 20th October, 30th October, 10th November, 20th November) and film mulching (film mulching and no film mulching) on field soil temperature, dry matter accumulation, agronomic characteristics, yield and quality of Chuanyou 36. [Result] Film mulching effectively increased the 0-20 cm soil temperature, dry matter accumulation, plant height, length of main inflorscence and effective pods, thereby increasing rapeseed yield by 3.61%-44.47%, which was more obvious with the delay of sowing date. However, the sowing date delayed longer, dry matter accumulation and agronomic traits of rapeseed decreased significantly. The regression equation showed that the rapeseed yield rose first and then declined with the delay of sowing date, which had a significant polynomial relationship with sowing date. The optimal sowing date for rapeseed was 10th October, which was 2.13%, 47.97%, 74.19% and 136.64% higher than 30th September, 30th October, 10th November and 20th November, respectively. In addition, the delay of sowing date effectively reduced the content of linolenic acid, erucic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed, but also reduced the oil content, while film mulching effectively decreased the difference in rapeseed quality resulted from the delay of sowing date. [Conclusion] 30th September to 10th October was a suitable sowing date for high yield of direct seeding rapeseed in dry land in southwest China, and a proper delay of the sowing period in combination with film mulching technology was more conducive to achieving goals of high yield, efficiency and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the effect of air-borne ultrasound on the catabolic pathway of glucosinolates in broccoli florets during air drying, the drying property, contents of key components (glucosinolates, sulforaphane, ascorbic acid, Fe2+ and phenolic acids), myrosinase activity and antioxidant capacity in vitro in broccoli florets during air drying at 60 oC coupled with air-borne ultrasound (20 kHz, 125.2 and 180.1 W/dm2) were analyzed. The results showed that air-borne sonication accelerated the drying process. The drying times were shortened by 11.1% and 17.8% under sonication at 125.2 and 180.1 W/dm2, respectively. Meanwhile, glucobrassicin content and myrosinase activity increased during ultrasound-intensified air drying. In the end of drying, the contents of glucobrassicin and sulforaphane as well as myrosinase activity in ultrasound-treated samples at 180.1 W/dm2 were 10.7%, 26.0% and 15.2% higher than those in samples dried without sonication, respectively. Reversely, sonicated samples at 180.1 W/dm2 possessed 8.1% less amount of Fe2+ than only air-dried samples after drying. The results implied that ultrasound treatment alleviated the interference of Fe2+ on the enzymatic degradation of glucosinolates, as well as promoted the degradation of glucoraphanin to sulforaphane. Besides, air-borne sonication had no significant influence on the contents of ascorbic acid and phenolic acids, and antioxidant capacity in vitro of broccoli under air drying. This study demonstrated that air-borne ultrasound assisted-air drying could not only speed up the drying process of broccoli florets, but also promote the conversion of glucoraphanin and preserve the bioactive components in certain aspects.

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Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives]The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is a Crucifer specialist, using glucosinolate as an important taste signal to identify the host plants for egg laying. The purpose of this study was to confirm the stimulating effect of glucosinolate on the oviposition of female P.xylostella, and further to clarify the role of the foreleg tarsus and antennae in glucosinolate perception, thus to lay a foundation for in-depth study on the perception mechanism of glucosinolate. [Methods]To determine the stimulating effect of glucosinolate on the oviposition of female P.xylostella, the oviposition preference(indicated by preference index)between glucosinolate(crude extract)treated and control parafilms was calculated using the small cage method with parafilm as oviposition medium. To determine roles of foreleg tarsus and antennae in the glucosinolate perception, the oviposition preference indices of treated female moths(with acid ablation of foreleg tarsus, removal of antennae, or both acid ablation of foreleg tarsus and removal of antennae)were compared with those of control female moth, using the same small cage method with parafilm and plant leaves as oviposition medium, respectively. [Results]Glucosinolate(crude extract)showed significant oviposition-stimulating effect on female P.xylostella, in a dose dependent pattern within the range of test concentration(0.01%-5%). Acid ablation of foreleg tarsus or removal of antennae significantly reduced the oviposition preference for glucosinolate, but there was no significant difference between the two treatments(antenna removal and tarsus removal). When both antennae and foreleg tarsus were removed, the oviposition preference was further significantly reduced, with the preference index decreasing from 0.94 in control moths to 0.42 in the tissue removed moths using plant leaves as oviposition medium, and from 0.59 to about zero using parafilm as oviposition medium. [Conclusions]Glucosinolates significantly affected the oviposition preference of female P.xylostella, in which foreleg tarsus and antennae played similar important roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives] The paper aimed to characterize the quality of specific germplasm resources and provide valuable theoretical basis for efficient development of elite radish cultivars with high quality. The composition and content of glucosinolates (GLS) in fleshy taproot of radish were detected, and the correlation between total and individual GLS content was investigated. [Methods] The composition and content of GLS from 44 radish genotypes were identified and quantified using liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The correlation between the content of total GLS and individual GLS was studied with Principal Component Analysis. [Results] A total of 12 GLS were identified, including eight aliphatic and four indole GLS, among which the glucoraphasatin (GRH) was an important part of total GLS contents in all genotypes with the highest content. The content of total GLS ranged from 1.61 to 23.23 μmol·g-1 with an average of 10.73 μmol·g-1, accounting for 0.14%-0.97% of dry weight with an average of 0.4% among 44 radish genotypes. A total of four genotypes with a high content of 4-methyl butyl desulfide (RAA) and four with a low GRH content were obtained. Moreover, individual GLS correlation coefficient matrix indicated that the total GLS contents had significant positive correlation with the content of glucoraphenin (GRE), glucobrassicanapin (GBN) and glucoerucin (GER). Additionally, a strong correlation was observed among GLS in the same family. [Conclusions] There were significant differences in GLS composition and content among radish genotypes, and the GRH was critical for the content diversity of total and aliphatic GLS in radish. And the genotypes with high RAA and low GRH content would be important germplasms for genetic improvement of quality traits in radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives] This work is aimed at studying the influence of NaCl and CaCl2 treatment on glucosinolates (GLs), isothiocyanates (ITCs) contents, and myrosinase (MYR) activity in broccoli sprouts. Then, the optimum salt concentrations for enhancing the GLs and ITCs content of broccoli sprouts were optimized. [Methods] The contents of GLs and ITCs were measured by liquid phase and MYR activity was determined according to the glucose content produced by the reaction between MYR and GLs. Single factor experiments were performed to determine the concentration range of NaCl and CaCl2, and then the response surface was used to optimize the concentration of NaCl and CaCl2. [Results] The treatment of NaCl and CaCl2 significantly increased the content of GLs and ITCs, but had no significant difference on the MYR activity. With the increase of NaCl concentration, GLs and ITCs contents increased continuously and then decreased, while they showed no significant difference under CaCl2 treatment. The 174.09 mmol·L-1 of NaCl combined with 10.48 mmol·L-1 of CaCl2 treatment was optimum for GLs and ITCs accumulation. Under this condition, both GLs and ITCs contents reached the peak value, which was 5.57 μmol per 10 sprouts and 3.54 μmol per 10 sprouts, respectively. [Conclusions] Suitable concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2 could increase the GLs and ITCs contents of broccoli sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To establish a method for simultaneously determining the content of four glucosinolates and five flavonoids in leaves of Moringa oleifera via quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker(QAMS) and verify the feasibility and applicability of the established method. The glucosinolates and flavonoids were analyzed via Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T&#95;3 column(2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm). The gradient elution was carried out with the mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile and 0.3% formic acid at the flow rate of 0.4 mL·min~(-1) and the column temperature of 40 ℃. The wavelengths for the detection of glucosinolates and flavonoids were 225 nm and 260 nm, respectively. With 4-O-(α-L-rhamnoyloxy)-benzyl glucosinolate and vecenin-2 as internal reference substances, the relative correction factors of four glucosinolates and five flavonoids were respectively calculated for determining the content of the 9 ingredients in leaves of M. oleifera. To verify the accuracy and feasibility of QAMS, we used internal standard method(ISM) and external standard method(ESM) to determine the content of glucosinolates and flavonoids, respectively. The t-test results showed that there was no significant difference in the content of glucosinolates obtained by ISM and QAMS methods or in the content of flavonoids obtained by ESM and QAMS methods. The content of glucosinolates and flavonoids varied among M. oleifera of different varieties and from different producing areas. The total glucosinolates and total flavonoids had the highest content in the Indian variety while the lowest content in the variety ■Honghe No. 1'. The established QAMS method is rapid, simple and accurate and can be used for simultaneous determination of glucosinolates and flavonoids in the leaves of M. oleifera. This study provides experimental data for the quality control and utilization of M. oleifera leaves.

Taking the orthogonal test design, this paper studied the effect of different extraction factors ( extract temperature, methanol concentrations of extract solution, extract time, and ratios between sample to be tested and extract solution) on glucosinolates (GSs) extraction the total content of GSs, total aliphatic GSs, and total indolyl GSs from bolting stems of Chinese kale ( Brassica alboglabra Bailey ) . Sample/ solution ratio and extract temperature had significant influence on the total content of GSs, total aliphatic GSs, and total indolyl GSs (P<0.05). While, methanol concentration and extract time had no significant influence on Glucosinolate extraction yield ( P >0.05). Considering the extraction effect and cost, we suggested the optimal extract temperature, ratio of sample to extract solution, methanol concentrations of extract solution, and extract time are 75T1, 1:45(g : mL), 70% and 5 min, respectively. Under the optimal condition, the total content of GSs, total aliphatic GSs, and total indolyl GSs are 8.31 µmol/g DW, 7.58 µmol/g DW, and 0.73 µmol/g DW, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucosinolates (GS) are the important secondary metabolites of Brassicaceae plants, playing an important role in regulating the interrelationships between Brassicaceae plants and insects. GS can protect Brassicaceae plants against euryphagous herbivorous pests because of the toxicity of GS and their breakdown products. However, oligophagous pests which have evolved manifold metabolic pathways to cope with the defensive compounds depended fully on GS and their volatile breakdown products for host-plant recognition and orientation. The GS ingested by herbivores are also toxic to carnivores, and can directly deter predators. On the other hand, predators and parasitoids are attracted by the volatile breakdown products of GS from the Brassicaceae plants damaged by herbivores. Based on the recent findings, this paper reviewed the defensive function of GS against herbivores, host selection of oligophagous pests, GS metabolic pathways of herbivores, induction of GS by herbivores, and effects of GS on the third tropic level. Future directions and techniques in this research field were also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the quality of different varieties of Maca(Lepidium meyenii), the main chemical components in Maca were investigated and a method for simultaneous determination of the main chemical components in Maca was established. UPLC-UV-Q-TOF-MS technology and reference materials were used to identify the structures of 19 main components in Maca. Seven compounds with UV absorption and high contents were selected to establish a simultaneous concentration determination method. The method was employed with a Waters Acquity I-Class~(TM) liquid chromatographic system coupled with a PDA detector and a Waters Acquity Cortecs C&#95;(18)~+ column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.6 μm), and acetonitrile-0.2% phosphoric acid water was used as mobile phase(0.45 mL·min~(-1)). The detection wavelength was 195 nm and the column temperature was maintained at 40 ℃. There was efficient separation of seven compounds, p-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate, benzylglucosinolate, N-benzyl-9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienamid, N-benzyl-9Z,12Z-octadecadienamide, N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-hexadecanamide, N-benzyl-hexadecanamide, and N-benzyl-9Z-octadecenamide. The stan-dard calibration curves were good(R~2&gt;0.999). The precision, stability and repeatability were also good. The linearity ranges were 0.197-4.980 μg·mL~(-1) to 193.67-796.8 μg·mL~(-1), and the average recovery rate was 96.71%-103.9%. The average concentration of glucosinolates and macamides in Maca were 1.20% and 0.20%, respectively. Among four kinds of Maca grown in China, the concentration of glucosinolates in yellow Maca and black Maca were relatively high(1.55%), followed by white Maca(0.93%), and purple Maca(0.76%). The concentration of macamides in yellow, purple and white Maca was similar(0.23%-0.29%), however black Maca had significantly lower concentration(0.15%). Peru Maca tested in this study had the lowest concentration of these compounds. This qua-lity evaluation method was fast, accurate, and comprehensively reflects the concentration of the main chemical components in Maca, which provides a useful reference for the quality control and evaluation of Maca.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging(MALDI-MSI) is a novel technique for in-situ distribution of various substances in tissue without labeling. This technique is increasingly applied to the study of medicinal plants owing to its high spatial resolution and its potential of in-situ analysis in small molecules. In this study, the structural information and their fragmentation patterns of the midazole alkaloids(1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-dimethylimidazolium chloride and 1,3-dibenzyl-2,4,5-trimethylimi-dazolium chloride) and benzylglucosinolate in the medicinal plant Maca(Lepdium meyeni) root were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid phase combined with LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry(UHPLC-HR-MS). The localization of these active ingredients in the cross-sections of Maca root was performed by MALDI-MSI. These results demonstrated that the two types of imidazole alkaloids had a similar distributed pattern. They were located more in the cortex and the periderm than those in the medulla of a lateral root, while the localization of benzylglucosinolate was concentrated in the center of the root rather than in the cortex and the periderm. The precise spatial distribution of various secondary metabolites in tissue provides an important scientific basis for the accumulation of medicinal plant active ingredients in tissues. In addition, this imaging method is a promising technique for the rapid evaluation and identification of the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine in plant tissues, as well as assisting the research on the processing of medicinal plants.

Objective: Idiopathic collapsing glomerulopathy (ICG) is a clinically and pathologically distinct variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, which is characterized by proteinuria (often nephrotic range) and rapid progression to end-stage renal failure. The typical pathological changes are global/segmental glomerular collapse, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of podocytes and severe tubulointerstitial lesions. Most ICG patients who have been reported in previous published papers are adults. ICG in children is rare. The study aimed to analyze and investigate clinical manifestations, renal histopathological findings, treatment and outcomes of ICG in children., Methods: Data of two cases of ICG, a 7-year-old boy and a 12-year-old girl, were analyzed. Both of them were Chinese and Han. Clinical characteristics, results of laboratory tests, renal histopathological findings, treatment, outcomes and prognosis of the two children with ICG were retrospectively analyzed. Results were compared with published data., Results: These two children presented typical clinical features of nephrotic syndrome. The quantity of 24 hr urine protein was 7.6 g/d (0.47 g/kg x d for boy) and 10.67 g/d (0.35 g/kg x d for girl). Both of them had hypertension (blood pressure ranged from 130/90 to 150/110 mmHg) and hypercholesterolemia (15.4 mmol/L for the boy and 11.3 mmol/L for the girl). The serum albumin was 12 g/L for girl and 23 g/L for boy. The creatinine clearance rate gradually decreased from normal range to 30 ml/min for the girl. The histopathological changes in renal biopsy of them were focal segmental or global glomerular collapse, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of podocytes and severe tubulointerstitial lesions. These two cases were steroid-resistant and were treated with pulse intravenous methylprednisolone and pulse intravenous cyclphosphamade in one case, who rapidly progressed to end-stage renal failure and died half a year later. Another one was treated with cyclosporine. He showed continuous hypertention and heavy proteinuria for eight months., Conclusion: ICG in the 2 children was a severe disease which presented steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and rapidly progressive renal failure. The pathological characteristics was global/segmental glomerular collapse, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of podocytes and severe tubulointerstitial lesions. In children with ICG treatment was difficult and the prognosis was poor.