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Objective: To explore the correlation between abnormal expression of serum 25(OH)D and immune-related factors and subclinical atherosclerosis (AS) in patients with impaired glucose regulation. Methods: A total of 142 patients with impaired glucose regulation admitted to Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital from December 2019 to April 2021 were selected. The patients with impaired glucose regulation were selected as the control group (n=86) and patients with subclinical atherosclerosis were selected as the observation group (n=56) according to carotid ultrasound examination and bramolecular pulse wave conduction velocity. The serum 25(OH)D and immune factors were compared between the two groups. Carotid ultrasound was used to measure the carotid inti-media thickness, and Pearson method was used to determine the correlation between the intimedia thickness, 25(OH)D and immune factors. Baseline data and hematological indicators were collected, univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the influencing factors of subclinical atherosclerosis, and ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of serum 25(OH)D and immune factors in subclinical atherosclerosis. Results: The serum 25(OH)D [ (24.01 ±4.87) mmol/L vs (30.74±5.01)mmol/L, t=7.909, P=0.000) in the observation group was significantly lower than that of control group. TNF-α [(48.32± 8.02)ng/Lr vs (33.21±9.00)ng/L, t=10.199, P=0.000) and IL-6 [(41.22±9.43)ng/L vs (30.21±7.01)ng/L, t=7.492, P=0.000) in observation group were significantly higher than those in control group. Carotid intima-media thickness was negatively correlated with serum 25(OH)D (r=-0.428, P<0.001), and was positively correlated with serum TNF-α and IL-6 (r=0.574, 0.577, P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that serum 25(OH)D (OR=0.520, 95%CI: 0.401~0.675), serum TNF-α (OR=1.667, 95%CI: 1.131~2.457) and serum IL-6 (OR=1.478, 95%CI: 1.213~1.802) were the influencing factors of subclinical atherosclerosis. ROC curve showed that the optimal cut-off value of serum 25 (OH) D was 28.32 mmol/L, and the corresponding sensitivity, specificity and AUC were 69.64%, 70.93% and 0.803 (95%CI: 0.749~0.855), respectively. The critical value of serum TNF-α was 40.56 ng/L, corresponding sensitivity was 71.43%, specificity was 72.09%, and AUC was 0.761 (95%CI: 0.717~0.823). Serum IL-6 cut-off value was 36.13 ng/L, corresponding sensitivity was 60.71%, specificity was 60.47%, and AUC was 0.627 (95%CI: 0.566~0.702). The sensitivity, specificity and AUC of regression analysis were 85.71%, 81.40% and 0.889(95%CI: 0.830~0.915). Conclusion: Serum 25 (OH)D and immune-related factors alone and in combination can effectively predict the occurrence of subclinical atherosclerosis, which is correlated with carotid intima-media thickness, and serum 25 (OH) D and immune-related factors are predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the effect of a typical phenolic inhibitor, vanillin, on the growth and ethanol production of Starmerella bacillaris R5, as well as the effect of varying levels of glucose on its growth and fermentation performance. The results indicated that when the vanillin concentration was fixed at 3 g/L, increasing glucose concentration in the medium from 2% to 6% shorten the lag phage by 25.92%, increased the specific growth rate by 82.1%, and the ethanol conversion rate by 17.88%. Further analysis showed that increased glucose concentration resulted in an increase in the proportion of cells containing reactive oxygen species (ROS), a decrease in membrane permeability, and a reduction in intracellular H2O2 content. In addition, the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) increased by 58%, 35.5%, and 2.3 times, respectively. Intracellular glycerol content increased by 1.82 times. The activity of pyruvate kinase (PK), related to glucose metabolism, decreased by 54.5%, and the activity of hexokinase (HK) and 6-phosphate glucose dehydrogenase (6-PGDH) increased by 4.16 and 11.8 times, respectively. The content of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) increased by 19.4%. The gene expression levels of hexokinase (HK), 6-phosphate fructose kinase (PFK), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH3), 6-phosphate glucose dehydrogenase (PGD), ethanol dehydrogenase (ADH5), pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and glycerol dehydrogenase 1 (GCY1) were up-regulated by 4.6, 2.5, 13.9, 12.2, 17.5, 34.8, and 34.9 times, respectively. In summary, increasing glucose concentration increased the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes, attenuated oxidative damage, and provided more adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reducing powder to cope with environmental stress, thereby increasing the conversion rate of ethanol. The results of this study could provide new ideas for utilizing S. bacillaris for bioethanol production.

Objective To explore the relationship between baseline serum triglyceride-glucose （TyG） index and primary cardiovascular event （CVE） in nondiabetic peritoneal dialysis （PD） patients. Methods From January 2014 to June 2020, 119 nondiabetic patients undergoing PD catheterization with regular postoperative dialysis and follow-ups were enrolled. According to the median baseline TyG index, they were assigned into two groups of low TyG （TyG＜8.47） and high TyG （TyG≥8.47）. During a median follow-up period of 36（5-95） months, primary CVE was recorded. Results Female （37 vs 21）, body mass index （BMI） [（22.54 ± 3.50） kg/m2 vs （21.29 ± 3.04） kg/m2], albumin [（35.7 ± 5.8） g/L vs （33.0 ± 5.8） g/L], triacylglycerol [1.55（1.32, 1.98） mmol/L vs 0.90（0.73, 1.03） mmol/L] and fasting plasma glucose [4.97（4.58, 5.47） mmol/L vs 4.49（4.19, 4.95） mmol/L] were significantly higher in high TyG group than those in low TyG group （all P＜0.05）. Spearman’s correlation analysis indicated that TyG index was correlated positively with BMI and albumin （all P＜0.05）. And 13 patients （22.03%） in low TyG group and 27 （45%） in high TyG group developed primary CVE during follow-ups. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high TyG group had a significantly higher incidence of primary CVE than low TyG group （χ2 = 4.858, P = 0.028）. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that TyG≥8.47 （HR = 2.418, 95%CI：1.105-5.294, P = 0.027） was an independent risk factor for an initial occurrence of primary CVE while total cholesterol （HR = 1.686, 95%CI：1.133-2.509, P = 0.010） an independent influencing factor for the occurrence of primary CVE. Conclusions High baseline TyG index （TyG≥8.47） is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of primary CVE. Early intervention may lower the risk of developing a primary CVE in PD patients with a high baseline TyG index.

Objective To investigate the effects of metformin(Met) on the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells under different glucose concentration culture conditions, and to find the potential role of miR-139-5p in the process. Methods PANC-1 cells were treated with different concentrations of metformin(0/5/10/20 mmol/L) in 25 mmol/L(high-glucose group,HG) or 5 mmol/L(normal-glucose group,NG) glucose culture, cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and cell cycle were detected after 48 h. The expression of miR-139-5p was quantitatively detected by RT-qPCR, and the miR-139-5p mimics were transfected into PANC-1 cells to clarify the role of miR-139-5p. Results Metformin inhibited the proliferation, promoted apoptosis, and induced S phase and G2/M phase arrest of PANC-1 cells under in high glucose and normal glucose culture conditions, and its anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis effects were more significant in the normal glucose groups. The expression of miR-139-5p was up-regulated by metformin treatment in normal but not in high glucose culture. Further studies showed that miR-139-5p mimics inhibited of PANC-1 cells proliferation without metformin pre-incubation and enhanced the anti-proliferation effect of 5 mmol/L metformin. The pro-apoptotic effect of 10 mmol/L metformin in normal glucose culture conditions. Conclusions In normal-glucose culture conditions, metformin can inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of PANC-1 cells more significantly than in higher-glucose culture, which may be partly related to the up-regulation of miR-139-5p.

In order to comprehensively evaluate the Maillard reaction system and optimize the conditions of theanine-glucose Maillard reaction, an artificial neural network coupled genetic algorithm (BP-GA) model for the comprehensive evaluation value of theamine-glucose Maillard reaction was herein constructed, and the best reaction conditions were optimized. Firstly, the weight among five evaluation indexes, fluorescence value, A294, A420, glucose and theanine residue were obtained by entropy method. Next, a BP-GA artificial neural network model with experimental factor parameter as the input and the comprehensive evaluation value of Maillard reaction as output was established in combination with the results of the single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment. Finally, the optimal condition for the theanine-glucose Maillard reaction and the corresponding comprehensive evaluation value of the Maillard reaction were obtained with the established model. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the theanine-glucose Maillard reaction obtained through the global optimization by the established BP-GA model were: Reaction temperature 117.6 ℃, reaction time 1.8 h, pH7.3, and carbonyl ammonia ratio 1:2. In such case, the comprehensive evaluation value of Maillard reaction was 93.22. Compared with the results obtained by the orthogonal experiment, it was found that the BP-GA model had good predictive performance. In this study, the optimum conditions for the model Maillard reaction was obtained by the BP-GA model, which would provide a reference for the establishment of the Maillard reaction simulation system and prediction of the reaction.

Objective To observe the regulatory role of receptor tyrosine kinase Mer （Mertk） in the proliferation of the rat Schwann cell line RSC96 under high glucose condition. Methods RSC96 cells were divided into groups one, two, three, four and five and were cultured in medium containing 25（normal glucose concentration）, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mmol/L glucose, respectively, and Mertk was detected in cells of each group by Western blotting at 48 h of incubation, and the highest concentration of Mertk protein relative expression was selected to be the high-glucose concentration for the subsequent study. RSC96 cells were starved for 4 h, and were placed in the glucose medium containing 100 mmol/ L glucose, and then were cultured for 0, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h. Western blotting was used to detect the Mertk of cells in each group, and the time with the highest relative expression of Mertk protein was screened as the time of culture for the subsequent study. RSC96 cells were taken and divided into the control group, high glucose group, high glucose knock‐ down group and knockdown group： cells in the high glucose group were starved for 4 h and cultured in medium containing 100 mmol/L glucose; cells in the high glucose knockdown group were starved for 4 h, and were placed in medium contain‐ ing 100 mmol/L glucose, and then, 5 µL of siRNA solution with knockdown of Mertk expression was added; cells in the knockdown group were starved for 4 h, and 5 µL of siRNA with knockdown of Mertk expression was added; cells in the control group were cultured in the normal medium. The cells in each group were taken at 48 h of culture, and the proliferation of each group was measured by Edu method, and Mertk, phosphorylated nuclear transcription factor-κB （P65） and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） in each group were detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with the group one, the relative expression levels of Mertk protein were higher in cells of groups four and five （all P<0. 05); the relative expression of Mertk was higher in RSC96 cells at 48 and 60 h of culture in comparison with that at 0 of culture （all P<0. 05). Compared with the control group, the proliferation activity of cells in the high glucose group was lower （P<0. 05), and the proliferation activity of cells in the knockdown group was higher （P<0. 05); compared with the control group, the relative expression levels of P65 and TNF-α of cells in the high glucose knockdown group were higher （both P<0. 05), the relative expression of Mertk of cells in the knockdown group was lower, the relative expression levels of P65 and TNF-α of cells in the knockdown group were higher （all P<0. 05), and the relative expression levels of Mertk, P65, and TNF-α of cells in the high glucose group were higher （all P<0. 05). Conclusions RSC96 cells cultured in high glucose environment with knockdown of Mertk gene expression has high proliferative capacity and high cellular P65 and TNF-α expression. Mertk may promote the proliferation of RSC96 cells cultured in high glucose environment by promoting cellular P65 and TNF-α expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effects of metformin(Met) on the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells under different glucose concentration culture conditions, and to find the potential role of miR-139-5p in the process. Methods PANC-1 cells were treated with different concentrations of metformin(0/5/10/20 mmol/L) in 25 mmol/L(high-glucose group,HG) or 5 mmol/L(normal-glucose group,NG) glucose culture, cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and cell cycle were detected after 48 h. The expression of miR-139-5p was quantitatively detected by RT-qPCR, and the miR-139-5p mimics were transfected into PANC-1 cells to clarify the role of miR-139-5p. Results Metformin inhibited the proliferation, promoted apoptosis, and induced S phase and G2/M phase arrest of PANC-1 cells under in high glucose and normal glucose culture conditions, and its anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis effects were more significant in the normal glucose groups. The expression of miR-139-5p was up-regulated by metformin treatment in normal but not in high glucose culture. Further studies showed that miR-139-5p mimics inhibited of PANC-1 cells proliferation without metformin pre-incubation and enhanced the anti-proliferation effect of 5 mmol/L metformin. The pro-apoptotic effect of 10 mmol/L metformin in normal glucose culture conditions. Conclusions In normal-glucose culture conditions, metformin can inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of PANC-1 cells more significantly than in higher-glucose culture, which may be partly related to the up-regulation of miR-139-5p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of VC and bacterial enzyme complex combined with glucose on serum biochemical indexes, immune and antioxidant function of cows with antibiotic poisoning. Twenty cows with antibiotic poisoning, weighing about (250.00±10.23) kg were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group, with five replicates in each group and two cows in each replicate. The cows in the control group received an intravenous injection of glucose and VC, and the cows in the experimental group received an oral administration of glucose and bacterial enzyme complex for seven days. The results showed that compared with the control group, on the 8th day, the leukocytes, neutrophils, erythrocytes and hemoglobin of cows in the experimental group were significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and the platelets were significantly increased ( P<0.05). The activitiy of ALT and CK, and the concentrations of TBIL, Na, P and BUN in serum significantly decreased ( P<0.05), while the concentrations of ALB and Ca significantly increased ( P<0.05). The concentrations of IgM, IgG, IL-6, IFN-γ, SOD activity and T-AOC in the serum of the cows in the experimental group significantly increased ( P<0.05), while the concentrations of MDA significantly decreased ( P<0.05). On the 8th day of the experiment, there were no significant differences in blood routine, serum biochemistry, antioxidant indexes and immune between the experimental group and healthy cows ( P>0.05). The study indicates that glucose and bacteriase complex treatment can effectively improve the blood routine, serum biochemical, immunity and antioxidant function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the correlations of triglyceride glucose index(TyG) levels at different baselines with the risk of new-onset acute pancreatitis (AP) among the workers at Kailuan Group. Methods A total of 124 516 subjects were enrolled from 2006 to 2009 and followed up by health examinations of the workers in the group. The subjects with a history of AP or incomplete information on TG and FPG data were excluded. The cumulative incidence rate was determined by Log-Rank method. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) for AP related to baseline TyG level after adjusting for the effects of multiple confunding factors. Results The subjects were divided into four groups (TyG ≤ 6.59, 6.59 < TyG ≤ 6.98, 6.98 < TyG4 ≤ 7.46, TyG > 7.46) according to the TyG levels, and the incidence of new-onset AP was observed in all the groups. For a follow-up of (12.59 ± 0.98 )years, 399 cases of AP were observed. The corresponding incidence of AP in each tertile was 1.67, 2.32, 2.53, and 3.65 events per 10,000 person-years, respectively. After Cox analysis and correction of multiple confounding factors, the risk of AP incidence was increased in the TyG > 7.46 group, with an HR of 1.94 [(95%CI(1.42, 2.65), P < 0.01]. Conclusion TyG at its baseline of above 7.46 can increase the risk of AP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of miR-27a-3p on nerve cell apoptosis induced by oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) through regulation of Rho family GTPase 3(Rnd3) expression. Methods PC12 neurons were cultured in vitro and reoxygenated for 3, 6, 9 h and 12 h after 2 h oxygen glucose deprivation. Cell viability, miR-27a-3p expression and Rnd3 mRNA expression were assessed at each time point and the optimal reoxygenation time point was screened. After transfection of miR-27a-3p Mimic, miR-27a-3p Inhibitor and their negative control, transfection of shRnd3 and its negative control, or co-transfection of shRnd3 and miR-27a-3p Inhibitor through lentivirus, CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell activity. The apoptosis rate of the cells was detected using flow cytometry. Expression of miR-27a-3p and Rnd3 mRNA was detected by RT-qPCR. Expression of apoptosis-related protein and Rnd3 protein was detected by Western blot. The dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed the targeting relationship between miR-27a-3p and Rnd3. Results Upregulation of miR-27a-3p increased cell viability, decreased total cell apoptosis rate, suppressed pro-apoptotic proteins Cleaved Caspase-3 (C-caspase-3) and Bax, and promoted expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (P < 0.05); The opposite result was found when down-regulating miR-27a-3p. The double luciferase reporter gene assay showed that Rnd3 was the target gene of miR-27a-3p. Down-regulation of Rnd3 increased cell viability, decreased the total rate of apoptosis, suppressed the pro-apoptotic protein C-caspase-3, Bax, and promoted expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (P < 0.05). However, miR-27a-3p Inhibitor reversed the protective effect of shRnd3. Conclusion miR-27a-3p alleviates OGD/ R-induced damage to PC12 neurons by targeting Rnd3 to inhibit cell apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problems of dense structure of tobacco stalk, strong nicotine inhibition and low conversion efficiency of cellulosic sugars, the tobacco stalks were pretreated with Irpex lacteus. The composition and structure changes of tobacco stalks before and after pretreatment were compared to study the effects of I. lacteus pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis and saccharification of tobacco stalks. The conversion rate of lactic acid from tobacco stalks fermented by Bacillus coagulans under different fermentation conditions (simultaneous saccharification fermentation, batch fermentation) was further compared. The results showed that the mass fraction of lignin in the tobacco stalks was reduced by 44.90% compared with that of the raw tobacco stalks. Biological pretreatment using I. lacteus could selectively destroy the macromolecular structure of lignin, and the benzene ring structure and side chain groups of lignin were also degraded. The reactivity of cellulose in tobacco stalks was improved after pretreatment with I. lacteus and the yield of glucose was 260 mg/g, which was enhanced by 2.25 times compared with raw tobacco stalks. Compared with batch fermentation, the lactic acid yield of simultaneous saccharification fermentation was higher (392.16 mg/g), and the conversion rate of lactic acid reached 86.95%, which was 3.78 times higher than that of raw tobacco stalks. The pretreatment of I. lacteus could selectively degrade lignin of tobacco stalks, reduce the resistance of enzymatic hydrolysis to saccharification of tobacco stalks and increase the conversion rate of lactic acid of tobacco stalks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the identification of glucose as an example, this article outlines the instructional design and video production process for integrating scientific visualization into the pharmaceutical analysis experiment. The principle, procedure, and phenomenon of the experiment are vividly demonstrated through the pictures and videos, enhancing the interest and attraction of the experiment course. A series of related videos have been applied to classroom teaching and uploaded to the video website, achieving favorable educational outcomes and facilitating broader sharing and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in order to explore the effect of exogenous glucose treatment on postharvest cold resistance and sugar metabolism in apricot fruit. Xinjiang-grown ‘Saimati’ apricots were subjected to vacuum osmosis treatment with different concentrations of glucose followed by cold storage at (0 ± 1) ℃ for 49 days. The incidence of chilling injury, chilling injury index, quality and sugar metabolism-related indicators of apricot fruit were measured at regular intervals during the storage period. The results showed that 200 mmol/L exogenous glucose treatment could effectively inhibit the increase in the incidence of chilling injury, chilling injury index, cell membrane permeability and the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and well maintain the hardness, color, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acid (TA) and ascorbic acid (ASA) contents of apricot fruit. Meanwhile, compared with the control group, the exogenous glucose treatment increased the activities of acid invertase (AI), neutral invertase (NI), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) in apricot fruit, and significantly increased the accumulation of glucose and fructose during storage. However, the content of sucrose decreased during the mid-to-late stage of storage (21–49 days). In summary, exogenous glucose treatment could enhance the contents of glucose and fructose by regulating the activity of enzymes related to sugar metabolism, thereby enhancing cold resistance and maintaining the storage quality of the fruit. The results of this study can provide a reference for controlling chilling injury in postharvest apricot fruit.

Objective To investigate the relationship between triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and the total load of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and its different imaging markers. Methods A total of 202 patients with CSVD admitted to The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2020 to May 2022 were selected. The clinical data of all patients were collected and TyG index was calculated. The lacunes, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and enlarged perivascular space (EPVS) were evaluated by MRI, and total load of CSVD score was calculated. Results 1) TyG index and total load of CSVD score: Logistic regression analysis showed the male (OR = 2.245, 95%CI: 1.017-4.957; P = 0.045), increase of age (OR = 1.084, 95%CI: 1.046-1.124; P = 0.000), hypertension (OR = 2.457, 95%CI: 1.189-5.078; P = 0.015) and increase of TyG index (OR = 2.657, 95%CI: 1.353-5.216; P = 0.005) were risk factors for moderate and severe total load of CSVD. 2) TyG index and imaging markers of CSVD: Logistic regression analysis showed the increase of TyG index was the risk factor of moderate and severe WMH (OR = 2.313, 95%CI: 1.095-4.885; P = 0.028), CMBs (OR = 1.690, 95%CI: 1.011-2.824; P = 0.045), lacunes (OR = 2.087, 95%CI: 1.235-3.525; P = 0.006), moderate and severe EPVS in basal ganglia (OR = 2.005, 95%CI: 1.190-3.378; P = 0.009). Conclusions TyG index is associated with the total load and various imaging markers of CSVD, which can be used as a valuable biomarker to evaluate CSVD and its severity.

In order to explore the effect of exogenous glucose (Glc) treatment on the postharvest storage quality and antioxidant metabolism of apricot fruit, ‘Saimaiti’ apricot fruit from Xinjiang were stored for up to 49 days at (0 ± 1) ℃ and a relative humidity of 90%–95% after vacuum osmosis treatment (holding for 2 min at 0.05 MPa followed by soaking for 5 min at atmospheric pressure) with different concentrations (100, 200 and 400 mmol/L) of Glc or distilled water as a control. Fruit quality and antioxidant metabolism-related indexes were determined during the storage period. The results showed that exogenous Glc treatment could effectively maintain the firmness, soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acid (TA)levels, and significantly reduce the respiration intensity of apricot fruit, with the most pronounced effect being observed at 200 mmol/L Glc. In addition, exogenous Glc treatment increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) in apricot fruit compared with the control group, and effectively maintained the contents of ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH), thus delaying the accumulation of superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde (MDA) and the increase of cell membrane permeability. These findings indicate that exogenous Glc treatment could maintain the storage quality of apricot fruit by regulating its antioxidant metabolism during storage, which will provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for the application of Glc in postharvest storage and preservation of fruits and vegetables.

In order to improve the mechanical properties, water resistance and barrier properties of rice bran protein (RBP) film, glycosylated RBP (RBP-G) film and RBP-G-chitosan composite (RBP-G-CS) film were prepared. The effects of the mass ratio of glucose to RBP and the mass ratio of RBP-G to chitosan on the mechanical properties of the films were investigated. The color, transparency, water resistance, water vapor permeability and thermal characteristics of RBP, RBP-G and RBP-G-CS films prepared under the optimal conditions were compared and analyzed. The structure of the films was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the mechanical properties of RBP-G film with a glucose to RBP ratio of 1:1 were obviously improved, and the tensile strength increased by 28.00% and the elongation at break by 33.13% compared with RBP film. RBP-G-CS film with a RBP-G to chitosan ratio of 1:1 had better mechanical properties, and its tensile strength and elongation at break increased by 197.33% and 84.42% compared with RBP film, respectively. The transparency, water resistance, barrier properties and thermal properties of RBP-G-CS film were significantly improved (P < 0.05). The structure of RBP-G-CS film was uniform and compact, owing to the strong hydrogen bonding forces. These results show that glycosylation modification can improve the performance of RBP film, and a good combination of modified RBP and chitosan can greatly improve the mechanical properties and water resistance of the film.

The Maillard reaction system of glucose and glycine was applied to study the formations of furfural compounds. The effects of glucose/glycine molar concentration ratio, initial pH, heating temperature and time on the formations of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), 2-furfural (F) and 5-methyl-2-furfural (MF) were evaluated. The kinetic equations of HMF, F and MF were established and their apparent activation energies were also predicted. The results showed that: Glucose/glycine molar concentration ratio had great influence on the formations of furfural compounds. The formation of HMF continued to increase with the increase of ratio, and the formations of F and MF reached the maximum when the ratio was 1:1. The acidic pH conditions could promote the formation of HMF, while the neutral and alkaline pH conditions were conducive to the formation of F. The total amount of furfural compounds decreased rapidly with the increase of pH. The amounts of HMF, F, and MF in the glucose-glycine reaction system increased with the increase of heating temperature and time. The formations of HMF and F in glucose and glycine model followed first-order kinetics model at lower temperatures (HMF: 70~110 ℃; F: 70 ℃), while their formations were in accordance with zero-order kinetics model at higher temperatures (HMF: 130 ℃; F: 90~130 ℃). The formation of MF followed zero-order kinetics model at 90~130 ℃. The results would provide guidance on the production and control of HMF, F, and MF in the food thermal processing industry.

The transition metal Ni is widely used because of its low price, fast electron transfer rate and high catalytic activity. The electrochemical performance of the sensor will be improved by combining metallic Ni with other materials through different preparation methods. This combination can be applied to glucose detection in the food industry, health care and other fields. This paper reviews the methods of constructing electrodes from metal Ni-based composites and the effects of metal Ni compounded with carbon materials, monometallics, metal oxides, and metal hydroxides on sensor performance for the construction of high-performance electrochemical sensors and the practical application of glucose detection.

Objective To analyze the changes of serum lipid levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus （GDM） and the relationship between serum lipid levels during pregnancy and GDM， neonatal birth weight and cord-blood C-peptide. Methods In this case-control study， clinical data of 673 pregnant women were collected. According to the results of 75-g oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） in the second trimester （Tr2）， 673 pregnant women were divided into the GDM group （n = 150） and normal glucose tolerance （NGT） group （n = 523）. The risk factors of GDM were identified by Logistic regression analysis. The correlation between serum lipid level， neonatal weight and cord-blood C-peptide in GDM pregnant women was analyzed by Spearman correlation. Results During the first trimester （Tr1）， triglyceride （TG） level was higher and lipoprotein（a） [Lp（a）] level was lower in the GDM group than those in the NGT group. During Tr2， TC and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） levels in the GDM group were lower compared with those in the NGT group. In the third trimester （Tr3）， TG level and apolipoprotein A1/B （ApoA1/B） ratio were higher and ApoB level was lower in the GDM group than those in the NGT group， with statistical significance （all P < 0.05）. Age （OR = 1.111， 95%CI = 1.065-1.158， P < 0.001） and Lp（a） in Tr1 （OR = 0.660， 95%CI = 0.454-0.960， P = 0.030） were the independent factors of the incidence of GDM. Neonatal birth weight was negatively correlated with age （rs = -0.253， P = 0.013）， whereas positively correlated with postpartal body mass index （BMI） （rs = 0.241， P = 0.017）， gestational weight gain （GWG） （rs =0.270， P = 0.017） and gestational age at delivery （rs = 0.34， P = 0.001）. In Tr1 and Tr3， neonatal birth weight was positively correlated with TG and ApoB levels， whereas negatively correlated with ApoA1/B ratio. Neonatal birth weight was positively correlated with ApoE level in Tr3 （rs = 0.227， P = 0.025）. Neonatal cord-blood C-peptide level was negatively correlated with ApoE levels in Tr2 （rs = -0.218， P = 0.038） and Tr3 （rs = -0.227， P = 0.031）. Conclusions Pregnant women with GDM develop lipid metabolism disorder in Tr1. During pregnancy， monitoring the changes in blood lipids and maintaining normal blood lipid levels can effectively control the complications during pregnancy and mitigate the effect of adverse pregnancy outcomes on mother and neonate.

Objective To analyze the effects of preoperative oral 10% glucose based on enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) concept on insulin receptor β-subunit (InsRβ) protein level and insulin resistance in postoperative gastric cancer patients. Methods Eighty patients with gastric cancer undergoing surgical treatment in Xianning Central Hospital from March 2020 to March 2022 were randomly divided into routine group and ERAS group according to perioperative treatment (n=40, each) . The routine group patients were treated with conventional perioperative treatment, while the ERAS group patients were treated with the concept of ERAS (including oral administration of 500 mL of 10% glucose solution 2 hours before surgery) . The surgical related indicators, InsRβ, blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP) , insulin, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) , complications and patients' satisfaction were compared between two groups. Results There was no significant difference in operation time and intra-operative bleeding between two groups (P＞0.05) . The first exhaust time, the fluid intake time and postoperative hospital stay in ERAS group significantly shortened compared with those in routine group (P＜0.01) . At 1 and 3 days after surgery, InsRβ protein level decreased in both groups and was statistically higher in ERAS group than that in routine group (P＜0.05) . The levels of blood glucose, CRP, insulin and HOMA-IR increased in two groups and were significantly lower in ERAS group than those in routine group (P＜0.05) . Compared with postoperative 1 and 3 days, the expression of InsRβ protein increased in both groups of patients 7 days after surgery and was higher in ERAS group than that in routine group (P＜0.05) , and the levels of blood glucose, CRP, insulin and HOMA-IR decreased in two groups and were lower in ERAS group than those in routine group (P＜0.05) . Compared with routine group, the incidence of complications in ERAS group was slightly lower without significant difference (2.50% vs 12.50%, χ2=2.882, P=0.089) , and postoperative satisfaction was slightly higher without significant difference (97.50% vs 85.00%, χ2=2.505, P=0.114) . Conclusion Preoperative oral administration of 10% glucose based on ERAS concept can effectively alleviate postoperative insulin resistance, improve InsRβ protein level and reduce postoperative hospital stay, which are conductive to the postoperative rehabilitation of the patients with the gastric cancer.

AIM: Based on the Cre-LoxP recombinase system, Metrnl gene in β cells of islet was knockout （Metrnl-KO） to provide an animal model for further investigating the pathogenesis of Metrnl gene in diabetic diseases. METHODS: Male mice and female Metrnlfloxp/+ mice were hybridized to obtain Metrnlfloxp/floxp mice, which were then crossed with mice specifically expressing β cell Cre recombinase （Ins-2） to obtain Metrnlfloxp/+;Cre+ mice. Finally, the target mice with the genotype Metrnlfloxp/floxp;Cre+ were obtained from the crosses between Metrnlfloxp/+;Cre+ mice and Metrnlfloxp/floxp mice. The mRNA levels of Metrnl and insulin （Ins-1 and Ins-2） were measured using RT-qPCR. The protein expression of Metrnl and insulin in the islets was observed using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The body weight, and the glucose and insulin tolerance of the mice were recorded. RESULTS: Both RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry showed that the Metrnl mRNA and protein levels in the islets of Metrnl-KO mice were significantly lower than those of control mice （P<0.01）. The body weight of Metrnl-KO mice did not show a significant change compared with control mice, but Metrnl-KO mice exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and reduced sensitivity to insulin （P<0. 01）. The mRNA levels of Ins-1 and Ins-2 in the islets of Metrnl-KO mice significantly decreased according to RT-qPCR（ P<0. 01）, and the insulin protein expression in the islets was lower than that in control mice according to immunofluorescence （P<0. 05）. The glucose-stimulated insulin secretion experiment showed that Metrnl knockout decreased insulin secretion in mice （P<0. 05）. CONCLUSION: We successfully generated and validated an Metrnl gene knockout mouse model in β cells of the islets. Our findings demonstrate that Metrnl knockout in β cells affects the glucose and insulin tolerance, and impairs the insulin secretion in mice. This model provides a basis for further investigating the mechanism of Metrnl in diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of silent information regulator 3（ Sirt3） overexpression on stress-induced senescence in renal tubular epithelial cells stimulated by high glucose （HG）. The effect of Sirt3 on the activity of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 （Keap1）/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） pathway was also observed, and the possible mechanism was discussed. METHODS: HK-2 cells were used in this study. Sirt3 was overexpressed by plasmid transfection. The Keap1/Nrf2 pathway was blocked by ML385（ Nrf2 specifically inhibitor）. The HK-2 cells received different stimulation depending on group assignment. The expression of the Sirt3, Keap1, Nrf2, and the senescence-related proteins P16, P21 proteins was detected by Western blot. Intracellular reactive oxygen species （ROS） generation was examined by DCHF-DA. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase （SA-β-Gal） staining was used to detect senescent cells. RESULTS: （1） Compared with the normal glucose （NG） group, the levels of the senescence-related proteins P16 and P21 were significantly increased after 48 h of HG stimulation （P<0. 05）. Compared with the HG+ vector group, the levels of P16 and P21 were significantly decreased, SA-β-Gal positive cells were decreased, ROS accumulation was significantly reduced in HK-2 cells under a HG environment after overexpression of Sirt3 （P<0. 05）. （2） Compared with the NG group, the levels of the Nrf2 and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 （NQO1） proteins were decreased, and the expression of the Keap1 protein was increased in HK-2 cells under a HG environment （P<0. 05）. Compared with the HG+ vector group, the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream protein NQO1 was increased, while the expression of Nrf2 was significantly increased after transfection of the Sirt3 plasmid （P<0. 05）. （3） ML385 was further applied to inhibit the activity of Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Compared with the HG+Sirt3 group, the expression levels of the Nrf2, NQO1 and heme oxygenase 1（ HO-1） proteins were decreased, the expression levels of P16 and P21 were significantly increased after ML385 was added （P<0. 05）. CONCLUSION: Overexpression of Sirt3 can up-regulate the activity of the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway in HK-2 cells under a HG environment, which promotes the translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus and reduces intracellular ROS accumulation, thus alleviating stress senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the impact of unidirectional freeze-thaw process on the mineralization of organic carbon in different soil layers of black soil, this study focused on a typical seasonal freeze-thaw black soil in Northeast China. By adding 13C-labeled glucose (initial concentration of 200 μg/g) to simulate the most common organic carbon component during spring thawing period, experiments of unidirectional freeze-thaw (from −10℃ to 10 ℃) from the outside to the inside were conducted indoors, simulating the top-down one-way freeze-thaw process in the field. The changes in CO2 emission rate and the differences in priming effect were analyzed by comparing the gradual thawing of the outer, middle, and inner soil layers during the incubation period of 15 d at the constant temperature. The results showed that: 1) After unidirectional freeze-thaw, the soil water content in the outer layer of soil column significantly increased (about 1.20-1.27 times the initial water content), while the inner layer lost water significantly (only 78.4%-84.5% of the initial water content). The difference in the water content between the inner and outer layers was more significant in soils without glucose addtion than that with added glucose. 2) After the unidirectional freeze-thaw of soil columns without glucose addition, the average cumulative CO2 emission in the inner layer was 138.8 μg/g, significantly higher than that in the outer layer (95.1 μg/g). However, after the unidirectional freeze-thaw of soil columns with added glucose, the CO2 emission rate in the inner layer showed significant temporal variation, with a prominent peak in the early stage (day 4), which was 1.7 times and 2.0 times of peak in the outer and middle layers, respectively. However, it rapidly declined in the later stage, thus the cumulative CO2 emission rate was 1.2 times and 1.3 times of that in the outer and middle layers, respectively. 3) After undergoing the unidirectional freeze-thaw process, the cumulative priming effect in the inner layer was only −120.60%, while that in the outer layer and the middle layer was 472.46% and 356.74%, respectively. The differences in the glucose mineralization rate and the priming effect in different soil layers after freeze-thaw of black soil indicate that the process of water migration and redistribution between frozen and thawed soil layers, as well as the differences in freeze-thaw mechanisms between layers, can change the microbial community structure and carbon source utilization strategy. This provides new insights into the carbon cycling process in black soil in non-growing seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study and analyze the best cut-off point value of impaired glucose regulation (IGR) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in blood glucose screening 1 h after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) loading and the follow-up results of IGR patients. Methods: 340 subjects who were received OGTT at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from June 2018 to June 2019 were selected. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze the cut point values for screening DM and IGR with 1-hour postprandial blood glucose (1hPG) after OGTT loading. According to the above cutoff values, the subjects were divided into normal group (81 cases), IGR group (106 cases), and DM group (153 cases). Pancreatic islet function and blood lipid levels among three groups were compared. A 3-year follow-up observation was conducted on patients in the IGR group, who were divided into progression group of 35 cases and non-progression group of 71 cases according to the differences in follow-up results. The risk factors for progression to DM were analyzed using univariate and multivariate Logistic regression. Results: After ROC curve analysis, the optimal cutoff point value for IGR screening with 1hPG after OGTT loading was 10.0 mmol/L, the optimal cutoff point value for DM screening was 13.0 mmol/L. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistant (HOMA-IR), and total cholesterol (TG) levels in normal group, IGR group, and DM group all showed a gradually increasing trend, while homeostasis model assessment of β cell function (HOMA-β) gradually decreasing trend, and univariate analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences among all groups (all P<0.05). Age, body mass index (BMI) and TG level in progression group were higher than those in non-progression group (all P<0.05). Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that high age, high BMI and high TG level were independent risk factors for progression to DM in IGR patients (all P<0.05). Conclusion: The cut-off point value of IGR for blood glucose screening at 1h after OGTT loading is 10.0 mmol/L, the cut-off point value for screening DM is 13.0 mmol/L, and 1hPG can effectively reflect pancreatic islet function and blood lipid levels. In addition, the influencing factors of IGR patients' prognosis are related to age, BMI, and TG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of glucose addition on the dynamic process of soil CO2 emission and the mechanisms involved, subtropical evergreen broad-leaf forest soil was used as the research object. The incubation experiments were conducted at a constant incubation temperature of 20 ℃ and a soil field water holding capacity of 60% by inputting different concentrations of glucose with a carbon content of 0, 50, 150, and 450 μg·g-1, labeled as CK, C1, C2, and C3 treatments, respectively. The results showed that soil CO2 emission rate and soil CO2 cumulative emission significantly increased following the C2 and C3 treatments（P＜0.05). The soil CO2 emission rate and soil CO2 cumulative emission significantly increased（P＜0.01) with increasing incubation time after 28 h for the C2 and C3 treatments. After more than 65 h of incubation time, the soil CO2 emission rate of the C1 treatment showed a significant decreasing trend with increasing incubation time（P＜0.01). Compared to CK soil C/N, the DOC content significantly increased with C3 treatment（P＜0.05). The soil CO2 emission rate was significantly and positively correlated with C/N and DOC content（P＜0.05). The effects of different concentrations of glucose additions on soil CO2 emissions were found to be different. In subtropical evergreen broad-leaf forest soils, increased addition of glucose from root exudation may alter soil C and N content and increase CO2 emissions, thereby further accelerating soil carbon loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The positive electrode material ol ternary lithium batteries was recovered via using phosphoric acid as the leaching agent and glucose as the reducing agent The ellects ol phosphoric acid concentration, glucose concentration, so lid-liquid ratio, temperature, and time on the leaching rate ol Li, Ni, Co, and Mn during the acid leaching process were studied. The results showed that the optimal leaching process parameters were: phosphoric acid concentration 4 mol/L, glucose concentration 0. 5 mol/L, solid-liquid ratio 20 g/L, reaction temperature 80 °C, and reaction time 60 min. Under these conditions, the leaching rates ol Li, Ni, Co, and Mn could reach 97.3%, 96. 54%, 96. 59%, and 95. 31 %, respectively. The kinetic data ol the acid leaching process was fitted using the unreacted shrinking core model, and the results showed that the leaching process was controlled by surface chemical reactions. The co precipitation solid phase method was used to regenerate the positive electrode material, resulting in good crystallinity and unilorm element distribution, achieving closed-loop regeneration ol the positive electrode mat erial lor ternary lithium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Science Edition) is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To obtain fungus that can generate cellulase productively,the fermentation experiment of 40 strains of fungi isolated from ancient ginkgo soil was carried out. According to the experiment,we found that cellulose generated by Aspergillus can degradate the cellulose in ginkgo leaf fastest,Penicillium is in the next place,mucoraceae and trichoderma are in the third place. If we want to apply fungus to generate cellulose, Aspergillus and Penicillium are good selection, among them, Aspergillus niger named YX201040C and Aspergillus ustus named YX2010216 are the best choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a clean and renewable carbon resource, cellulose is an alternative for non-renewable resources such as oil and can convert into high value adding molecule platform chemicals. This paper briefly overviews the structure of cellulose and points out the critical steps of cellulose hydrolysis and efficient conversion, and reviewes the process conditions and catalytic mechanism comprehensively for the conversion of cellulose into glucose, sorbitol and ethylene glycol (such as catalyst types, reaction temperature, reaction time, etc.). The research direction of catalysts in each process is prospected, which would be the reference for the catalytic conversion of cellulose into small molecule platform compounds in future.

Objective: To investigate the effect of pericarpium trichosanthis （PT） extract on expressions of inflammatory factors in human renal tubular epithelial cells induced by high glucose through NQO1. Methods: Human renal tubular epithelial cell HK-2 was treated with 5.5 mmol/L and 30 mmol/L D-glucose, which were recorded as control group and high glucose （HG） group; cells were treated with PT extract at the concentration of 12.5, 25, 50 μg/ml, and treated with high glucose, which were recorded as HG+ PT-L group, HG+PT-M group and HG+PT-H group; after transfecting vector and NQO1 into cells according to liposome method, they were treated with high glucose, which were recorded as HG+vector group and HG+NQO1 group; after transfecting the cells with si-NC and si-NQO1, cells were treated with 50 μg/ml of PT extract and high glucose, which were recorded as HG+PT+si-NC group and HG+ PT+si-NQO1 group. MTT was used to detect cell viability; flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis; Western blot was used to detect protein expressions of Bax, Bcl-2 and NQO1; ELISA was used to detect expression levels of IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α. Results: Cell viability, Bcl-2 and NQO1 protein expressions in HG group were significantly lower than those in control group; while apoptosis rate, Bax protein expression, IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α levels were significantly higher than those in control group. Cell viability, Bcl-2, NQO1 protein expressions of HG+PT-L group, HG+PT-M group and HG+PT-H group were significantly higher than those in HG group; while apoptosis rate, Bax protein expression, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α levels were significantly lower than that in HG group. Expressions of NQO1, Bcl-2 protein and cell viability in HG+NQO1 group were significantly higher than those in HG+vector group; while apoptosis rate, Bax protein expression, IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α levels were significantly lower than those in HG+vector group. Expressions of NQO1, Bcl-2 protein and cell viability in HG+PT+si-NQO1 group were significantly lower than those in HG+PT+si-NC group, while apoptosis rate, Bax protein expression, IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α levels were significantly higher than that in HG+PT+si-NC group. Conclusion: PT extract can reduce apoptosis and inflammatory damage of human renal tubular epithelial cells induced by high glucose by up-regulating expression of NQO1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the changes of serum lipid levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the relationship between serum lipid levels during pregnancy and GDM, neonatal birth weight and cord-blood C-peptide. Methods In this case-control study, clinical data of 673 pregnant women were collected. According to the results of 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the second trimester (Tr2), 673 pregnant women were divided into the GDM group (n = 150) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group (n = 523) . The risk factors of GDM were identified by Logistic regression analysis. The correlation between serum lipid level, neonatal weight and cord-blood C-peptide in GDM pregnant women was analyzed by Spearman correlation. Results During the first trimester (Tr1), triglyceride (TG) level was higher and lipoprotein (a) ［Lp (a) ］level was lower in the GDM group than those in the NGT group. During Tr2, TC and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in the GDM group were lower compared with those in the NGT group. In the third trimester (Tr3), TG level and apolipoprotein A1/B (ApoA1/B) ratio were higher and ApoB level was lower in the GDM group than those in the NGT group, with statistical significance (all P < 0.05) . Age (OR = 1.111, 95%CI = 1.065-1.158, P < 0.001) and Lp (a) in Tr1 (OR = 0.660, 95%CI = 0.454-0.960, P = 0.030) were the independent factors of the incidence of GDM. Neonatal birth weight was negatively correlated with age (rs = -0.253, P = 0.013), whereas positively correlated with postpartal body mass index (BMI) (rs = 0.241, P = 0.017), gestational weight gain (GWG) (rs = 0.270, P = 0.017) and gestational age at delivery (rs = 0.34, P = 0.001) . In Tr1 and Tr3, neonatal birth weight was positively correlated with TG and ApoB levels, whereas negatively correlated with ApoA1/B ratio. Neonatal birth weight was positively correlated with ApoE level in Tr3 (rs = 0.227, P = 0.025) . Neonatal cord-blood C-peptide level was negatively correlated with ApoE levels in Tr2 (rs = -0.218, P = 0.038) and Tr3 (rs = -0.227, P = 0.031) . Conclusions Pregnant women with GDM develop lipid metabolism disorder in Tr1. During pregnancy, monitoring the changes in blood lipids and maintaining normal blood lipid levels can effectively control the complications during pregnancy and mitigate the effect of adverse pregnancy outcomes on mother and neonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and scalable method for preparing CoO nanowire@ C/ carbon cloth (CC) composite materials is proposed in this paper, those composite materials can be used as the negative electrode of binderless lithium-ion batteries. Firstly, CoO nanowires@ CC composite materials were prepared through simple hydrothermal and calcination methods, and then CoO nanowires@ C/ CC composite electrode materials with three-dimensional structure were obtained through glucose solution immersion and calcination. In the unique structure, carbon coated CoO nanowires uniformly disperse on carbon cloth forming a conductive carbon network. The hierarchical CoO nanowires in situ grown on the carbon cloth can effectively shorten the transfer paths of lithium ions and reduce the contact resistance. The thickness of carbon coating is about 1 nm. The carbon coating significantly inhibits the comminution of active materials during lithium ion insertion and extraction and the direct exposure of CoO to electrolyte. The results show that CoO@ C/ CC nanocomposites have excellent charge discharge performance and cycle stability when used as binder free negative electrode of lithium ion battery. At the current density of 1 A·cm-2, the specific capacity after 200 cycles is 863 mAh·cm-2 (capacity retention rate 75. 83%). This study provides a feasible new choice for the cathode material of flexible lithium ion battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of glucose-regulated protein 75 (Mortalin) on palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity in MIN6 cells. Methods Twenty 6-8 weeks male C57BL/6J (20-24 g) with specific pathogen free (SPF) mice were randomly divided into standard diet (SD) and high-fat diet (HFD) groups, with 10 mice in each group. Mortalin expression levels in pancreatic tissues were detected by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Mortalin knockdown stable cell lines were constructed by lentivirus transfection using MIN6 cells, and cells were divided into Mortalin short hairpin (Sh-Mortalin) group, Mortalin knockdown and null group (ShNC-Mortalin group), Sh-Mortalin+PA group, and ShNC-Mortalin+PA group according to whether they were treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or palmitic acid (PA). Moreover, cells were divided into Sh-Mortalin+dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group, Sh-Mortalin+PA+DMSO group, Sh-Mortalin+U0126 group, and Sh-Mortalin+PA+U0126 group according to whether the extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 or DMSO was applied. Cell proliferation rate was then measured using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). Apoptosis rate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured by flow cytometry, and insulin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression levels of ERK pathway-related proteins [phosphorylated extracellular regulatory protein kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), phosphorylated v-raf-leukemia viral oncogene 1 (p-Raf-1)] were detected by Western blotting. The t-test was used for comparisons between two groups, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparisons between multiple groups. Results The results of in vivo experiments showed that Mortalin expression was significantly increased in the pancreas of mice in the HFD group compared with the SD group (P<0.01). The results of in vitro experiments showed that compared with the ShNC-Mortalin+PA group, the Sh-Mortalin+PA group showed significantly higher proliferation levels, lower apoptosis rates, lower ROS levels and higher insulin levels (P<0.05). Western blotting results showed that the p-ERK1/2 and p-Raf-1 protein levels decreased in a PA-time gradient in all cells, and the p-ERK1/2 protein level was higher in the Sh-Mortalin group compared with the ShNC-Mortalin group (P<0.05). Compared with the Sh-Mortalin+DMSO group, EdU positivity and p-ERK1/2 levels were significantly lower in the Sh-Mortalin+U0126 group, and cellular lipotoxic damage was significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion Mortalin is involved in regulating the process of lipotoxic damage in MIN6 cells and Mortalin knockdown attenuates PA-induced lipotoxic injury in MIN6 cells by activating the Raf-1/ERK signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the neuroprotective effects and mechanism of CMS121 in a neuron model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) and a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Methods Cortical neurons were divided into control group (normal culture), OGD/R group (OGD/R model construction), and OGD/R+CMS121 group (OGD/R model construction plus treatment with CMS121). All neurons’ viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were assessed after 24 h of reperfusion. Western blotting was performed to measure the expression of protein kinase B (Akt) and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) in the neurons after 6 and 24 h of reperfusion. C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into sham group (sham operation), I/R group (I/R model construction), and I/R+CMS121 group (I/R model construction plus treatment with CMS121). After 24 h of reperfusion, we assessed the neurological damage of the mice with the Neurological Severity Score (NSS), and calculated the brain infarct volume (as a percent of total brain volume) after 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Results There were significant differences in cell viability and LDH release between the three neuron groups (F=71.21,88.93,P0.05). After 6 h reperfusion, a significant difference was observed in neuronal p-Akt expression between the three neuron groups (F=18.78,P0.05). After 24 h reperfusion, p-Akt expression differed significantly between the three neuron groups (F=38.50,P0.05). There were significant differences in the NSS score and infarct volume between the three mouse groups (F=20.24,118.60,P

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Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of East China University of Science & Technology is the property of Journal of East China University of Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nickel-cobalt oxide(NiCo2O4) nanoneedles were synthesized by hydration method at low temperature, which showed cubic crystal phase due to its self-assembly. Then, the surface of NiCo2O4 was modified by titanium dioxide/carbon black(TiO2/CB) to synthesize TiO2/CB-NiCo2O4composite nanomaterials. The as-prepared materials were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectromscanning (XPS), electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray detector(EDX). The electrochemical behavior of TiO2/CB-NiCo2O4 modified glassy carbon electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV) and current-time curve(i-t). It was found that TiO2/CB-NiCo2O4 modified electrode had good electrocatalytic performance for glucose oxidation with a linear range from 0.001 to 1.780 mmol·L-1and a detection limit of 0.53 μmol·L-1 (signal-to noise ratio S/N=3). The method has been applied to the determination of glucose in real samples with satisfactory results.

Commonly used molecular imaging methods include positron emission tomography (PET), hydrogen magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) and imaging (1H MRSI), chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), and hyperpolarized 13C MRSI. As a cutting-edge molecular imaging method, deuterium metabolic spectroscopy (DMS) and imaging (DMI) has been recently developed and it distinguishes different tissues according to their specific glycometabolism. Compared with other molecular imaging methods, this promising technique has apparent advantages such as no radioactivity, good stability, and easy to maneuver. In this article, we review the progress of DMS/DMI and discuss its significance, future development, and potential clinical applications.

Comprehensive design experiment is an important way to cultivate the abilities of college students to independently solve problems and be innovative. A comprehensive design experiment titled "Comparison of two electrochemical sensor methods for determining glucose" was conducted. Students were asked to independently design two types of electrochemical sensors (i.e., a chemically modified electrode and biosensor) for determining glucose by conducting literature investigations. Comparing the linear ranges, sensitivities, and selectivities of the two sensor methods allowed students to independently choose the appropriate method for determining the glucose content in fruit juice. This project helped students to understand the advanced work involved in instrument-based analysis, improved their interest in learning and effective experimental teaching, and cultivated their scientific research skills through innovative learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of glucose‑regulated protein 75 (Mortalin) on palmitic acid‑induced lipotoxicity in MIN6 cells. Methods Twenty 6-8 weeks male C57BL/6J (20-24 g) with specific pathogen free (SPF) mice were randomly divided into standard diet (SD) and high‑fat diet (HFD) groups, with 10 mice in each group. Mortalin expression levels in pancreatic tissues were detected by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Mortalin knockdown stable cell lines were constructed by lentivirus transfection using MIN6 cells, and cells were divided into Mortalin short hairpin (Sh‑Mortalin) group, Mortalin knockdown and null group (ShNC‑Mortalin group), Sh‑Mortalin+PA group, and ShNC‑Mortalin+PA group according to whether they were treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or palmitic acid (PA). Moreover, cells were divided into Sh‑Mortalin+dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group, Sh‑Mortalin+PA+DMSO group, Sh‑Mortalin+U0126 group, and Sh‑Mortalin+PA+U0126 group according to whether the extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 or DMSO was applied. Cell proliferation rate was then measured using 5‑ethynyl‑2′‑deoxyuridine (EdU). Apoptosis rate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured by flow cytometry, and insulin levels were measured by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay. Expression levels of ERK pathway‑related proteins [phosphorylated extracellular regulatory protein kinase 1/2 (p‑ERK1/2), phosphorylated v‑raf‑leukemia viral oncogene 1 (p‑Raf‑1)] were detected by Western blotting. The t‑test was used for comparisons between two groups, and one‑way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparisons between multiple groups. Results The results of in vivo experiments showed that Mortalin expression was significantly increased in the pancreas of mice in the HFD group compared with the SD group (P<0.01). The results of in vitro experiments showed that compared with the ShNC‑Mortalin+PA group, the Sh‑Mortalin+PA group showed significantly higher proliferation levels, lower apoptosis rates, lower ROS levels and higher insulin levels (P<0.05). Western blotting results showed that the p‑ERK1/2 and p‑Raf‑1 protein levels decreased in a PA‑time gradient in all cells, and the p‑ERK1/2 protein level was higher in the Sh‑Mortalin group compared with the ShNC‑Mortalin group (P<0.05). Compared with the Sh‑Mortalin+DMSO group, EdU positivity and p‑ERK1/2 levels were significantly lower in the Sh‑Mortalin+U0126 group, and cellular lipotoxic damage was significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion Mortalin is involved in regulating the process of lipotoxic damage in MIN6 cells and Mortalin knockdown attenuates PA‑induced lipotoxic injury in MIN6 cells by activating the Raf‑1/ERK signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Electrochemically oxidizing glucose to prepare zinc gluconate” is a typical organic synthesis experiment for undergraduates, in which H-cell is usually used as the reactor. There are some shortcomings, including the long synthesis time, the high applied voltage and the low current efficiency. A kind of new device, electrochemical microchannel reactor, can overcome these shortcomings, because of the decreased applied voltage and the enhanced mass transfer. Guided by the cultivation of students’ independent thinking and logical thinking skills, this experiment improves the previous organic synthesis experiment into a comprehensive experiment, in which paired electrosynthesis of zinc gluconate and sorbitol is carried out through a home-made electrochemical microchannel reactor. In the teaching process, the principles and basic knowledge about electro-synthesis are introduced at first. Next, the students are guided to apply the cyclic voltammetry to select the appropriate applied voltage, then assemble the reactor to carry out the paired electro-synthesis. Finally, the products are separated and identified, and the results are analyzed and discussed. Through this experiment, students will understand why electroanalytical methods such as cyclic voltammetry can provide guiding information for electro-synthesis, the advantages of paired electro-synthesis, application advantages of new device of electrochemical microchannel reactors, and the relationship between organic electro-synthesis and green chemistry. The improved experiment has a rich teaching content, including electrosynthesis, electrochemical analysis, titration analysis and other typical laboratory skills, which helps students to cultivate scientific thinking and innovation ability in the process of analyzing and solving problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)