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OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of modified Pingchen decoction combined with fire needle on gastrointestinal motile regulation, microvascular circulation, glucagon (GLC), Ghrelin and connexin 43(Cx43) in type 2 diabetic gastroparesis (damp heat affecting the spleen pattern). METHODS: Totally 104 patients with type 2 diabetic gastroparesis (damp heat affecting the spleen pattern) treated in Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine from Jun. 2021 to Jun. 2023 were extracted to be divided into two groups through the random number table method. Fifty-two cases in the conventional treatment group were given basic Western medicine treatment, while 52 cases in the traditional Chinese medicine combination group received modified Pingchen decoction combined with fire needle based on the conventional treatment group. The clinical efficacy of two groups was compared. Traditional Chinese medicine syndrome, Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI) score before and after treatment were evaluated. Gastric evacuation rate, antrum contraction frequency, plasma viscosity, platelet aggregation rate and fibrinogen level were detected. The levels of GLC, 2 h postprandial Blood glucose (2 hBG), Ghrelin, and Cx43 were measured. RESULTS: The total effective rate of traditional Chinese medicine combination group was 96. 15% (50/52), higher than 80. 77% (42/52) of conventional treatment group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0. 05). After treatment, traditional Chinese medicine syndrome score and GCSI score of the traditional Chinese medicine combination group were lower than those in the conventional treatment group, gastric evacuation rate, antrum contraction frequency were higher than those in the conventional treatment group, plasma viscosity, platelet aggregation rate and fibrinogen level were lower than those in the conventional treatment group, GLC and 2 hBG levels were lower than those in the conventional treatment group, Ghrelin and Cx43 levels were higher than those in the conventional treatment group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0. 05). CONCLUSIONS: Modified Pingchen decoction combined with fire needle in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetic gastroparesis (damp heat affecting the spleen pattern) can regulate blood sugar, improve GLC, Ghrelin and Cx43 levels, improve microvascular circulation and gastrointestinal motility, alleviate patients’ condition and improve clinical efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to factors such as low pressure, low oxygen and cold in the plateau environment, people who enter the plateau rapidly are susceptible to digestive system diseases, such as upper abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting and other gastrointestinal dysfunction, which seriously affect the health and work ability of people who enter the plateau rapidly. The gastrointestinal dysfunction caused by the rapid advance to the plateau is mainly reflected in three aspects: gastrointestinal motility dysfunction, impaired mucosal barrier function, and intestinal flora imbalance. At present, the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal dysfunction is still not very clear, and there are fewer drugs for targeted prevention and treatment. Gastrointestinal hormones, oxygen free radicals, inflammatory factors, intestinal flora and other factors, as well as the protective effects of related drugs were reviewed in this paper to provide treatment options and theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of the gastrointestinal emergency response caused by entering the plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut hormones are a large class of polypeptides an. amines secreted by enteroendocrine cells (EECs), which play an important role in appetite regulation, gastrointestinal motility, digestive enzyme secretion, and blood pressure and glycemic control. The secretion of gut hormones is regulated by dietary factors, and food -derived bioactive peptides (FBPs are one of the important dietary factors regulating the secretion of gut hormones. This study reviewed the research progress and action mechanisms of FBPs regulating gut hormones secretion in recent years. In addition, the future research directions were prospected to provide reference for the research and application of FBPs in the regulation of gut hormones secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Insufficient gastrointestinal motility in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has been gradually concerned. As a treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, whether acupuncture can improve insufficient gastrointestinal motility is worthy of further exploration. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of acupuncture and moxibustion treatment at Zusanli (ST 36) on gastrointestinal motility in a rat model of adjuvant arthritis. METHODS: A total of 60 clean and healthy 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal group, model group, acupuncture group, moxibustion group, and acupuncture plus moxibustion group, with 12 rats in each group. Adjuvant arthritis models were established in the latter four groups using Freund’s complete adjuvant. The acupuncture group, moxibustion group, and acupuncture plus moxibustion group were treated with acupuncture, moxibustion or both at Zusanli on the 1st day of modeling, for 15 minutes per day, for 14 continuous days. At the end of the corresponding treatment, all rats were measured for plantar circumference. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes of the knee joint. The number of peristaltic waves in the rat intestine was measured by the method of colonic peristaltic wave. The first black stool discharge time was observed after gavage with activated carbon suspension, to calculate the gastric emptying rate and intestinal propulsion rate. The contraction degree of jejunum smooth muscle strips of rats was detected by an in vitro perfusion device, and the distribution of jejunal nerve fibers were observed by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After acupuncture and moxibustion at Zusanli, sacroiliac joint swelling in rats was significantly reduced, cartilage destruction and inflammatory cells decreased, the number of intestinal peristaltic waves was increased, the total gastrointestinal activated carbon discharge time was shortened, gastric emptying rate and intestinal propulsion rate were improved, the contraction of the jejunal smooth muscle strip increased, and the amount of jejunal nerve fibers decreased. The combination of acupuncture and moxibustion achieved the best results. To conclude, acupuncture and moxibustion at Zusanli can prevent and treat bowel dysfunction in adjuvant arthritis rats, and acupuncture combined with moxibustion method is better than acupuncture or moxibustion used alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the effect of intestinal flora from children with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) on intestinal motility and acid-sensitive ion channel expression in mice. Methods Fecal samples of children with IBS identified according to Rome Ⅳcriteria and healthy children were collected and made into fecal microbiota solution. A pseudo-aseptic mouse model was established, mice were randomly divided into two groups:the control group was given fecal microbiota solution of healthy children,and the experimental group was given fecal microbiota solution of IBS children. The intestinal propulsion rate was measured, Serum Motilin (MOT) and Gastrin (Gas) were determined by ELISA, the expression and distribution of ASICs in intestinal tissues of mice were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with the control group, intestinal propulsion rate, serum MOT and Gas level were significantly reduced in the experimental group (P＜0.05), the expression of ASIC3 in the small intestine and colon of mice from experimental group was significantly increased (P＜0.05);the expression of ASIC3 in small intestine and colon was negatively correlated with the intestinal propulsion rate (P＜0.05). Conclusions Intestinal flora of children with IBS can promote the expression of ASIC3 in intestinal tissue of mice, and the effect of intestinal microorganism on intestinal motility may be related to the activation of ASICs.

Objective To investigate the effect of Da Vinci robot radical gastrectomy on gastrointestinal motility and hormones of gastric cancer patients. Methods We selected 217 patients who underwent radical gastrectomy. According to different surgical methods, the patients were divided into Da Vinci operation group and open operation group.The recovery time of bowel sounds and the time of first anal exhaust after operation were recorded. The levels of gastrointestinal hormones, surgical-related factors and inflammatory factors were measured before and after operation. Results The recovery time of bowel sounds and the first time of anal exhaust in the Da Vinci operation group were shorter than those in the open operation group(both P < 0.05). The motilin, gastrin, somatostatin levels at 24h after operation were significantly lower than those at 12h before operation in both groups(all P < 0.05), the vasoactive intestinal peptide levels were significantly increased(P < 0.05). At 24h after operation, the motilin and gastrin levels in the Da Vinci operation group were higher than those in the open operation group(both P < 0.05); the levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the Da Vinci operation group were lower than those in the open operation group(P < 0.05). In all patients, the recovery time of bowel sounds and the time of first anal exhaust were negatively correlated with the motilin and gastrin levels(P < 0.05), while they were positively correlated with the levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide at 24h after operation(all P < 0.05). There were significant differences in operative time, operative blood loss, drainage tube removal time, VAS pain grade and inflammatory factors between the two groups(all P < 0.05). Conclusion The recovery of gastrointestinal motility of gastric cancer patients treated with Da Vinci surgery is significantly faster than that with traditional laparotomy. The inflammation and stress reaction caused by trauma may be the important factors affecting gastrointestinal hormone secretion.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Zhishi Tongjiang granule on gastrointestinal motility, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a ( TNF-α) in rats with postoperative intestinal obstruction, so as to explore the restorative effect and mechanism of Zhishi Tongjiang granule on postoperative gastrointestinal function. METHODS: Totally 30 SD rats were selected, with half male and half female, which were randomly divided into blank group, model group and experimental group, with 10 rats in each group. The rats in model group and experimental group were given laparoscopy to establish postoperative intestinal obstruction model; at 24 h after surgery, the gastrointestinal propulsion rate and gastric residue mass were measured, and 2 cm close to the small intestine pylorus was taken for Hematoxylin-Eosin staining to observe the intestinal mucosal damage. RESULTS: Compared with the blank group, the gastrointestinal propulsion rates in experimental group and model group decreased significantly, the gastric residue mass, serum IL-6 and TNF-α contents increased significantly, with statistically significant differences (P<0. 01) ; the gastrointestinal propulsion rate of experimental group was significantly higher than that of the model group, the gastric residue mass, serum IL-6 and TNF-a contents of experimental group were significantly lower than those of the model group, with statistically significant differences (P<0. 01). Results of pathological images indicated that the inflammatory exudation and necrosis of small intestinal mucosa in the model group were more obvious than that of the blank group, the inflammatory exudation was alleviated and mucosal necrosis was less in the experimental group than compared with the model group. CONCLUSIONS: Zhishi Tongjiang granule can improve the gastrointestinal dynamics of rats with postoperative intestinal obstruction, inhibit the elevation of serum IL-6 and TNF-a, and promote the recovery of postoperative gastrointestinal function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To investigate the effect of Liuwei Nengxiao capsule combined with compound digestive enzyme on clini- cal symptoms and brain gut axis related factors in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). Methods: 80 patients with FD who were ad- mitted to Panzhihua Central Hospital from July 2018 to December 2019 were selected, they were randomly divided into study group (n=40) and control group (n=40) according to the digital table method, each group had 40 patients. Patients in the control group were treated with compound digestive enzyme, the study group was treated with compound digestive enzyme combined with Liuweinengxiao Capsule, the levels of brain gut axis related factors, curative effect, clinical symptom improvement time and adverse reactions of the two groups were compared. Results The total clinical effective rate of study group was 92.50% (37/40), which was higher than 72.50% (29/40) of the control group after 4 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). The recovery time of food intake 4.62± 0.74 d, appetite recovery time 3.61± 0.57 d, disappearance time of nausea and vomiting 1.59± 0.36 d in the study group were respectively shorter than 7.68± 1.71 d, 5.71± 0.86 d, 3.87± 0.52 d of the control group (P<0.05). After 4 weeks of treatment, gastrin (149.77± 13.89) ng/L, motilin (159.18 ± 12.86) ng/L, neuropeptide S receptor 1(NPSR1) (164.10± 15.88) pg/mL in study group were higher than those in control group [(93.34± 8.92) ng/L, (123.23± 10.97) ng/L, (130.23± 12.64) pg/mL](P<0.05). After 4 weeks of treatment, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (49.52± 6.49) pg/mL, vasoactive intestinal titanium (VIP) (22.69± 3.61) ng/L, somatostatin (SS) (32.13± 3.36) pg/mL in study group were lower than those in control group (63.19± 8.38) pg/mL, (27.83± 3.73) ng/L, (41.85± 4.38) pg/mL (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups was no significant difference(P>0.05). Compound digestive enzyme combined with Liuweinengxiao Capsule treat the patients with FD has remarkable curative effect, which can promote the gastrointestinal motility, effective relief clinical symptoms, which can improve the clinical symptoms and the level of brain gut axis related factors, and it does not increase the incidence of adverse reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background Autoimmune autonomic neuropathy with onset of acute autonomic nerve dysfunction is often misdiagnosed because its main symptoms are syncope and gastrointestinal motility disorder. This study summarized the clinical, electrophysiological and pathological changes of peripheral nerve biopsy of patients of autoimmune autonomic neuropathy with onset of acute autonomic nerve dysfunction, which could provide reference for diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment. Methods and Results The clinical data of 3 patients diagnosied with autoimmune autonomic neuropathy with onset of acute autonomic nerve dysfunction who were hospitalized in Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital from February 2016 to February 2019 were collected. All of the 3 patients were young women, presented with onset symptoms as acute orthostatic hypotension and gastrointestinal motility disorder. Two patients had dysuria and dyshidrosis, and 2 patients had pupil changes. Electrophysiology revealed decreased sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity in 2 patients. Abnormal F wave and H reflex were found in 2 patients. The conduction velocity of large myelinated fibers was normal in one patient. In the autonomic function test, 2 patients had decreased Valsalva ratio, decreased heart rate variability of deep breathing. The blood pressure changes during tilt test between lying and upright position of 2 patients in acute stage was more than 30/15 mm Hg. Two patients underwent lumbar puncture, and one patient showed albuminocytologic dissociation. Sural nerve biopsies showed moderate to marked loss of small myelinated fibers and unmyelinated fibers. Two patients in acute stage were treated with immunomodulatory therapy (glucocorticoid combined with intravenous immunoglobulin), and their symptoms improved in varying degrees. Conclusions Autoimmune autonomic neuropathy with acute autonomic nerve dysfunction has unique clinical manifestations. Early consideration of autoimmune autonomic neuropathy followed by diagnostic work-up and prompt immune treatment will help to improve the prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acupuncture treatment for functional constipation (FC) is characterized by precise efficacy, rapid onset of action in the early stages, long-term stable effects, and overall regulation. This paper reviews recent literatures on acupuncture treatment for FC, indicating that acupuncture acts from multiple perspectives and pathways, including promoting intestinal motility, regulating intestinal microbiota, modulating the brain-gut axis, alleviating intestinal inflammation, and improving rectal hyposensitivity. Future research could delve into the mechanical sensation conduction mechanisms of acupuncture in improving rectal hyposensitivity, identify key intestinal microbiota genera and metabolic characteristics regulated by acupuncture, explore the network relationships among different mechanisms, and clarify the differential mechanisms of various acupuncture treatment protocols to optimize clinical therapy and enhance the clinical efficacy of acupuncture for FC.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of somatostatin combined with bifidobacteria tetraploid live bacteria in the treatment of acute pancreatitis and its effect on the intestinal mucosal barrier function. Methods: 98 cases of patients with acute pancreatitis admitted to our hospital from August 2015 to August 2018 were selected and divided into two groups according to the order of admission. The control group was given somatostatin, and the observation group was treated with bifidobacteria tetraplactis tablets on the basis of control group. The clinical treatment effect, clinical symptoms and indicators recovery time, gastrointestinal motility recovery, changes of D-lactic acid, DAO and L/M levels before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results: After treatment, the total effective rate of observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). Patients in the observation group had significantly shorter recovery time for abdominal pain, abdominal distension, peritoneal irritation, blood amylase and urine amylase than those in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the serum D-lactic acid, DAO and L/M levels in both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment, and the above indicators in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). In addition, the intra-abdominal pressure of patients in the observation group was significantly lower than control group, the recovery time of intestinal rumble was significantly shorter than control group, and the drainage volume of gastrointestinal decompression was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Compared with somatostatin alone, Somatostatin combined with bifidobacterium tetrabalone can more quickly relieve the clinical symptoms and indicators of patients with acute pancreatitis, restore the gastrointestinal motility and significantly improve the intestinal mucosal barrier function, which is conducive to the recovery of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive: To investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of YY peptide (PYY) on the feeding, gastric motility and energy metabolism in male Wistar rats. Methods: The expression of Y2 receptor in the arcuate nucleus (PYY) of rat hypothalamus was observed by immunohistochemistry. The expression of metabolic hormone mRNA in the hypothalamus and the PYY response in ARC were observed by microinjection of PYY into ARC. Sexual neuron discharge frequency, rat food intake and water intake, oxygen consumption (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2) and energy metabolism. Results: Immunohistochemistry showed that Y2 receptor was present in rat ARC; PYY in rats with ARC could stimulate PYY-reactive neurons; ARC microinjection of PYY could up-regulate the expression of anti-peptide peptides such as (cocaine amphetamine-regulated transcript) CART and (corticotropin releasing hormone) CRH, and down-regulate Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and hypocretin (HCRT). The expression of the peptide peptide mRNA; and PYY can participate in the regulation of changes in rat respiration, energy metabolism and gastric motility. Conclusion: ARC microinjection of PYY can reduce food intake and regulate systemic energy balance. PYY may be a new metabolic peptide in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of sufentanil combined with ropivacaine for epidural controlled analgesia on the stress hormones and gastrointestinal motility after cesarean section. Methods: 114 cases of pregnant women who underwent cesarean section in our hospital from October 2017 to October 2018 were selected as research objects, all pregnant women were divided into control group (n=51) and research group (n=63) according to the random number table, the control group was treated with sufentanil combined with levobupivacaine PCEA, research group was postoperatively treated with sufentanil combined with ropivacaine PCEA, the changes of postoperative stress hormones, gastrointestinal hormones, electrogastric parameters, prolactin (PRL) levels and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results: The number of postoperative pressure of 24 h PCA, dosage of analgesic solution and VAS in the research group were significantly lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Preoperatively, there were no statistically significant differences in stress hormones, gastrointestinal hormones, electrogastric parameters and PRL in both group(P>0.05). 24 h after surgery, angiotensinⅡ (AngⅡ), norepinephrine (NE), cortisol (Cor), the gallbladder contraction (CCK), vascular active peptide (VIP) in both group were significantly higher than those before operation, motilin (MTL), gastric power, gastric electrical frequency, and normal slow wave rhythm ratio in both groups were obviously decreased compared with preoperative, the changes of the above indexes in the study group were significantly smaller than those in the control group (P<0.05). PRL level in the research grou was significant higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the total adverse reaction rate in both group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Sufentanil combined with ropivacaine for epidural analgesia can effectively reduce the postoperative pain after cesarean section, inhibit the secretion of stress hormones, and improve the gastrointestinal dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of hypothalamic oxytocin (OXT) on the feeding and gastric motility in rats and its regulatory mechanism. The neural pathway between the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and arcuate nucleus (ARC) was observed by fluorescent gold retrograde tracing combined with immunohistochemical experiments; The effects of ARC microinjection of OXT on feeding in rats was observed by brain nuclei catheterization; The effects of electrical stimulation of SON on gastric motility in rats was observed by unipolar electrical stimulation; The effects of ARC microinjection of OXT on gastric motility and gastric emptying in rats was observed. Fluorescent gold retrograde tracing combined with immunohistochemical experiments showed that there was a neural pathway between SON and ARC in rats; After microinjection of OXT into ARC, the food intake of rats decreased significantly at 0-2h, 0-3h and 0-4h. Atosiban, an OXT receptor antagonist, completely blocked the inhibitory effect of OXT. After injection of mixture of OXT and MK-329, a cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonist, the inhibitory effect of OXT on feeding in rats was partially blocked; Electrical stimulation of SON increased the amplitude and frequency of gastric motility in rats, and the effects of electrical stimulation of SON was further enhanced after microinjection of atosiban into ARC; After microinjection of OXT into ARC, the amplitude and frequency of gastric motility in rats decreased significantly. Atosiban completely blocked the inhibition of OXT on the amplitude and frequency of gastric motility. MK-329 partially blocked the inhibition of OXT on the amplitude and frequency of gastric motility; After microinjection of OTX into ARC, the gastric emptying rate of rats decreased significantly. Atosiban completely blocked the inhibition of OXT on gastric emptying, while MK-329 partially blocked the inhibition of OXT on gastric emptying. SON-ARC has a OXT neural pathway, which is mediated by the CCK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the effects of Paris polyphylla water extracts on rats'isolated gastrointestinal motility and bidirectional regulation. Methods Routine smooth muscle reperfusion of isolated small intestine was applied to observe the effects of Paris polyphylla water extracts on the amplitude and frequency of contraction of isolated gastrointestinal smooth muscles, which were normal, inhibited (with induction of atropine) or hyperfunetional (with induction of acetylcholine ). Results Low-dose and high-dose Paris polyphylla water extracts reduced the amplitude and frequency of contraction of isolated gastric smooth muscle in rats ( both P <0. 01 ) , and increased the amplitude of contraction of isolated intestinal smooth muscle in rats (P <0. 05 or P <0. 01 ). The contraction frequency of isolated intestinal smooth muscle in rats was slowed down by low-dose Paris polyphylla water extracts (P<0.01 ) , but there was no significant change in contraction frequency after high dose (P >0. 05 ). Low and high doses of Paris polyphylla water extract increased and accelerated the contraction amplitude of diastolic gastrointestinal smooth muscle induced by atropine (P <0. 05 or P <0. 01 ) , and decreased the contraction amplitude of gastrointestinal smooth muscle induced by acetylcholine (P <0. 05 or P <0. 01 ). Conclusion Paris polyphylla water extracts can inhibit the contraction of isolated gastric smooth muscle and excited isolated small intestinal smooth muscle of rats, and it has a bidirectional regulation effect on the isolated gastrointestinal movement induced by atropine; and acetylcholine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the effect of orexin-A on the feeding and gastric motility of rats in paraventricular nucleus and its regulatory mechanism. Methods: The expression of PVN orexin receptor was observed by immunohistochemistry. The changes of food intake, gastric motility, gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying were observed after PVN injection of orexin-A. Results: Immunohisto­chemistry showed orexin receptor-positive immunoreactive cells in the PVN of rats. After PVN injection of orexin-A, the feeding of rats increased in the first three hours, and there was no significant change in 6h and 24 h. After microinjection of orexin-A into PVN, the gas­tric motility amplitude and frequency, gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion of rats were increased. [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 partially blocked the promotion of food intake, gastric motility, gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion by orexin-A. SB334867 completely blocked the promotion of orexin-A on gastric motility, gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion. Conclusion: Orexin-A in the hypotha­lamic paraventricular nucleus could regulate the feeding and gastric function through GHSR receptor signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective To analysis the relationship between thyroid function with gastrointestinal motility and plasma motilin levels，and to provide the basis for clinical application．Methods We selected 30 cases of patients with hyperthyroidism，30 cases of hyperthyroidism group and hypothyroidism as hypothyroidism group， and 30 healthy volunteers as control group who were treated in our hospital from January 2013 to January 2016 in；The radioimmunoassay was used to test serum motilin levels，isotope single photon emission computed tomography was used to detected the gastric liquid technology half time，esophageal transit time．Results The esophagus passage time of the subjects in the hypothyroidism group was significantly higher than that of the hyperthyroidism group and the control group， and the difference was statistically significant （P ＜0.05）；The level of motilin in serum of hyperthyroidismgroup was significantly higher than that of control group （P ＜0.05），and the level of motilin in serum of hypothyroidism group was significantly lower than that of control group （P ＜0.05）；Hyperthyroidism was positively correlated with motilin level （ = 0.542， P<0.05）， and negatively correlated with the time of passage of the esophagus and gastric emptying time （ = -0.126 and = -0.481，P ＜0.05）；Hypothyroidism was negatively correlated with motilin level （ = -0.617，P ＜0.05）， and positively correlated with esophageal transit time and gastric emptying time （ = 0.627 and = 0.416，P ＜0.05） ．Conclusions Hyperthyroidism can lead to the increase of gastrointestinal function and motilin level. Hypothyroidism can lead to the decrease of gastrointestinal function and motilin level． [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of Dong’s finger-pressure method on children with stagnation and its effect on serum Ghrelin level and gastrointestinal motility. Methods: A total of 120 children with indigestion with syndrome of milk and food stagnation, who were treated in Paediatrics of Yueyang Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from December 2015 to December 2016, were selected and randomly divided into treatment group(n=60) and control group(n=60). The treatment group was treated with "Dong Acupressure", while the control group was given acupuncture four joints. The two groups were treated for 8 weeks. The level of serum Ghrelin, gastric emptying time and frequency of gastric antrum contraction were compared between the two groups before and after treatment, and the clinical efficacy of the two groups was compared. Results: The total effective rate of the treatment group was 98.33%(59/60), the total effective rate of the control group was 95%(57/60), there was no statistical difference between the two groups(P>0.05). After 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, the gastric emptying time of the two groups was significantly lower than those before treatment, while the frequency of gastric antrum contraction and serum Ghrelin level were significantly higher than that before treatment(P<0.05); After 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, gastric emptying time in the treatment group was significantly shorter than that in the control group(P<0.05). After 8 weeks of treatment, the frequency of gastric antrum contraction and serum Ghrelin level were significantly higher than those of the control group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion: The curative effect of Dong’s finger-pressure method for children with stagnation is good. It can significantly increase the level of Ghrelin and appetite, and improve gastrointestinal motility, which is worthy of clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare the effects and explore mechanism of acupoints on various meridians or nerve segments in treating different symptoms in one disease. Methods Neonatal Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; normal control group, model group, ST36 group, and LI 14 group (n = 10 - 12 in each group). IBS model was established by administering acetic acid enema combining colorec-tal distension (CRD) test to rats in all groups except the normal control group. These rats were all isolated from their mothers. 2-month old rats in the ST36 group and LI 14 group received electro-acupuncture five times, once every two days for 20 minutes. Stool consistency was evaluated according to the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), and visceral sensitivity was observed based on abdominal withdraw reflection (AWR). Levels of TRPV1 and 5-HT2A R in rat colon tissues were measured with immunohistochemical method. Results Before electro-acupuncture stimulation, BSFS score of rats in all groups increased sig­nificantly (P <0.01) compared with the normal control group; after electro-acupuncture, BSFS score of the model group (P <0.01) and LI14 group (P <0.05) were increased; threshold value of intestinal pressure of model group and ST36 group decreased (P <0.01), and the contraction waves increased sig­nificantly (P <0.01). Positive TRPV1 expression increased (P <0.01); and TRPV1 expression in LI14 group increased (P<0.05). The level of 5-HT,2A R in the model group and LI14 group were raised markedly (P <0. 01). Compared with the model group, BSFS score of the EA groups decreased signifi­cantly (P <0.01); threshold value of intestinal pressure increased (P < 0.01); contraction wave de­creased significantly (P<0.01), and the expression of TRPV1 and 5-HT2A R reduced significantly (P < 0.01). Compared with the ST36 group, BSFS score of the LI14 group increased significantly (P <0.05); expression of TRPV1 reduced (P < 0.01), and the level of 5-HT2AR increased significantly (P <0.01). Conclusion Stimulating LI4 and ST36 with electro-acupuncture could reduce the visceral sensi­tivity and the gastrointestinal motility disorder in IBS model rat. LI4 has a better effect of treating gastro­intestinal motility disorder, and ST36 has a better effect of relieving visceral pain. This study illustrates the existence of therapeutic specificity of acupoints, which means acupoints on different meridians or gan­glions can be used to treat the same disease yet with different effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of patients with gastric perforation and its influence on gastrointestinal motility. Methods: Selected 92 cases of patients with gastric perforation in our hospital from June 2015-June 2016. They were divided into observation group and control group according to the random number table method, with 46 patients in each group. The observation group was underwent laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery, while the control group was underwent open surgery, Compared the related indicators of surgery and gastrointestinal motility in two groups, detected the serum gastrin (GAS) levels in two groups by radioimmunoassay method before surgery and 1h,1d,2d,3d after surgery, in the end, recorded the complications of the two groups. Results: The intraoperative blood loss,hospital stay in observation group were lower than the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); And the recovery time of bowel sounds and anal exhaust time in observation group were lower than the control group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05), but the operation time was higher than the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). GAS levels in the two groups 1 d, 2 d, 3 d after surgery were significantly increased than before surgery, at the same time, the observation group were higher than the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Complication rate in observation group was lower than the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of patients with gastric perforation has many advantage of less bleeding,shorter period of hospitalization, faster gastrointestinal motility recovery, and fewer complications, which has a good prospect of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional support, gastric residual volume, and nutritional status of the intensive care unit (ICU) patients on enteral feeding. Methods: A descriptive longitudinal design was used to collect 5 day data on enteral nutrition of 52 ICU patients in an university hospital. Nutritional support was calculated with actual caloric intake compared to individual caloric requirement. Residual volumes were measured prior to routine feedings, and the serum albumin levels and the total lymphocyte counts were checked to evaluate nutritional status. The data were analyzed using one group repeated measures ANOVA, paired t-test, and Spearman’s bivariate correlation analysis. Results: The subjects received their first enteral feeding on the 5.75th day of ICU admission. The mean nutritional support rate was 49.1% of the requirement, however prescription rate and support rate were increased as time goes by. Gastric residual volumes were less than 10 cc in 95% cases. A significant negative correlation was found between nutritional support and nutritional status. Conclusion: The nutritional support for ICU patient was low compared to the requirement, and their nutritional status was worse than at the time of ICU admission. Further studies are necessary to develop nursing interventions for improving nutritional support for ICU patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) of "Zusanli" (ST36), "Sanyinjiao" (SP6) and "Liangmen" (ST21) on gastrointestinal motility, blood glucose content and expression of autophagy-related proteins 1 light chain 3 (LC3), p62, phosphatidyli-nositol-3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), p-Akt and mammalian target protein of rapamycin (mTOR) of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the cultured gastric antrum cells in diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) rats, so as to reveal its mechanisms underlying improvement of DGP., Methods: A total of 45 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into blank control, model, EA, medication (3-methyladenine, 3-MA) and EA+3-MA groups, with 9 rats in each group. The DGP model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 2% streptozotocin (STZ) combined with high-fat and high sugar diet for 8 weeks. The gastric emptying rate was measured by using gavage of phenol red (to measure the propelling length of the phenol red/total length of small intestine ×100%). The symptom score (mental state, coat color and luster, behavior and activity, stool traits) of rats was observed every week and the blood glucose content was measured by using a glucometer. EA (20 Hz/100 Hz, 2 mA) was applied to unilateral ST36, SP6 and ST21 alternatively for 15 min, once daily, 5 days a week for 3 weeks. Rats of the 3-MA and 3-MA+EA groups received intraperitoneal injection of 3-MA (30 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 , 10 mg/mL), once daily, 5 days a week for 3 weeks. After 15 days' intervention, the rats were operated for gastric emptying rate test, specimen collection, isolation, and culture of primary ICCs. The expression levels of microtubule associated protein LC3, p62, PI3K, Akt, p-Akt and mTOR of ICCs of cultured gastric antrum cells were detected using Western blot, and the number of autophagosomes in ICC of gastric antrum was observed under transmission electron microscope., Results: Compared with the blank control group, the symptom score, blood glucose, and the expression levels of p62, class Ⅰ PI3K, Akt, p-Akt and mTOR proteins were increased significantly ( P <0.01), while the gastric emptying rate and ratio of LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ and the expression level of class Ⅲ PI3K protein were significantly decreased ( P <0.05, P <0.01) in the model group. In comparison with the model group, the increase of symptom score, blood glucose, and expression levels of p62, class Ⅰ PI3K, Akt, p-Akt and mTOR proteins and the decrease of gastric empty rate and LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio and the expression level of class Ⅲ PI3K protein were all reversed in both EA and EA+3-MA groups ( P <0.05, P <0.01), rather than in the 3-MA group. In addition, 3-MA also reversed modeling-induced increase of class Ⅰ PI3K, Akt, p-Akt and mTOR proteins expression ( P <0.01). No significant differences were found between the EA and EA+3-MA in downregulating the levels of symptom score and blood glucose content, and in upregulating gastric empty rate( P >0.05). The effect of EA was notably superior to that of EA+3-MA in upregulating the ratio of LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ and the expression level of class Ⅲ PI3K protein, and in downregulating the expression of p62, class Ⅰ PI3K, Akt, p-Akt and mTOR proteins ( P <0.05, P <0.01). The findings of transmission electron microscopy showed obvious swelling, breakage of some mitochondrial cristae in the ICC cells of antrum and no autophagosomes in the model group and 3-MA group, which was milder in the damage of mitochondrial cristae and marked increase in the autophagosomes in both EA and EA+3-MA groups., Conclusion: EA can improve the gastrointestinal motility and symptoms in DGP rats, which may be related to its functions in downregulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling to promote autophagy level of ICC.

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanism of ghrelin on gastrointestinal interdigestive myoelectrical complex (IMC) in rats. Methods Immunohistochemistry and image analysis were applied to investigate the distribution characteristics of ghrelin receptor GHS-R in the center and the digestive tract. Rats received IMC recording by the multilead physiological recording system during fasting state before and after ghrelin injection. Radioimmunity was applied to measure the plasma motilin level before and after ghrelin administration. Results ① GHS-R immunopositive expression appeared in the myenteric and submucous plexus of the digestive tract as well as in the gastric glands with small amounts in the intestinal glands. ② The IMC cycle length and the duration of phase Ⅲ were decreased after ghrelin injection, without affecting the percentage of phase Ⅲ in the IMC cycle. After intravenous injection of ghrelin, the cyclical fluctuation of motilin was not affected, and the motilin level differed little in each corresponding phase compared with that before ghrelin administration. Conclusion GHS-R is distributed mainly in the myenteric and submucous plexus of the digestive tract. Its strong immunopositive expression is distributed mainly in gastric glands with a few weak immunoreactive cells scattered throughout intestinal glands. Ghrelin appears to be closely related to gastrointestinal motility. Its excitatory effect has no relationship with the plasma motilin level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of autonomic nervous system, this paper analyzes the mechanism, current western medicine treatment methods and acupuncture-moxibustion treatment mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is believed that the main cause of GERD is that the gastric acid goes to the wrong place due to gastrointestinal motility disorder, which belongs to "acid dislocation". At present, western medical treatment cannot effectively target the pathogenesis of the disease, and its effect is limited. Acupuncture-moxibustion could regulate the neuroendocrine immune network to regulate the function of autonomic nerve, restore the power of digestive tract to treat GERD, which is worthy of further research.

Objective: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) of bilateral "Tianshu"(ST25) at different frequencies on the first black stool discharge time, colonic electromyography (EMG) and immunoactivity of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) in the colon tissue in rats with slow transit constipation (STC), so as to choose a better stimulating frequency in the treatment of STC., Methods: A total of 50 male Wistar rats were randomized into control, model, 2 Hz-EA, 100 Hz- EA, and 2 Hz/100 Hz-EA groups, with 10 rats in each group. The STC model was established by intraperitoneal injection of compound diphenoxylate suspension fluid (10 mg/kg). EA was applied to bilateral ST25 for 30 min, once a day for 14 consecutive days. The discharge time for the first black stool was recorded after gavage of mixed suspension fluid of active carbon (2 mL) for assessing the gastrointestinal motility. The colonic EMG was recorded by using a pair of silver electrodes and bioelectric amplifier. The expression of SP and VIP in the colonic tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry., Results: Following mode-ling, the colonic EMG amplitude, the discharge time for the first black stool and VIP immunoactivity were significantly increased ( P <0.01), and the EMG frequency and SP immunoactivity were significantly decreased （ P <0.01） in the model group compared with the control group. Compared with the model group, the increase of the discharge time for the first black stool, EMG amplitude and VIP immunoactivity, the decrease of EMG frequency and SP immunoactivity were reversed in the 3 EA groups ( P <0.01, P <0.05). The therapeutic effect of 100 Hz-EA was notably weaker than that of both 2 Hz-EA and 2 Hz/100 Hz-EA in up-regulating EMG frequency and SP immunoactivity and in down-regulating the discharge time for the first black stool, EMG amplitude and VIP immunoactivity ( P <0.05, P <0.01). There was no significant difference between the 2 Hz/100 Hz-EA and 2 Hz-EA groups ( P >0.05)., Conclusion: EA can accelerate colonic EMG activities, which may be associated with its functions in down-regulating VIP immunoactivity and up-regulating SP immunoactivity in the colonic tissues. The therapeutic effects of 2 Hz/100 Hz-EA and 2 Hz-EA are better than that of 100 Hz-EA.

Objective: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) of "Tianshu"(ST25) and "Shangjuxu"(ST37)on gastrointestinal motility, psychological abnormality and expression of RhoA and ROCK protein in rats with diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), so as to explore its underlying mechanism in improving IBS-D., Methods: Thirty-six male rats were randomly and equally divided into control, model, EA and medication groups ( n =9 in each group). The IBS-D model with psychological abnormality was established by gavage of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) + chronic restraint stress. EA (2 Hz/100 Hz, 0.3 mA) was applied to bilateral ST25 and ST37 for 20 min, once a day for 7 days. Rats of the medication group received gavage of pinaverium bromide solution (15 mg/kg), once a day for 7 days. The rats' food intake in 24 h, body mass and colonic contraction waves were recorded. The anhedonia-related behavior was measured using the sucrose consumption test. The elevated plus maze test (the open-arm residence time ratio) was used to assess the anxiety-like behavior. The small intestinal propulsion rate test was used to assess the intestinal motility. The expression levels of RhoA and ROCK proteins in the colonic tissue were measured by Western blot., Results: After modeling, the body mass, food consumption, sucrose preference index, the open-arm residence time ratio andlatency of colonic contraction waves were significantly decreased ( P <0.05), and the number of contraction waves, intestinal propulsive rate, and the expression levels of RhoA and ROCK proteins considerably increased ( P <0.01， P <0.05) in the model group relevant to the control group. Following the interventions, the decrease of body mass, food consumption, sucrose preference index, open-arm residence time ratio and latency of contraction waves, and the increase of the contraction waves, intestinal propulsive rate, and the expression levels of RhoA and ROCK proteins were all reversed by both EA and medication ( P <0.05， P <0.01). The effect of EA was significantly superior to that of medication in increasing the sucrose pre-ference index ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: EA can improve both colonic motility and psychological disorders in IBS-D rats with psychological disorder, which may be related to its function in down-regulating the expression of colonic RhoA and ROCK proteins.

Acupuncture regulating gastrointestinal motility has the characteristics of bidirectional benign regulation, acupoint specificity and immediacy. And its regulation is mainly achieved through the "neuro-endocrine-immune" network system. Acupuncture at Neiguan (PC 6) and Hegu (LI 4) to inhibit intestinal peristalsis may have good application value in colonoscopy.

Aurantii Fructus is a commonly used qi-regulating medicinal herb in China. Both traditional Chinese medicine theory and modern experimental research demonstrate that Aurantii Fructus has dryness effect, the material basis of which remains unclear. In recent years, spectrum-effect relationship has been widely employed in the study of active ingredients in Chinese medicinal herbs, the research ideas and methods of which have been constantly improved. Based on the idea of spectrum-effect study, the ultra-high perfor-mance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) fingerprints of different fractions of Aurantii Fructus extract were established for the identification of total components. Then, the dryness effects of the fractions on normal mice and gastrointestinal motility disorder(GMD) rats were systematically compared. Finally, principal component analysis(PCA), Pearson bivariate correlation analysis and orthogonal partial least squares analysis(OPLS) were integrated to identify the dryness components of Aurantii Fructusextract. The results showed that narirutin, naringin, naringenin, poncirin, oxypeucedanin, and eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside had significant correlations with and contributed to the expression of AQP2 in kidney, AQP3 in colon, and AQP5 in submandibular gland, which were the main dryness components in Aurantii Fructus.

Objective: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture(EA) at "Zusanli"(ST36), "Yinlingquan" (SP9) or "Yingu"(KI10) on the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 7 receptor (5-HT7R) in the gastric antrum and colon tissues in functional diarrhea (FD) model rats, so as to explore its mechanisms underlying improving FD., Methods: Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into control, model, ST36, SP9 and KI10 groups，with 8 rats in each group. The FD model was established by combined administration of restriction (four-limbs' banding) + abdominal cold stimulation + feeding every other day, for 14 days. EA (2 Hz, 0.5 mA) was applied to bilateral ST36 or bilateral SP9 or bilateral KI10 in the 3 corresponding groups for 30 min, once a day for 7 days after successful modeling. Rats of the control group received restriction only. The fecal water content was calculated and the stool form score was given according to the Bristol's methods. The gastric residual rate (GRR) and small intestine propulsion rate (SIPR) were determined to assess the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. Immunohistochemical and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR were used to detect the expression of 5-HT7R protein and mRNA of the gastric antrum and colon tissues, respectively., Results: Compared with the control group, the fecal water content, the stool form score, the SIPR and the expression levels of 5-HT7R protein and 5-HT7R mRNA were significantly increased ( P <0.01, P <0.05) and the GRR was considerably decreased in the model group ( P <0.01). The fecal water content, stool form score and SIPR, and expression level of 5-HT7R protein and mRNA in the gastric antrum and colon were significantly lower in both the ST36 and SP9 groups (not in the KI10 group) than in the model group ( P <0.01, P <0.05), but the GRR was significantly higher in the ST36 and SP9 groups (not in the KI10 group) than in the model group ( P <0.01). The effects of both ST36 and SP9 were significantly superior to those of KI10 in improving all the indexes mentioned above （except SIPR and the mRNA level of 5-HT7R in the colon in SP9 group）( P <0.01, P <0.05). No significant differences were found between the ST36 and SP9 groups in lowering the levels of fecal water content, stool form score, SIPR, and the expression of 5-HT7R protein and mRNA, as well as in up-regulating GRR ( P >0.05)., Conclusion: EA of ST36 and SP9 can improve the motility of gastrointestinal tract in FD rats, which may be related to its functions in down-regulating the expression of 5-HT7R protein and mRNA in gastric antrum and colon tissues. The effects of ST36 and SP9 were obviously better than those of KI10 in ameliorating the gastric and intestinal motility (except GRR) and in lowering the expression of 5-HT7R protein and mRNA.

Objective: To investigate the obestatin neural projections from arcuate nucleus (ARC) to hippocampus in diabetic rats, and its effects on gastric motility and gastric emptying of rats. Methods: Diabetic model was established by fructose intake combined with streptozotocin injected intraperitoneally in healthy male Wistar rats. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group (NS group), 0.1, 1 and 10 pmol obestatin group, and obestatin + NBI27914 group, with 7 rats in each group. 0.5 μl saline (NS), obestatin (0.1 pmol, 1 pmol, 10 pmol) or the mixture (10 pmol obestatin + 60 pmol NBI27914) was injected into the hippocampus respectively, the gastric motility was recorded immediately after administration, and the gastric emptying was studied 15 min later. ARC-hippocampus obestatin neural pathway and ARC obestatin mRNA expression were compared between normal and diabetic rats with fluorogold (FG) retrograde tracing and immunofluorescence histochemical staining. Results: Compared with normal rats, the number of ARC FG/obestatin double labeled neurons and the expression level of ARC obestatin mRNA were decreased significantly in diabetic rats ( P ＜0.05); Obestatin could inhibit gastric motility and gastric emptying in a dose-dependent manner ( P ＜0.05~0.01) and the effects of obestatin could be partially blocked by NBI27914, an antagonist of corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRFR1) ( P ＜0.05). Compared with normal rats, the inhibitory effects of obestatin on gastric motility and gastric emptying were significantly decreased in diabetic rats ( P ＜0.05). Conclusion: There is an obestatin neural pathway between ARC and hippocampus, which participates in the regulation of gastric motility and gastric emptying in diabetic rats, and CRFR1 signal pathway is involved in this process. The damage of this neural pathway may participate in gastric motility dysfunction in early stage of diabetes.

Objective: To observe the effect difference of electroacupuncture (EA) at the sensitized and non-sensitized acupoint "Tianshu" (ST25) on the motility of jejunum in rats., Methods: Male SD rats were randomly divided into blank control, sensitized ST25 (sensitization), and non-sensitized ST25 (non-sensitization) groups ( n =16 in each group). The sensitization and non-sensitization were induced by injection of 15% mustard oil (20 μL) and Paraffin oil (20 μL) into the left ST25 area respectively. The rats' behavior reactions were assessed by recording the numbers and duration of licking the local sensitized skin region. At the end of experiments and after regular trans-cardiac perfusion and fixing with 10% neutral formaldehyde, the skin and muscular tissues of the ST25 region (1 cm×1 cm) were taken for H.E. staining to observe the local histopathologic changes. The intestinal motility was detected by recording the contraction pressure waves of jejunum through a small balloon-connected pressure transducer and an amplifier, followed by calculating the ratios of amplitude and frequency of contraction waves between pre- and post-EA stimulation. EA (2 Hz, 0.2-6.0 mA) was applied to the sensitized and non-sensitized ST25 regions for 20 s for comparing their effects on jejunum motility., Results: Compared with the blank control group, mustard oil injection but not Paraffin oil injection resulted in histological edema and neutrophils infiltration in tissues of ST25 region, and also striking increase of the number and duration of licking ( P <0.01), suggesting a sensitization of ST25 area after mustard oil injection. The ratios of spontaneous contraction amplitude and frequency of jejunum were remarkably decreased in mustard oil-treated rats compared to baseline and Paraffin oil group ( P <0.001， P <0.01). The maximum inhibitory effect of EA on the intestinal movement amplitude was significantly higher in the sensitization group than in the blank control and non-sensitization groups ( P <0.05， P <0.01), and there was a dose-effect relationship between the current intensity of EA (0.5-3.0 mA) and the inhibitory rate 50% of the contraction amplitude (not the frequency) in the sensitization group ( P <0.001), but not in the blank control and non-sensitization groups ( P >0.05). Additionally, 1.5 mA EA stimulation at the sensitized ST25 (not at the non-sensitized ST25) had an inhibitory effect on the contraction amplitude ( P <0.05) rather than on the contraction frequency ( P >0.05) in comparison with the blank control group., Conclusion: Sensitization of acupoint ST25 can modulate the motility of jejunum and enhances the inhibitory effect of EA on the contraction amplitude of jejunum in rats. The inhibitory effect of sensitized ST25 EA is evidently stronger than that of the non-sensitized ST25 EA.