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【Objective】MYB305 as a member of the MYB R2R3 subfamily, plays an important role in plant nectary development, nectar protein expression, starch accumulation and hydrolysis, and flavonoid synthesis. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the expression profile and function of MYB305 for the molecular mechanism study of Liriodendron tulipifera floral nectary.【Method】Having floral nectary of nectariferous plant L. tulipifera as materials, the anthocyanidin content in five stages of floral nectary was detected by spectrophotometry, LtMYB305 gene was cloned via RACE（rapid-amplification of cDNA ends）technology, and relative expressions among different tissues were analyzed by RT-qPCR assay. Then, subcellular localization of LtMYB305 protein was verified using tobacco leaves as materials, and the function of LtMYB305 gene was studied by genetic transformation approaches of wild type Arabidopsis thaliana（col）.【Result】The anthocyanidin in the nectaries of L. tulipifera was accumulated from the late expanding stage, increased sharply at the early flowering stage, and reached the highest of 27.14 μg/g at the withering stage, which was consistent with the process of nectar secretion and coloring. The full-length of LtMYB305 was 931 bp encoding 198 amino acids and its protein was hydrophilic and non-transmembrane. LtMYB305 was expressed highly only in the nectary of L. tulipifera at anthesis stage, and hardly in other tissues. LtMYB305 protein was localized in the nucleus. After the overexpression of LtMYB305, the nectary groove of the lateral nectary disappeared and deepened, the expressions of AtMYB30, AtPIN, AtSWEET9 genes related to flower nectary were up-regulated, and the expressions of AtCRC, AtBOP1/2, AtMYB21, AtSWEET3/4/7 genes were down-regulated.【Conclusion】 The LtMYB305 has typical characteristics of transcription factor and is involved to the nectary development in L. tulipifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NAC transcription factors play an important role in the regulation of plant growth, development, and responses to salt stress. The gene SiNAC77 in Sesamum indicum L. is involved in the response process to salt stress. Here, SiNAC77 was cloned to investigate its salttolerant function stress, which may provide a theoretical reference and valuable gene resource for breeding salt-tolerant sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plants. First, the coding sequence（CDS）of SiNAC77 was cloned from Luzhi No.1, and its gene sequence and amino acid sequence characteristics were analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Subsequently, an SiNAC77-overexpressed vector was constructed and transformed containing SiNAC77 was constructed and the transformation of Arabidopsis was conducted using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Finally, the salt-tolerant genotypes, physiological and biochemical indexes of the transgenic plants were analyzed under saline stress. As results, the CDS region of SiNAC77, 1 008 bp in length, was cloned successfully. The SiNAC77 gene encoded a protein containing 335 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 135.93 kD, an isoelectric point of 4.91 and 33 potential phosphorylation sites. The SiNAC77 promoter contained MBS, STRE, ARE, ABRE and TCA elements, functionally known to be involved in abiotic stress and phytohormone responses. The SiNAC77 overexpression vector was constructed and transformed successfully into Arabidopsis, and 12 independent transgenic lines were generated. Compared with wildtype Arabidopsis under salt stress, the transgenic lines had significantly higher seed germination rates, longer primary roots, higher fresh weights, significantly lower Na+/K+ ratios and MDA contents and higher SOD and POD antioxidant enzyme activities. In summary, the overexpression of SiNAC77 improved the salt tolerance in transgenic plants by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and reducing ionic toxicity and oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective • To screen the mutations of NEUROD1 gene in families of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), and investigate the correlation between the mutation and MODY6 and its potential pathogenesis in Chinese. Methods • PCR-direct sequencing was used for screening NEUROD1 mutations from 96 MODY probands who were negative for mutations in the GCK/ MODY2, HNF1A/MODY3 and HNF1B/MODY5 genes, and the genotypic frequency of NEUROD1 variations were compared between the 96 MODY probands and 100 non-diabetic control subjects. A de novo modeling method was used to predict the three-dimensional (3D) structures of wild type (WT) and mutated NEUROD1 proteins. Transcriptional activities of both WT and mutant of NEUROD1 on insulin gene were detected by using dual luciferase reporter gene system. Results • Glu59Gln (NM&lowbar;002500.5, c. 175G>C), a heterozygous missense mutation in the NEUROD1 gene, was identified in a MODY pedigree. 3D structural analysis showed that the mutation transformed the negatively charged Glu59 of WT into uncharged mutation Gln59, leading to the loss of Glu59-Arg54 and Glu59-Lys88, two salt bridge bonds, and the formation of Gln59-Arg54, one new hydrogen bond. Transcriptional activity of Glu59Gln mutant for insulin gene was reduced by 36.3% when compared with that of WT (P<0.05). A common variation Ala45Thr (G-A) was identified, and AA+GA genotypic frequency of the variation was significantly elevated in the 96 MODY probands in comparison to non-diabetic control subjects (P=0.002). Conclusion-Glu59Gln mutation alters the N-terminal molecular conformation of NEUROD1 protein, resulting in decreased transcriptional activity of insulin gene, which is the cause of the defective insulin secretion in mutation carriers of the MODY6 pedigree. The Ala45Thr variation is associated with earlier age of onset of diabetes in MODY6 probands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fixed-time asymptotic stability and energy consumption estimation problems of nonlinear systems were discussed. First, a novel dynamic model with nonlinearity and time-varying delays was proposed. Second, to effectively improve the convergence rate of the system, a fixed-time control strategy was adopted. Through construction of the Lyapunov functional and with the inequality analysis method, sufficient conditions for the error system were obtained to achieve the fixed-time asymptotic stability. Moreover, to predict the energy consumption during the operation of the system, the upper bound of the energy consumption for the system was estimated, which is helpful to evaluate the operation time of the system. Finally, a numerical example was given to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fecal fungal diversity of three giant pandas （Ailuropoda melanoleuca） at 14,16,21,26,31 and 36 months old from Beijing Zoo were tested respectively using MiSeq sequencing platform. The composition and dynamics of fungal flora from young to subadult were quantified. Results showed that： there was no difference in richness and diversity of fungal community among three pandas. The diversity and richness of fungal community was the highest at 26-month-old. At the level of phylum, the fecal fungi were mainly Ascomycota. The fungal community at 36-month-old was different from those of the other age groups, mainly relative to Basidiomycota, Phragmoplastophyta, unclassified_d__Eukaryota, un⁃ classified_k__Metazoa __Animalia_ and unclassified_k__Fungi, etc., suggesting that the fungal composition of the 36- month-old giant pandas was also changed significantly, after stopping from being fed with milk. According to the predic⁃ tion of fungal analysis, the fungi of three giant pandas were mainly characterized to be saprophytic type. The research find⁃ ings can provide basic data for evaluation of intestinal microecological health of subadult giant pandas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of tomato transcription factor SlWRKY6 in response to low‑phosphorus stress, and to lay a theoretical foundation for studying the molecular mechanism of low‑phosphorus tolerance in tomato and exploring tomato germplasm resources of improving low‑phosphorus tolerance and phosphorus utilization. Wild‑type tomato Ailsa craig was used as the material and its cDNA was used as the template to clone SlWRKY6, and the RNAi‑SlWRKY6 and OE‑SlWRKY6 transgenic tomato plant lines were constructed by agrobacterium tumefacien‑mediated transformation. Tomato plants with three different genotypes of wild type, RNAi‑SlWRKY6 and OE‑ SlWRKY6, were subjected to low phosphorus. On the day 18 of low‑phosphorus treatment, the results of phenotype and physiological and biochemical indexes in the leaves and roots were determined. Phenotypic observation showed that OE‑SlWRKY6 transgenic tomato plants were of thicker and shorter after low phosphorus treatment while compared with RNAi‑SlWRKY6 transgenic tomato plants, they had a higher number of leaves, and were less affected by low‑phosphorus stress, and showed stronger low‑phosphorus tolerance. The analysis results of physiological and biochemical indexes showed that the organic phosphorus and total phosphorus content in the roots and leaves of transgenic tomato plant OE‑SlWRKY6 significantly increased compared with wild type, while the acid phosphatase activity and some organic acid contents in the roots significantly increased. The expressions of phosphorus transporters also significantly reduced. However, the trend of changes in these indicators in the transgenic tomato plant RNAi‑SlWRKY6 under low‑phosphorus stress was opposite to that in transgenic tomato plant OE‑SlWRKY6. After low‑phosphorus stress, the relative expressions of LePT1 decreased in the roots of OE‑SlWRKY6 plants, which was opposite to that of RNAi‑SlWRKY6 plants. The relative expressions of LePT2 in the roots of wild type, RNAi‑SlWRKY6 and OE‑SlWRKY6 plants showed an overall increasing trend, while the relative expressions of LePT3 showed an overall decreasing trend. According to the above results, SlWRKY6 responded to low‑phosphorus stress and its expression was positively correlated with the low‑phosphorus tolerance of tomato plants, and might affect the response of phosphorus transporter genes to low phosphorus. The results of this study may provide certain theoretical basis for further revealing the function of tomato WRKY transcription factor family and its response mechanism to low‑phosphorus stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present study aimed to analyze the sequence composition and gene expression function of alfalfa miR156 （mtr-miR156） gene family, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the study of transboundary regulation of mtr-miR156. [Method] PmiREN database was used to retrieve and analyze mature sequences of mtr-miR156 family members, stem loop sequences and the chromosome location information of mature sequences. Weblogo online website was used to analyze the conservation of mature sequences and stem loop sequences of mtr-miR156 family members. Stem-loop sequences homology was analyzed by the DNAMAN. Meanwhile, the target genes of mtr-miR156a, target gene GO functional enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were predicted and downloaded by Lianchuan Biocloud platform and TargentScan online website. The binding sites and binding free energy values of all the predicted target genes and mtr-miR156a were compared by RNAhybrid online website, and the target genes meeting the free energy values were selected for functional analysis of target genes. [Result] A total of 10 mtr-miR156 family members were retrieved from PmiREN database. The mature sequences of 10 members were co-localized on 3 chromosomes. The mature sequences of 8 out of 10 members were completely consistent, and the mature sequences of the other 2 members were highly conserved. In the stem-loop sequence of 10 members, the bases located in the mature sequence were identical with the mature sequence. Stem-loop sequence homology tree analysis showed that the 10 members were divided into three branches, and mtr-miR156g was the furthest related to other members. GO functional enrichment analysis showed that the predicted target genes in bovine were significantly enriched in transcriptional regulatory function, cell membrane composition and ATP synthesis. KEGG pathway annotation showed that the predicted target genes in cattle were significantly concentrated in fatty acid degradation pathway and Ras signaling pathway regulation. [Conclusion] The alfalfa miR156 gene family may regulate fatty acid degradation, ATP synthesis, cellular inflammation, milk fat, milk protein anabolism and other effects in dairy cows through related target genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural pyrethrin is a green botanical insecticide that extracted from the aboveground tissues of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) . Aldehyde dehydrogenase (TcALDH) and GDSL lipase (TcGLIP) are key rate-limiting enzymes involved in pyrethrin biosynthesis pathway in pyrethrum. The promoters of TcALDH and TcGLIP genes were cloned from the genomic DNA of pyrethrum clone ‘W99' in order to investigate the regulatory mechanism of these genes. The regulatory elements, activity, hormone specificity and tissue inducibility of the two promoters were analyzed through bioinformatics analysis, histochemical staining (GUS staining), luciferase reporting, and exogenous hormone treatment. The results were as follows: (1) Using pyrethrum genomic DNA as a template, specific primers were used to clone the pTcALDH and pTcGLIP fragments. The sequence lengths of pTcALDH and pTcGLIP were 2 848 and 1 343 bp, respectively, and the promoter analysis software the PlantCARE predicted that they both contained multiple cis-elements related to stress response and hormone signals. (2) The plant expression vectors fused by pTcALDH and pTcGLIP and luciferase report gene were constructed, and were transformed into tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) to analyse hormone inducibility by observing the fluorescence imaging in tobacco leaves. The results demonstrated that the pTcALDH displayed typical hormone inducibility of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abscisic acid (ABA), whereas the pTcGLIP showed no response. (3) The tissue culture seedlings of pyrethrum ‘W99' were treated with MeJA and ABA, the expression of TcALDH was up-regulated by ABA within 12 h, and first increased and then decreased under MeJA treatment; the expression of TcGLIP was down-regulated by ABA and MeJA. (4) We constructed the expression vectors of pTcALDH and pTcGLIP fused with GUS reporters and transformed them into tobacco, then the transient transformation of tobacco drived the expression of GUS gene and showed initiating activity. It was found that the pTcALDH expressed in both the glands, glandular hair heads and mesophyll of the leaves, while the pTcGLIP was only expressed in the parenchyma cell. These results indicated that the pTcALDH and pTcGLIP were tissue-specific promoters, and the pTcALDH appeared MeJA-inducible and ABA-inducible characteristics. This study provides a new insight into the regulatory mechanism of TcALDH and TcGLIP genes involved in pyrethrin synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPL transcription factors are widely involved in plant growth and development, stress response and so on. At present, there is no study on the STM(SPL with transmembrane motif)transcription factor in Dendrobium officinale. In order to explore the role of STM in the growth, development and stress response of D. officinale, four STM transcription factors were identified at the whole genome of D. officinale, and bioinformatics analysis of DoSTM gene family members were carried out. The expression of DoSTM in different tissue parts and different stress treatments were studied by reverse transcription PCR. The results were as follows:(1)DoSTM1-4 were hydrophilic proteins with SBP conserved domains and some hormone response sites.(2)Four DoSTM were expressed in root, stem and leaf, and the relative expression of DoSTM2 was the lowest in leaf; there was no significant differences in the relative expression level of DoSTM1/3/4.(3)The relative expression level of DoSTM1-4 changed significantly under low temperature, high temperature and drought stress, and the expression of DoSTM1/3/4 decreased most significantly. Therefore, it is speculated that DoSTM is related to hormone response, temperature change response and drought resistance in plants. These conclusions provide the reference for the further research on STM transcription factor of D. officinale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the effect of Bacillus licheniformis and Lactobacillus plantarum on nutrient composition of straw and possible mechanism. A completely randomized design was used to divided the experiment into five groups, with six replicates in each group. The rice straw in the control group was microstored without adding bacteria agent, Lactobacillus plantarum group, complex bacteria group I, complex bacteria group II and complex bacteria group III the supplemental doses of Bacillus licheniformis were 0, 8x105, 1x106, 1.2x106 CFU/g DM, and the supplemental doses of Lactobacillus plantarum was 5x106 CFU/g DM. The test period was 30 d. The results showed that on 30 d of fermentation pH value of complex bacteria group was significantly lower than control group ( P<0.05). The average results of membership function showed that the comprehensive performance of complex bacteria group III was the best. The richness and diversity of the bacterial community were the highest at 7 d of fermentation. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Firmicutes increased with the increase of fermentation time. At the genus level, the Lactobacillus abundance showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and reached the highest on 7 d. There were significant differences in fermentation process including lysosome, sphinolipid metabolism, degradation of other polysaccharides, degradation of glycosaminoglycans, phosphate and phosphate metabolism. The experiment indicates that Lactobacillus plantarum combined with Bacillus licheniformis microstorage straw fermentation is better than adding Lactobacillus plantarum alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The purpose of the study was to explore the diversity of intestinal symbiotic bacteria and identify their related functions in order to explore the role of intestinal symbiotic bacteria in the growth and development of Mylabris cichorii Linnaeus larvae. 【Method】The bacterial genome DNA of the larvae was extracted from the artificial diet and locust eggs. The bacterial diversity and relative abundance of the larvae were analyzed by 16S rDNA amplification sequencing, and the bacterial function was analyzed. 【Resul】 81 759 final valid sequences were obtained, and 230 OTUs were obtained by clustering. A total of 17 phyla, 27 classes, 41 orders, 71 families, and 109 genera were annotated. Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum among the three groups. The dominant bacteria genera of each sample in each group were very different, and Lauerella was the common dominant bacteria genus in the three groups. The α diversity analysis showed that the intestinal flora diversity and richness of the second instar larvae(L.H2) were higher than those of the fourth instar larvae(L.H4), and were higher than those of the fourth instar larvae(L.S4) fed with locust eggs. The results of α and β diversity analysis showed that as for the diversity of intestinal flora of M.cichorii larvae, there were significant differences among all groups and some differences among groups, but no significant differences among different groups(P＞0.05). The results of functional analysis showed that L.S4 were significantly higher than L.H4 and L.H2 in amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, environmental adaptation and immune system, and the amino acid metabolism of L.S4 were significantly enhanced than that of L.H4(P=0.035). 【Conclusion】The diversity and abundance of intestinal flora of M.cichorii larvae are affected by diet, and the intestinal bacteria can assist the host to adapt to the corresponding food in metabolic function. The study of the relationship between the diversity of intestinal bacteria and food of M.cichorii larvae lays the foundation for the study of intestinal microbe of M.cichorii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TCP transcription factors are a type of plant-specific transcription factors, which have been implicated in multiple aspects of plant biological processes. To study the role of potato TCP transcription factors in response to low nitrogen fertilizer stress, here, four transcriptome libraries from potato roots and leaves under the conditions of low nitrogen fertilizer (0.05 mmol·L-1) and sufficient nitrogen fertilize r(7.5 mmol·L-1) were constructed for transcriptome sequencing, respectively. Meanwhile, the differentially expressed TCP transcription factor were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 24 TCP transcription factors were identified in the four transcriptome libraries, and mainly distributed on the second, third and sixth chromosomes. (2) The analysis of domains showed that all of 24 transcription factors contained basic-Helix-Loop-Helix domain. (3) The phylogenetic analysis showed that the TCP proteins of potato and Arabidopsis thaliana were closely related, and clustered into 10 subgroups. (4) Transcriptome sequencing results showed that the expression levels of most potato TCP transcription factors were suppressed by low nitrogen fertilizer stress. Among them, three TCP transcription factors were significantly differentially expressed in roots, while five TCP transcription factors were specifically expressed in leaves. (5) According to the GO functional analysis and the relationship between the potato and the A. thaliana TCP transcription factors, it is predicted that these TCP transcription factors were involved in response of potato to low nitrogen fertilizer stress. The research provides a foundation for further study on the molecular role of transcription factors in response to low nitrogen fertilizer stress in potato and other crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TIFY gene family plays a very important role in Camellia sinensis hormone signal transduction and its adversity stress. Bioinformatics methods were employed to identify the TIFY family members in the C. sinensis genome in this study, and the physical and chemical properties, system evolution, gene structure, chromosomal location, the cis-acting elements of promoter region and tissue expression pattern were also analyzed, and the results of RT-qPCR experiments verified the hormone response and stress response characteristics of some members of the TIFY family. The results were as follows: (1) There were 19 TIFY gene family members (CSTIFY1-CSTIFY19) in C. sinensis, which belonged to four protein subfamilies of TIFY, JAZ, ZML and PPD, and distributed unevenly on eight chromosomes. According to evolutionary relationship and structural characteristics, TIFY genes could be divided into seven groups, and members of each group had similar gene structure and conserved motif. (2) The promoter region of the CsTIFYs gene contained a varieties of cis-acting elements in response to abiotic stress and hormones, the RT-qPCR experiments proved that its family members were highly responsive to methyl jasmonate, salt (20% NaCl), cold (4 ℃) and drought (20% polyethylene glycol 6000) treatments, and some genes were highly expressed during the development of roots and apical buds. Based on the above results, it is speculated that the TIFY gene family may play roles in C. sinensis hormone signal regulation, stress defense response and growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the proteomics of testicular tissue in the patients of obstructive azoospermia with different Johnsen scores and explore the differentially-expressed proteins and their functions and biological processes using bioinformatics to provide basis for the treatment of patients. Methods A total of 22 patients with obstructive azoospermia who admitted to reproductive Medicine Center of our hospital from June 2020 to April 2021 were enrolled in the study. According to the Johnsen score of testicular puncture pathology, they were divided into two groups: normal spermatogenesis group (control group, Johnsen score 9-10, total 12 cases) and low spermatogenesis group (experimental group, Johnsen score 8, total 10 cases). LC-MS/MS platform was used to screen differentially expressed proteins between two groups, and IPA software package was used for functional analysis of differentially expressed proteins. Results A total of 2883 and 2372 proteins were identified in the control group and the experimental group, respectively, and 544 differentially expressed proteins were obtained by comparing the testicular proteomics of obstructive azoospermia with different Johnsen scores. Compared with the control group, 204 proteins in the experimental group were up-regulated and 340 proteins were downregulated. IPA analysis of differential proteins showed that endothelial cell connection, glycolysis and other pathways were markedly inhibited, while 14-3-3 pathway and Rho pathway were significantly activated in testicular tissue of the experimental group. Functional analysis showed that asthenospennia and cell death were noticeably activated in the testes of the experimental group, while protein metabolism, endocytosis and gametogenesis were significantly inhibited. These results suggested that testicular proteomics can reflect the pathological changes of abnormal spermatogenesis. Conclusion The bioinformatics method is used for data mining of proteins of testicular tissue with different Johnsen scores in the patients of inobstructive azoospennia, which provides a reference for further research on low spermatogenesis mechanism and new biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] In this study, RNAseq was used to screen genes related to scutellarin content, which would provide a theoretical basis for screening high-quality germplasm of Erigeron breviscapus. [Method] The content of scutellarin in E. breviscapus leaves was determined by HPLC; And 4 samples with significant differences in scutellarin were screened. One low scutellarin control sample (CK) and 3 high scutellarin samples were subjected to RNAseq simultaneously. After sequencing, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened; and GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses were performed on DEGs. Then, DEGs with higher expression levels involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were selected for qRT-PCR to verify the expression. [Result] The content of scutellarin in samples S3 and S5 was extremely significantly higher than that in sample S4 (CK), and the content of scutellarin in sample S6 was significantly higher than that in sample S4 (CK). There were 2143, 1968 and 1801 DEGs in samples S3, S5, S6 with high scutellarin and the sample S4 (CK) with low scutellarin, respectively. Among them, 277 genes were up-regulated in high-scutellarin-content samples, and 213 genes were up-regulated in low-scutellarin-content samples. Among them, the genes chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H) downstream of flavonoid metabolism were up-regulated in the high-scutellarin samples. The shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) and caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAMT) involved in the caffeinate pathway were up-regulated in the low-scutellarin samples. The results of qRT-PCR for 5 DEGs expression patterns were consistent with the results of RNAseq. CHI (Eb＿V2＿03181), F3H (Eb＿V2＿40771), F3’H (Eb＿V2＿04241) were up-regulated in high-scutellarin samples, and HCT (Eb＿V2＿4655) and CCoAMT (Eb＿V2＿20841) were up-regulated in low-scutellarin samples. [Conclusion] Scutellarin biosynthesis involves multiple genes, which are closely related to the anthocyanin pathway and the caffeate pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]This research aimed to explore the function of SmICE1（Inducer of CBF expression 1）gene in cold response and anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant. [Methods]Using photosensitive eggplant variety ‘Lanshanhexian’as material, the full-length sequence of SmICE1 was homology-based cloned and bioinformatics analysis was performed. The seedlings with four leaves treated at 4 ℃ were used to analyze the expression level of SmICE1 gene. To study the subcellular localization of SmICE1,the PHB-SmICE1-YFP vector was constructed and transformed into the tobacco leaves via Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation. SmICE1 gene was overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana using the Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip method. Then, the cold resistance, physiological indexes and the expression levels of AtCBF（CRT binding factor）genes were analyzed in transgenic plants. The Agrobacterium containing the PHB-SmICE1-YFP and SmCBFpro-LUC was transiently co-transformed into the tobacco cells to perform the dual luciferase（Dual-LUC）assay. In order to carry out the yeast two-hybrid（Y2 H）assay, the yeast bait vector SmYABBY-pGBKT7 and prey vector SmICE1-pGADT7 were constructed and transformed into yeast strain AH109. The plant expression vector SmYABBY-nYFP and SmICE1-cYFP were constructed, and the Agrobacterium was injected into tobacco cells to carry out bimolecular fluorescence complementation（BiFC）assay. [Results]SmICE1 gene was cloned, and it contained 1 524 bp open reading frame encoding 507 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 54.75×10³ and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.6. Then, it was found that the SmICE1 had the high similarity to SlICE1 in Solanum lycopersicum by multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that low temperature could induce the expression of SmICE1 gene. SmICE1 protein was localized in the nucleus according to the subcellular localization analysis. The SmICE1 protein had strong transactivation activity, and Dual-LUC assay indicated that SmICE1 could enhance the expression level of SmCBF genes. Ectopic overexpression of SmICE1 enhanced the freezing tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis. After low temperature treatment, the proline content and the expression levels of AtCBF genes were higher in transgenic plants than in wild type（WT）plants, and the transgenic plants had lower electrolyte leakage than WT. The Y2 H and BiFC assays indicated that SmICE1 could interact with SmYABBY. [Conclusions]SmICE1 could induce the expression of SmCBF genes and increase the cold-resistance of transgenic plants, furthermore the interaction between SmICE1 and SmYABBY might be involved in anthocyanin accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different varieties have different resistances. In order to further explore the resistance differences in different varieties of pitaya and to provide a reference for further study on breeding of pitaya resistance, we used Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequence platform to sequence the transcriptomes of ‘Putongbairou'(BR)and ‘Ecuador Yellow'(EY). Functional classification and enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were performed by reference to GO Ontology, KEGG and others databases. The results were as follows:(1)There were 14 248 DEGs between BR and EY, of which 5 446 genes were up-regulated and 8 802 genes were down-regulated.(2)GO functional analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in enzyme catalytic activity, cell components, metabolic processes, etc. Among them, there were 349 differential genes involved in oxidoreductase activity.(3)KEGG pathway analysis showed that most of the DEGs were enriched in metabolism, biosynthesis, etc., and 12 key genes such as CYP86 and CER1 involving in cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis. We found that the expressions of DEGs involved in oxidoreductase activity were higher in BR than those in EY, which significantly enriched, indicating that may be significant differences in growth and cell metabolism between BR and EY. DEGs involved in the cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis were up-regulated in BR, and such genes had higher expressions in BR, and were significantly enriched, which suggest that BR may be superior drought and disease resistance than EY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the potential mechanism of Chaishao Liujunzi decoction in prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting ( CINV) based on liver-soothing and spleen-strengthening method. METHODS: The pharmacological database and analysis platform of traditional Chinese medicine system was used to search the chemical components and potential targets of drug composition of Chaishao Liujunzi decoction, including Bupleuri Radix, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Codonopsis Radix, Poria, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium,Pinelliae Rhizoma,and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, oral bioavailability ≥30% and druglikeness ≥0.18 were set as the screening conditions of chemical composition; the GeneCards database was used to retrieve disease targets of CINV; Cytoscape 3. 6. 0 software was used to draw the network of "Chaishao Liujunzi decoction-chemical components-target-CINV" ; STRING 11. 0 online software was used to construct a protein-protein interaction network and to mine the core targets; David Bioinformatics Resources database was used to conduct gene ontology ( GO) functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome ( KEGG ) pathway enrichment analysis on protein in the network of potential targets of active ingredients in the formula. RESULTS: The GO functional enrichment analysis indicated that Chaishao Liujunzi decoction had extensively participated in biological processes including body metabolism and inflammation. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that all the signaling pathways of Chaishao Liujunzi decoction were related to inflammation, the disease pathways were mainly closely related to virus infection and various malignant tumor. CONCLUSIONS: This study predicts the possible signaling pathways of prevention and treatment of CINV of Chaishao Liujunzi decoction from the perspective of network pharmacology, a representative formula of liver-soothing and spleen-strengthening method, which laid a certain foundation for the subsequent mechanism research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To screen differentially expressed genes ( DEGs) of postoperative atrial fibrillation ( POAF) after cardiac surgery and to analyze their functions. Methods A gene expression profile data set GSE143924 was obtained from GEO database. The sample was from epicardial adipose tissues of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. According to the preoperative features, 15 patients with POAF (case group) and 15 patients with sinus rhythm after operation ( control group) were matched. Then we analyzed the differential expressed genes between the case group and the control group by GE02R online. Moreover, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs were conducted, and the top 10 genes of Degree were selected as the key genes of POAF. Results A total of 254 differentially expressed genes were screened out from the case group and control group, of which 82 were up-regulated and 172 were down-regulated. GO and KEGG analysis showed that the signal pathways involved in DEGs were mainly related to complement and coagulation cascade, and the biological processes principally focused on cell adhesion and immune response. Ten key genes screened out by PPI network were TLR2, CDH2, VTN, CCL2, KDR, C1QA, BMP2, ZAP70, HP and CFB, which mainly regulated the inflammatory and immune responses. Conclusions The signal pathways involved in POAF DEGs are mainly related to complement and coagulation cascade, and the biological processes mainly focus on cell adhesion and immune response. Inflammation and immune response play a key role in the development and progression of POAF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens（L.）Britt is one of the commonly used Chinese medicinal in China. It is one of the pharmaceutical and food homology plant resources. It has rich pharmacologically active ingredients, and has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor properties. This article summarized the active ingredients of different organs of Perilla frutescens（L.）Britt, reviewed terpenoids, aromatics, aliphatics, flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, steroids, glycosides, and amion acids in leaves and stem, as well as main components of fatty acids and proteins in seeds. The functional and antibacterial mechanisms of each ingredient were also studied in order to provide a theoretical basis for the standardized planting and diversified application of Perilla frutescens（L.）Britt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat transformation was first initiated in 1992, and several studies were conducted to increase its efficiency; however, a very low probability of less than 0.3% was achieved. In 2011, the EU Commission announced a new plant breeding technology that modifies the DNA of seeds and plant cells to develop new varieties with desired characteristics. With the commercialization of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a site-directed nuclease technology, the possibility of its application in agriculture has increased with the rapid development of the technology. Recently, genome editing studies have been conducted in wheat, and they have been used for the functional analysis of genes related to various agricultural traits. The wheat full-length genome information was released in the form of a draft sequence in 2018, belatedly in comparison to other crops owing to allohexaploidy and a large genome (17 Gb) size. The recent pre-harvest sprouting resistance wheat breeding material developed in Japan suggests that it is possible to rapidly develop breeding materials through precision breeding technology. Finally, it is necessary to systematically achieve the goal of optimizing agricultural traits of crops through precise breeding technology to increase the breeding accuracy of allohexaploid wheat and rapid genetic fixation using the reduction in generation technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] In this study,the mechanism of E3 ubiquitin ligase in soybean growth and abiotic stress was explored by cloning the soybean E3 ubiquitin ligase gene GmPUB1 and heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana.[Methods] The E3 ubiquitin ligase gene GmPUB1 was cloned and analyzed by bioinformatics. The expression pattern of the gene under different tissues and different stress treatments was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Subcellular localization analysis of GmPUB1 protein was performed by the onion epidermal cell transient expression system. Heterologous expression of GmPUB1 in A.thaliana and analysis of its phenotype were conducted.[Results] The CDS sequence of GmPUB1 (Glyma.14g212200) was 1 320 bp,encoding 439 amino acids. What’s more,the molecular weight and isoelectric point of the protein were 48.63×103 and 8.35,respectively. qRT-PCR analysis showed that GmPUB1 was expressed with the highest level in seeds 30 days after flowering. GmPUB1 was up-regulated under the induction of PEG3350,NaCl,4°C and JA abiotic stress. GmPUB1 protein was lacalized into cells. The 1 000-grain weight of the transgenic lines increased significantly,and the amino acid content changed,especially the methionone significantly increased,but the germination rate decreased.Transgenic A.thaliana lines were salt tolerant but sensitive to drought and ABA.[Conclusions] GmPUB1 gene can be involved in regulating seed growth and development and respond to abiotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The aim of the study was to identify the novel effectors of type VI secretion system (T6SS) and explore its function in Aeromonas hydrophila Chinese epidemic strain NJ-35,which was beneficial to further investigating the pathogenesis of pathogens.[Methods] The putative effector was screened in the whole genome of A.hydrophila NJ-35 based on the reported conservative domain DUF4123. Furthermore,the mutant and complementation strains were constructed via homologous recombination,and the competitiveness,growth,motility,biofilm formation,anti-phagocytosis and virulence in zebrafish were measured.[Results] A putative gene was obtained and named tle1AH (U876-17550),and its mutant (Δtle1AH) and complemented (CΔtle1AH) strains were constructed. The Δtle1AH showed a significant decrease in anti-bacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli and anti-phagocytosis activity. In addition,the biofilm formation ability of Δtle1AH increased significantly,and its virulence decreased in zebrafish,more than a 10-fold increase in LD50 over the wild-type strain (P<0.01). Meanwhile,the above characteristics of CΔtle1AH were restored to the same level of the wild type strain.[Conclusions] In this study,a functional analysis was conducted on a putative effector protein of T6SS in A.hydrophila,which provides a basis for further research on the role of T6SS in the pathogenic mechanism of this bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Genetic transformation method mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens was developed for generation of a T-DNA insertional mutant library of Cylindrosporium eleocharidis,in order to provide reference basis for study of function of the pathogen on molecular level.【Method】C. eleocharidis wild type isolate Ceh was transformed by A. tumefaciens containing green fluorescent protein（GFP） with bianry vector pEX4. Transformants were randomly selected and verified by PCR amplification and southern blotting assay as well as fluorescence microscopy detection. Single factors including acetosyringone（AS） in co-cultivation medium,inducing time of A. tumefaciens,spore concentration of C. eleocharidis,pH of induction medium（IM）,co-culture time and substrates were examined respectively. Furthermore,mutants library was built and mutants were analyzed by describing morphological character and pathogenicity tests.【Result】The optimized conditions included using AS in co-cultivation medium,300 μmol/L;6 hours induction of A. tumefaciens with AS;107 CFU/mL of the spore concentration for C. eleocharidis;pH 5.6 of induction medium（IM）,72 hours co-culture of C. eleocharidis spore with A. tumefaciens,and using nitrocellulose membrane as co-culture medium. The transformation efficiency of genetic transformation system for C. eleocharidis was in the range of 600-700 transformants per 107 conidia through the improved conditions. All the randomly selected transformants were positive by PCR examination,whose single copy insertion rate of T-DNA reached 77.8 % and fluorescence signals could be detected by fluorescence microscopy.【Conclusion】ATMT and T-DNA insertion mutant library for C. eleocharidis genetic tranfoemation system induced by A. tumefaciens were successfully established,pathogenicity and phenotype changing mutants were screened,which could be used for the study of genes functional analysis and interaction between pathogen and host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds have good osteogenesis in vivo and in vitro. However, little research has been done on the complex regulation mechanisms of miRNAs involved. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of related miRNA expression in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic mineralization by porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds. METHODS: Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were isolated, cultured and identified in vitro. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells co-cultured with porous hydroxyapatite scaffold were as experimental group, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured alone served as blank control group, both of which underwent osteogenic induction for 7 days. During the osteogenic mineralization, miRNA high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the changes of miRNA expression profiles followed by GO analysis. The miRNA molecules with obvious expression differences were screened and verified by qRT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the blank control group, in the experimental group, the expression levels of BMP2, ALP and Runx2 mRNA were up-regulated, and the expression level of BMP2 was up-regulated significantly (P < 0.05). (2) Results of miRNA high-throughput sequencing showed that 13 miRNAs such as miR-210-3p and miR-146a-5p were up-regulated, and 17 miRNAs such as let-7c-3p and let-3615 were down-regulated significantly. (3) GO analysis revealed that up-regulated miRNA target genes were mainly involved in biological regulation, cellular gene expression, and gene expression regulation, mainly including nuclear factor-κB, Toll-like receptor 9, intercellular adhesion, interleukin-1 regulation, and signaling pathways such as angiogenesis and Hippo. (4) Real-time fluorescence quantitative qPCR results showed that miRNA-210 was up-regulated 15 times and miR-146a-5p was up-regulated 10 times in the experimental group (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the new microchannel porous hydroxyapatite scaffold can promote the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by up-regulating miRNA-210-3p and miR-146a. Key words: hydroxyapatite; bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; miRNA; functional analysis; transcriptome sequencing; osteogenic differentiation; miR-210; miR-146a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To elucidate the molecular and electrophysiological mechanisms of generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus through functional analysis of a novel SCN1A gene mutation G302D. A recombinant plasmid pCMV-SCN1A containing the mutant G302D was constructed by the PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis technique. Lipofectamine 2000 was used to co-transfect the plasmid pCMV-SCN1A-G302D and pCD8-IRES-SCN1B into HEK-293 cells line to induce stable expression of α 1 and 茁1 subunit of Na+ channel. During patch clamp detection, the standard stimulus was given in the whole-cell voltage clamp mode. Data acquisition and analysis were accomplished with PatchMaster10.0 and OriginPro8.0. SCN1A-G302D mutants displayed a decreased current density, a slower activation and a significantly delayed recovery from inactivation. There were no significantly differences in the steady-state inactivation between two groups. These data indicates that SCN1A-G302D mutants result in partial loss of function, which may be the cause of GEFS +. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To obtain the sequence of PU3 gene from the oyster Pinctada fiicata and study the function in biomineralization. Methods: The frill length of PU3 gene was obtained by RACE. The expression levels of PU3 gene in different tissues were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PC'R. The expression of PU3 gene through the shell notching experiment was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PC'R. RNAi experiments was used to inhibit the expression of PU3 gene, and then the change in the surface of the shell of was obseived by the scanning electron microscope. Results: The frill-length cDNA of PU3 gene from Pinctada fiicata is 2361 bp. encoding 618 amino acids. Functional domain analysis indicated that it contained four FN3 domains. PI]3 is highly expressed in the mantle membrane, especially in the edge of mantle membrane, hi the process of shell repairing, the expression level of PU3 gene showed an increasing trend. After using RNAi technology to inhibit the expression of PU3 gene, the prismatic layer of the shell has changed, the gaps became wider, and voids appeared. Conclusions: It is speculated that PU3 gene acts as a positive regulator in the process of biomineralization, and mainly influences the prismatic layer of the shell. Inhibiting its expression will affect the framework structure of the prism layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the existing combat network model is abstracted and the study on network functional complexity is not sufficient enough, an analysis method for functional invulnerability of convergent networks is presented. A complex convergent network model of combat system is established, which deals with heterogeneous and convergent nodes in a single-layer network, and a new concept of function chain is proposed. The functional participation and functional importance of nodes are defined by function chain. On this basis, the functional integrity is defined as the measure of network functional invulnerability. Three attack modes are adopted in experiment: the first is random attack when network information is unknown, the second is intentional attack as network information is known incompletely, including attacking according to node degree, and the third is intentional attack within network information is known, including attacking according to functional importance and greedy algorithm. Experimental results show that the network has a higher robustness against random attack; it has less robustness against intentional attack in the case of incompletely known information; and it has more less robustness against intentional attack in the case of known information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The research was conducted to study the effect of tetraspanin3 on the resisitance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and development of tomato. [Methods] The phylogenetic tree of tetranspnin3 was constructed by the MEG 5.0 software to analyse the evolution of tetraspanin3; the expression pattern of tetraspanin3 in different organs and the response of tetraspanin3 during TYLCV infection were determined by RT-qPCR; the virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was used to silence the tetraspanin3 gene and the resistance to TYLCV was tested in silenced plant and the phenotypes of silenced plants was watched. [Results] tetraspanin3 and homologous gene in grape were in a distinct branch; tetraspanin3 gene was expressed in all organs, the higher expression in stem, the old leaf, flower and the lower expression in root, fruit, and the expression in the new leaf was in medium level, tetraspanin3 gene was up-regulated during TYLCV infection. The tetraspanin3-silenced plant had distorted leaves, and had an over 50% decline in the quantity of TYLCV after vaccinating the TYLCV. [Conclusions] tetraspanin3 gene has an effect on the development of tomato leaves and acts as a positive regulator of the infection of TYLCV to tomato plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoter is an important cis-element in the regulation of gene expression. The research on the structure and function of promoter has become a new hotspot in molecular biology. The study on the promoter and DNA binding protein can clarify the mechanism of gene expression on transcriptional level, lay the foundation for the construction of a better regulatory network,in addition,the research can also help us find new proteins. In recent years, more and more research methods for the promoter,most of them by means of properties of interaction between DNA and protein. In this article the basic structure and classification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic promoters was summarized, and the principles, relative merits and some newly utilization of several common and latest improved analytical methods of promoter(i.e. bioinformatics, yeast one-hybrid(Y1H),Transient transfection method(Transient Transfection),Chromatin Immunoprecipitation(Ch IP), Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay(EMSA) and DNA footprinting(DNase I footprinting))were also reviewed. The trend in recent years the application of the new technology and new methods are also discussed, which can provide a reference for the structure and function of promoter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To provide a reliable animal model for the study of deep step GDDR （Gastric Dramatic Down-related） biological functions, the identification and primary functional study of GDDR transgenic mice were performed. Methods: Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect transcriptional level of gene GDDR in GDDR transgenic mice and the wildtype (gene without any modifications). Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to identify protein expression level and expression site. Periodic Acid-Schiff stain （PAS）for gastric mucus secretion and immunohistochemical staining for major glycoprotein MUC5AC in the surface of gastric mucosa were used to make the primary functional analysis of GDDR transgenic mice.Results:Quantitative real-time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry showed that the level of gene GDDR expression in gastric mucosa was significantly higher in GDDR transgenic mice than in the wildtype. Periodic Acid-Schiff stain showed that mucus secretion and the thickness of mucus in GDDR transgenic mice was significantly higher than the normal control group. The expression of glycoprotein MUC5AC in the gastric mucosa of GDDR transgenic mice was also significantly stronger than the wildtype. Conclusion: Exogenous gene GDDR in GDDR transgenic mice was successfully expressed after identification .By making preliminary analysis of gene GDDR function in transgenic mice, it is considered that GDDR may play an important role in gastric mucosal protection through participating in the composition of gastric mucus layer and contributing to mucus secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concepts of α-admissible mappings and compatible mappings for a pair of mappings F:X4→X and and g:X→X in partially ordered metric spaces were constructed. Based on this, with the iterative method, existence and uniqueness of the quadruple coincidence points for the a-admissible and compatible mappings satisfying the mixed g-monotone properties under the α-ψ-contractive conditions in the partially ordered complete metric spaces were studied, and some new theorems were established. Finally, 2 examples were presented as applications of the main theorems. The results show that the work generalizes and improves several fixed point theorems and coincidence point theorems in the recent corresponding literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To identify the differentially expressed genes and functional enrichment pathways using bioinformatics technology in mice who were acutely administered with Morphine. Methods First, we downloaded microarray datasets of mice which were acutely administered with Morphine from Gene Expression Omnibus, and assess the quality control parameters of the microarray datasets using AffyQCReport 1.42.0 package by R programming language 3.1.0 software. Subsequently, the differentially expressed genes of the microarray datasets were identified using the linear models for microarray data of R language. Finally, functional pathways of the differentially expressed genes were enriched based on expression analysis and systematic explorer. Results The microarray datasets showed preferable uniformity and intension similarity. A total of 481 differentially expressed genes including Gm11627, Zfand4, Zbtb16, Pkp2 and Plin4 were identified. While 8 functional enrichment pathways, including pathways in cancer, melanogenesis and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling were revealed. Conclusion The differentially expressed genes and functional pathways were the underlying biomarkers of mice who were acutely administered with Morphine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For XML functional dependency (XFD) does not adequately capture conditional semantics partially expressed in some fragments of the XML document, opposing to the notion of conditional functional dependencies in relational databases, considering the structure and nature of XML data, this paper proposed discovering XML conditional functional dependencies (XCFD) based on content-aware(CAD) which bound specific constants to particular elements that cover situations of dependencies under some conditions to detects data consistency and improve the quality of the data. Additionally, this paper described the detailed approach. The approach of CAD incorporated pruning rules into discovering process which maintain XCFD was minimal and non-redundancy to reduce the searching lattice and the number of XCFD candidates to be checked on the dataset to improve searching performance. The case studies and comparative evaluation demonstrate the effectiveness of XCFD based on CAD than existing XFD on finding more functional dependencies and semantic constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why grey model is suitable for small sample is explained. Take discrete grey model as an example, based on matrix perturbation theory, we prove that the larger sample, the bigger perturbation bound and the smaller sample, the smaller perturbation bound under the equal perturbation when we use the traditional grey first order accumulate. The fractional order accumulate grey model is defined in order to reduce perturbation bound and its availability and practicality are verified by an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the need of optimal fortification planning for critical infrastructure, a supply system was regarded as a network composed of service facilities, demand nodes and linking arcs. The authors utilized the theory of leader-follower hierarchical decision to describe the interrelationship between the defender and the attacker. When modeling the problem, the impact of capacity limitation of facilities was taken into consideration, and a "protection-interdiction-reassignment'' tri-level hierarchical decision model was then proposed. Based on a "greater demands prior-closest assignment" heuristic strategy, the model was simplified and solved through a binary tree search procedure. Experiments show that the heuristic can always get good approximations of optimal ones. The solutions to this model can help effectively alleviate the reduction of system efficiency, even avoid deadly system impairment if the protection investment is sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volume integral equation (VIE) for electromagnetic scattering of anisotropic dielectric is derived according to the volume equivalence principle. Schaubert-Wilton-Glisson (SWG) basis functions and Garlekin method are applied to build matrix equations. Both the equivalent dipole-moment method (EDM) for fast filling impedance matrix elements and the fast dipole method (FDM) for accelerating the iterative solution by expediting the matrix-vector products (MVPs) are employed to reduce the computing time compared with the conventional method of moments (MoM). Furthermore, in FDM, the matrix elements among the far groups are implicit calculations and the simple aggregation, translation and disaggregation functions are performed directly when they are used, which save memory significantly. The numerical results show that the new method has high efficiency and low memory requirements, as well as good numerical accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration issues of dynamic system is studied, and the method of Jacobi last multiplier is applied to integrate dynamic equations of generalized classical mechanics systems. The differential equations of motion of a generalized classical mechanics system are given. The Jacobi last multiplier of the system is defined, and the relation between the Jacobi last multiplier and the first integrals of the system is discussed. The research shows that for a generalized classical mechanics system, whose configuration is determined by n generalized coordinates and Lagrangian contains ω-order derivatives of generalized coordinates with respect to time, the solution of the system can be found by the Jacobi last multiplier if (2ωn--1) first integrals of the system are known. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]