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Objective: To study the effects of acorus tatarinowii Schott and its active ingredient-alpha-asarone on learning and memory, free radical metabolism and nNOS/NO signal in hippocampus of rats with fatigue movement., Methods: Eighty SD male rats were randomly divided into eight groups: control group(A), exercise group(B), exercise + alpha-asarone low, middle and high dose treatment group (C, D, E), exercise + acorus tatarinowii Schott low, middle and high dose treatment group (F, G, H),with ten rats in each group. The rats in group C, D and E were administered with alpha-asarone at the doses of 0.10, 0.50 and 1.00 mg.kg -1 .WT -1 by ig. The rats in group F, G and H were administered with the extracts of Acorus tatarinowii Schott of at the doses of 0.12, 1.20 and 4.80 g.kg -1 .WT -1 by ig. Learning and memory of rats were tested by the method of water maze experiment, and the activities of SOD and NOS, the contents of MDA were detected by the biochemical methods, and the expression levels of nNOS protein in hippocampus of rats were tested by the method of Western blot in at the end of the experiment., Results: The escape latency and MDA content in hippocampus of rats in groups E and H were lower than those in groups B, C, D, F and G and the numbers of Plateau crossing, SOD and NOS activities and the expression levels of nNOS protein in hippocampus of rats were higher than those in groups B, C, D, F and G( P ＜0.01). The activities of SOD in hippocampus of rats in groups A, E and H were A＞E＞H, whereas the contents of MDA were opposite ( P ＜0.01); the activities of NOS and the expression levels of nNOS protein in hippocampus of group E were lower than those of groups A and H ( P ＜0.01 or P ＜0.05), but there was no significant difference between groups A and H ( P ＞0.05). There were no significant difference in escape latency and numbers of crossing platform among groups A, E and H ( P ＞0.05)., Conclusion: Acorus tatarinowii Schott and alpha-asarone can significantly improve learning and memory of rats with fatigue movement. The mechanism is related to reclaiming the imbalance of free radical metabolism and up-regulating nNOS/NO signal in hippocampus of the rats.

Objective: To explore the effects of the Hemopexin (Hx) on the generation of free radicals and brain edema after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)., Methods: One hundred SD rats were randomly and evenly divided into four groups (25 rats in each group) which named Sham group, ICH control group, Hx removal group and Hx intervention group respectively. There were five observation points (1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d) and which contain five rats for each. The stereotactic injection technique was used to make the ICH model, which adopted rat autologous Whole blood that was removed or mixed with Hx and then injected to the right caudate nucleus of the brain. Sham group were only injected with 50 µL saline to the right caudate nucleus and ICH control group were injected with 50 pL autologous whole blood; Hx removal group were injected 50 µL autologous whole blood of removal Hx and Hx intervention group were injected 50 µL autologous whole blood which contain 0. 25 mg (5 µg/ µL) Hx. Bederson's method was applied to evaluate whether the model was established successfully or not. Garcia' s method was used to estimate the neurological dysfunction scores by. Water contents of brain tissue around the hematoma was detected by dry-wet weigh method . The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured with the xanthine oxidase method. The content of the malonyldialdehyde (MDA) was measured by the thiobarbituric acid method. Pathological changes of brain tissue around the hematoma were detected by immunohistochemical method at each observation time points; and the immunohistochemical scores result was judged by the double semiquantitative evaluation method., Results: Compared with Sham group, at 3-21 d, there were statistically significant differences (P<0. 05) in the neurological disorders and water content of the brain tissue and immunohistochemistry scores within ICH control group, Hx intervention group and Hx removal group. Compared with Sham group, at 1-21 d, there were statistically significant differences (P<0. 05) in SOD activity and the content of the MDA within ICH control group, Hx intervention group and Hx removal group. All the indexes above were superior in Hx intervention group to ICH control group (P<0. 05), and inferior in Hx removal group to ICH control group (P< 0. 05)., Conclusion: The Hemopexin may attenuate the generation of the free radicals and encephalaedema in the brain tissue around the hematoma after intracerebral hemorrhage.

Bio-active components from Carthamus tinctorius were separated on the basis of antioxidant capacities in vitro. The antioxidant capacity was investigated on the basis of the ability to scavenge DPPH radical, ABTS radical and reduce Fe3+ of different polar fractions. Furthermore, the chemical compounds were isolated from bio-active fraction, and were evaluated for the antioxidative effects. Five major components were isolated and identified from water extract as 6-hydroxykaempferol 3,6,7-tri-O-β-D-glucoside(1), 6-hydroxykaempferol 3-O-β-rutinoside-6-O-β-D-glucoside (2), 6-hydroxykaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucoside (3), hydroxysafflor yellow A (4) and anhydrosafflor yellow B (5). By evaluating and comparing the antioxidative effects of different fractions and obtained compounds, the results showed that water extract displayed significantly high antioxidative activities and 6-hydroxykaempferol glycosides and quinochalcone C-glycosides were found as main contribution for antioxidant property.

Using sustained release tablets of gardenia extract as model drug and DPPH radical scavenging capacity as antioxidant index, the feasibility of using pharmacodynamics index was explored to evaluate sustained release tablets. Applying the established quantifiable method of DPPH radical scavenging to the dissolved liquid of model drug, release profiles and biological effects profiles were drawn, and their correlation was discussed. A good correlation was observed by linear regression and f2 actor, suggesting that the indicator could be used to evaluate sustained release tabletsofextracts of gardenia in which iridoids were mainly involved.

Objective: To observe the effect of acupuncture intervention on learning-memory ability and cerebral superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malonaldehyde (MDA) content in chronic fatigure syndrome (CFS) rats so as to reveal its mechanism underlying improvement of clinical CFS., Methods: Thirty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group and acupuncture group (n = 12 in each group). CFS model was established by double stress stimulation of suspending (1.0 - 2.5 h increasing gradually) and forced swimming [Morris water maze tasks, 7 min in (10 +/- 1) degrees C water], once daily for 12 days. Manual acupuncture stimulation was applied to "Baihui" (CV 20), bilateral "Zusanli" (ST 36) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6), once daily for 21 days (with 3 days' interval between every two weeks). Learning-memory ability was determined by Morris water maze tests, and SOD activity and MDA concentration in the brain tissues were detected by xanthine oxidase method and thiobarbiturif acid method, respectively., Results: Compared with the control group, the escape latencies at time-points of day 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Morris water maze tests were significantly longer, the target platform crossing times were markedly fewer and the target platform quadrant staying time obviously shorter, cerebral SOD activity was considerably decreased, and cerebral MDA content remarkably increased in the model group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Following acupuncture intervention, the escape latencies at time-points of day 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were significantly decreased, both target platform crossing times and staying time, and cerebral SOD activity were apparently increased, as well as cerebral MDA level was markedly lowered in comparison with the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01)., Conclusion: Acupuncture intervention can improve the learning-memory ability in CFS rats, which may be related to its effect in regulating metabolism of free radicals in the brain tissues.

Free radicals are atoms, molecules or ions with unpaired electrons. In biological systems, free radicals can have a dual role, being beneficial in some situations and deleterious in others. Free radicals are required for normal cellular metabolism, but they lead to cellular degeneration if overproduced. To prevent the excessive buildup of free radicals, cells have developed an elaborate series of antioxidant enzymes that counteract oxidative stress and protect cells by maintaining the proper balance of oxidation and anti-oxidation. Therefore, when there is an oxidant/anti-oxidant imbalance, no matter what direction, cells are likely to be damaged. Numerous reports in the literature indicate that free radicals play important roles in diseases of the inner ear as a result of noise exposure, ototoxic drugs, aging, and other pathological conditions. Therefore, there have been many attempts to employ antioxidants treat inner ear damage. However, antioxidant therapy could be harmful if the improper compound or dose is employed. Effective antioxidant therapy requires prior knowledge of the type(s) of oxidative stress occurring in real time in the inner ear. Since most techniques for detecting free radicals in the inner ear are not clinically feasible, systemic anti-oxidant therapy is generally performed "blindly" and therefore likely to disrupt normal antioxidant levels in the inner ear or elsewhere in the body. If only a single anti-oxidant is used to treat a disease, it may disturb subsequent steps the oxidative/anti-oxidative chain reaction. An alternative approach, hydrogen therapy represents a promising therapeutic tool because it can selectively scavenge the strongest oxidant species, the hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite anion, without disturbing normal oxidant/anti-oxidant cellular processes. In addition, hydrogen has no cytotoxic effects to cells so that it provides a near ideal therapy to eliminate toxic free radicals.

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of H2S pretreatment after cerebral schemia/reperfusion injury and its mechanisms in rats., Methods: The rat model of global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was established by bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion combined with hemorrhagic hypotension.30 rats were randomly divided into four groups(1)sham group(n=5),in which rats received sham surgery only,with their bilateral vertebral artery and bilateral common carotid artery exposed but without ischemia treatment;(2)global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model group(IR group,n=5),in which the global cerebral ischemia was induced by 10-min occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries combined with hypotension;(3)H2S pretreatment group(n=15),in which H2S(12,24,48 Μmol/kg)was intraperitoneally injected before operation;(4)NaCl pretreatment group(n=5),in which the rats were intraperitoneally injected with saline 30 minutes before operation.The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and the levels of malondialdeehyde(MDA)in brain were measured by spectrophotometry.Brain water content was detected.The expression of heat shock protein 70(HSP70) in the hippocampus was determined by Western blotting., Results: The SOD activities were significant increased in groups pretreated with 12Μmol/kg H2S(P=0.042),24Μmol/kg H2S(P=0.002),and 48Μmol/kg H2S(P=0.000),and the SOD activity was significantly lower in the ischemia group than in the Sham group(P=0.003).The MDA activities in the 24Μmol/kg group(P=0.026)and the 48Μmol/kg group(P=0.015)groups were significantly lower than in the IR group.The brain water content was decreased in H2S pretreatment group(24Μmol/kg and 48 Μmol/kg)compared with IR group(P=0.018,P=0.008),and it was also significantly higher in the IR group than in the sham group(P=0.009).The expression of HSP70 were decreased in H2S pretreatment group(24 Μmol/kg)compared with the IR group(P=0.000),and the expression of HSP70 were significantly higher in the IR group than in HSP70 group(P=0.000).The expression of HSP70 also significantly differed between NaCl group and HSP70 group(P=0.000)., Conclusion: H2S has protective effects on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion,which may be achieved by improving SOD activity,removing oxygen free radicals,inhibiting lipid peroxidation,and down-regulating the expression of HSP70 in the hippocampus.

Objective: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) intervention on free radical metabolism in athletes during intensive endurance exercise, so as to reveal its mechanism underlying fatigue relief., Methods: Thirty male college student volunteers were equally divided into control group, intensive endurance exercise group (exercise group for short) and EA group. Student volunteers in both exercise and EA groups were asked to conduct fixed quantitative load exercise (Harvard step test) for 30 min, once daily for 15 days. EA was applied to bilateral Xuehai (SP 10), Zusanli (ST36), Taichong (LR3), and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) for 30 min, once daily for 15 days. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity levels on the day before exercise, one day after exercise and 15 days after EA intervention were detected by using thiomalonylurea colorimetric method and xanthine oxidase method, respectively., Results: Compared with pre-exercise or the control group, serum MDA content and SOD activity after one day's intensive endurance exercise were increased significantly in both exercise and EA groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and the ratios of SOD/MDA decreased considerably in the latter two groups (P < 0.01). At the time-point of post-EA intervention, serum MDA level was significantly higher in the exercise group than in the control group (P < 0.05), serum MDA content in the EA group was significantly lower than that in the exercise group (P < 0.05), and serum SOD activity in the EA group was significantly higher than that in the exercise group (P < 0.01). The ratio of SOD/ MDA was increased obviously in the EA group than in the exercise group (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: EA can decrease serum MDA content and increase SOD activity and SOD/MDA in athletes experiencing intensive endurance exercise, which may contribute to its effect in relieving athletic fatigue.

Objective: To explore the effects of iptkalim on myocardial enzymes and free radicals metabolism with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH), in order to provide evidence for the mechanism of iptkalim on clinical treat., Methods: 110 young men stayed at high altitude above 5 000 m were divided into iptkalim group (n = 74) and placebo group (n = 36), aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonaldehyde (MDA), nitric oxide(NO) and nitric oxide synthase(NOS) were detected before and after took medicines for 6 mouths., Results: After took medication for 6 mouths, ALT, AST, gamma-GT, CK and LDH were reduced, SOD, NO, and NOS were increased, MDA were reduced, there were very significant difference (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Oxygen free radicals have taken part in the process of HPH, iptkalim have the effect of anti-peroxidation of lipid and protect myocardial cells stress injured by hypoxia which related with mitochondrial membrane and cell membrane's K(ATP) channel activation.

LC-MS/MS method was used to simultaneously determine anti-oxidative active catechins EGCG, ECG, EGC and EC in plasma of rats treated with tea polyphenols (TP). The integrated plasma concentration (C') of TP was calculated by means of self-defined weighing coefficient based on percent AUC of individual components, thereby assessing integrated pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of TP via log C'-T curve. The anti-free radical effects of TP were estimated using inhibitory rate of drug-containing serum collected at different times from rats against in vitro lipid peroxidation of mouse liver homogenate. The obtained E-T curves were used to calculate anti-free radical pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of TP. E-logC and E-log C' plots and linear regression were carried out in order to obtain the correlation coefficient (R2). The results indicated that the log C'-T curves of TP, which could be best described by three-compartment model, corresponded to elimination rule of iv administration of drugs. The integrated PK parameters showed that TP was distributed in body rapidly and widely, and eliminated from deep compartment slowly. From comparison of R2 values and consistence of C'-T course and E-T course, it was evident that TP integrated PK behaviors correlated much better with its PD behaviors than individual active components, and thus demonstrated that integrated PK parameters could characterize to maximal extent holistic disposition of Chinese herbal drugs and reflect residence properties of holistic effective substances in biological body.

Objective: To investigate the effect of the "compound extract of Chinese medicine" on free radical metabolism and antioxidant enzyme systems of the rat brain., Methods: 70 Wistar mice were randomly divided into two groups (n = 35): normal control group (N), taking medicine group (M). After a week of feeding, M group was taking medicine for 8 weeks. After 9 weeks, killed the two groups when they were at the rest state, the immediate ends of the fixed load, the immediate ends of exhaustive exercise and 12, 24 hour ends of exhaustive exercise, respectively. And the activity of malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total anti oxidation capacity (T-AOC) of the rat brain were measured., Results: At the five states, the content of MDA in M group was lower than that in N group in different degree, the activity of GSH-PX, GSH, SOD, T-AOC in M group were higher than those in N group in different degree., Conclusion: The "Compound extract of Chinese medicine" can reduce the MDA level of the rat brain and improve the enzyme activity of GSH-PX, GSH, SOD, T-AOC.

Objective: To assess and compare the in vitro anti-oxidative activities among Siwu Decoction Serial Recipes, their composed crude herbs, and main aromatic acids they contained., Methods: Their anti-oxidative activities (including Siwu Decoction and correlated recipes such as Taohong Siwu Decoction, Xiangfu Siwu Decoction, Shaofu Zhuyu Decoction, and Xiongqiong Decoction, 16 kinds of crude herbs, and main aromatic acids they contained) were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical clearance method., Results: The selected five decoctions showed obvious activities of scavenging free radicals. Siwu Decoction was better than other decoctions in scavenging free radicals and Xiongqiong Decoction was the least. Among the 16 kinds of crude herbs, red peony root, white peony root, safflower, ligustici chuanxiong, common aucklandia root showed the strongest activities, while peach seed showed the poorest activities. Among aromatic acids, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid showed obvious anti-oxidative activities in scavenging free radicals, showing obvious dose-effect correlation. p-hydroxybenzoic acid, benzoic acid, and cinnamic acid showed no activities on scavenging free radicals (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: Siwu Decoction and aromatic acids contained in correlated decoctions played significant roles in anti-oxidative activities.

Objective: To study the anti-fatigue mechanism of salidroside from Rhodiola SachalinensisA.Bor (SRS)in anti-oxidation and energy metabolic systems in mice , some related indexes of free radical and energy metabolism after exercise were measured., Methods: Forty male mice were divided into four groups (n = 10): SRS sport group(SS), SRS quiet group(SQ),sport control group(SC), quiet control group (QC). The mice of SS and SQ groups received SRS solution of 150 ml/kg body weight per day for two weeks, while the mice of SC and QC groups received the same volume of distilled water. 30 min after the last treatment, the mice of SS and SC groups were forced to swim for 120 min without loads. then the biochemical parameters related to fatigue were determined., Result: SRS could increase liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) , glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, which might increase the body activity of antioxidant enzymes to play the role of anti-oxidation; SRS had some effect of stabilizing blood sugar, increasing liver glycogen and muscle glycogen reserves, preventing blood sugar, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen levels from reducing in long time exercise on mice; SRS could increase plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in exercise mice, and it had some effect on metabolism of fat under different conditions, and promoted the use of the role of fat., Conclusion: Influence of SRS on some related indexes of free radical and energy metabolism is one of the mechanisms of anti-exercise-induced fatigue of SRS.

Objective: To explore the difference of biological activities between two Chinese Herbs polysaccharides., Methods: Extracted two kinds of Chinese Herbs Polysaccharides by hot water, and determined the content of Polysaccharides. Determined the antibacterial activity with turbidimetry. Explored antioxidant activity using an in vitro antioxidant analysis, probed into the effects on cell growth with MTT colorimetric analysis., Results: The two polysaccharides both showed activities on the antibacterial, anti-oxidation and promotion of cell growth but different in degree. The Radix Paeoniae Rubra polysaccharide was stronger than Rhizoma Chuanxiong in antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and weaker in promotion of cell growth activity., Conclusion: Activity differences exist between the two polysaccharides and the activities show some complementary effects. The differences provide important value in research on polysaccharide compound.

Objective: To observe the effects of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLJDT) on the metabolism of free radicals, the morphology and histopathology of hippocampal CA1 neurons in PS1/APP double transgenic mice of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and to study its possible mechanisms, thus providing experimental evidence for treating AD by HLJDT., Methods: The APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse model was used. Mice were randomly divided into five groups, i. e., the model control group, the positive control group (Aricept), high-, middle-, and low-dose HLJDT group (at the daily dose of 865 mg*kg(-1), 433 mg*kg(-1), and 216 mg*kg(-1), respectively). Corresponding medication was daily given by gastrogavage. Seven months later superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected at the ten-month old mice, thus observing the effects on the morphology of CA1 hippocampal neurons and the senile plaques (SP)., Results: HLJDT and Aricept could obviously increase the SOD contents and lower the MDA contents (P<0.05), attenuate the destroy of neurocytes and the formation of SP, effectively hinder the degeneration of hippocampal neurons. Better results were obtained in the middle-dose HLJDT group than in the positive control group (P<0.05)., Conclusion: The mechanism of HLJDT in treating AD might be possibly correlated with improving anti-oxygenation, protecting hippocampal neurocytes, and reducing the formation of SP.

Objective: To study the hepatotoxicity mechanism of rats that induced by Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma., Method: The SD rats were randomly divided into the control and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma (RRST) group, given distilled water and RRST 10 g x kg(-1) separately by orally for 7 days, and RRST 20 g x kg(-1) for other days until the 26th day. Blood was drawn from abdominal aorta after the rats were anesthetized by 25% urethane, and then centrifugally processed to get the serum for detection of ALT and AST. The liver tissues of control and experimental group were taken to prepare liver homogenate with cold NS, and centrifugally processed to get the supernatant. The activities of SOD and GSH, the content of gamma-GT and MDA were detected according to the methods of kit. The tumor necosis factor(TNF-alpha) was detected by ABC-ELISA. The expression of ICAM-1 was detected by immunohistochemistry., Result: After the rats were given RRST by oral for 26 days, the ALT and AST activities in serum increased, the content of GSH and the ratio of SOD and MDA decreased, the content of gamma-GT and TNF-alpha, the masculine expression of ICAM-1 increased., Conclusion: After the rats were given RRST, the liver can be damaged obviously, and the mechanism of hepatotoxicity perhaps related to free radical and inflammatory factor.

64 eight-week-old female rats were randomly divided into to 8 groups with four in medical treatment group and four in control group. The treatment groups were trained by progressive intensifying endurance swimming, and the medical-taken groups were fed with lycium for 5 weeks, and then the changes of the liver cellular free radical metabolism and ultrastructure were investigated. The effects of lycium and endurance training on liver cellular ultrastructure and free radical metabolism in rats were then explored. The results showed that exhaustive swimming time of rats could be extended by endurance training, and that exhaustive swimming time of rats could significantly be prolonged after taking lycium, and the ultrastructure of liver cell with taking lycium was more complete than that without taking lyceum. Lycium could cause significant increase of the activity of liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the ratio of SOD/MDA, and meanwhile cause decrease of the content of liver MDA. Conclusions can be drawn that lycium and endurance training can improve exercise capacity of rats, and lycium has certain protecting functions of the liver.

Objective: The study was to provided the reference for further development and utilization of Ligularia hodgsonii., Methods: The crude polysaccharide LW was extracted from Lugularia hodgsonii with hot water, and prectated by ethanol. The crude polysaccharide has been fractionted and purified, so LW21 was got. Its homogeneity was confirmed by chromatography on Sepharose CL-4B, paper chromatography and cellulous actate electrophoresis. The scavenging effets of the polysacehardes on * OH and O2-* were determined by fluorescence method., Results: Antioxidative experiment shows that LW and LW21 were effective in scavenging superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical. The scavenging capacity for superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical of LW21 had higher than that of LW., Conclusion: The polysaceharide from Ligularia hodgsonii had stronger antioxidant actioxdant activities, and their antioxidant activities had certain dose-relationship.

The methanol poisoning by oral intake or skin contact occurs occasionally, which may have serious consequences including blindness and/or death. Methanol and its metabolites, formaldehyde and formic acid, are associated with metabolic acidosis, visual dysfunction and neurological symptoms. At present, the mechanism of methanol poisoning primarily focuses on the cell hypoxia, the alteration of structure and biological activity induced by free radical and lactic acid. Meanwhile, methanol poisoning causes changes in the balance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant capacity and in the proteases-protease inhibitors system, which lead to a series of disturbances.

Objective: To explore the effects of hippophae juice on free radical metabolism of rat skeletal muscle and partial biomarkers in blood., Methods: Randomly dividing the 30 SD rats into 3 groups (n = 10): sedentary group, training group and hippophae training group. Measuring related indices of skeletal muscle and blood in rat after 6 week training and hippophae juice supplement., Results: Compared with training group, hippophae training group showed obviously longer exhaustive time, significantly increased antioxidant enzyme in skeletal muscle, remarkably decreased malonaldehyde (MDA) content in skeletal muscle, obviously increased testosterone (T) and hemoglobin (Hb) content in blood, significantly decreased creatine kinase (CK)., Conclusion: Hippophae juice can impove the antioxidant ability of rat skeletal muscle, the level of T and Hb in blood, delay fatigue, therefore effectively enhance the aerobic stamina of rat.

In the present paper, the authors review progresses of researches on the protective effect of acupuncture in resisting acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients and animals from (1) resisting injury of oxygen-derived free radicals, (2) reducing intracellular Ca2+ overload, (3) relieving dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells of the myocardium, (4) regulating immune functional activity and reducing inflammatory injury, (5) reducing cardiocyte apoptosis, (6) upregulating the expression of heat shock protein (HSP 70) in the myocardium, and (7) regulating activities of multiple cardiovascular protection factors and intracellular signaling pathways. The abovementioned results are mainly obtained from experimental animal studies. For this reason, the authors hold that the coming researches on acupuncture therapy for cardiovascular disorders should pay more attention to its clinical application, for example, controlled blood-pressure decline induced lower perfusion of the coronary artery, cardiac surgery (percutaneous tranluminal coronary angioplasty, intracardiac operation underdirect vision) etc.

Objective: To observe the changes of free radicals in rats after ovariectomy and the intervention effect of fetal renal cell suspension (FRCS) on them., Methods: Totally 48 Sprague-Dawley rats, eight in the normal control group were sham-operated and treated with saline; the other 40 were ovariectomized and randomly divided into four groups: the model control group (A) administered with normal saline, the positive control group (B) administered with nilestriol, the two testing groups (C and D) administered respectively with living and dead FRCS. The administration was beginning from 12 weeks after operation and lasted for four weeks. Levels of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric monoxide synthase (NOS) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) contents were measured at the terminal of the study., Results: Compared with the sham-operated group, levels of SOD, NOS and NO in Group A were significantly lower, while level of MDA was significantly higher (P < 0.01). Compared with Group A, all above-mentioned abnormalities of indices were inversely changed in the three intervened groups significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but showed insignificant difference in the paired comparisons of the three groups (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: High free radical condition is surely present in ovariectomized rats, FRCS can lessen the injury of free radicals and enhance the oxidation antagonizing capacity of the organism.

Objective: To compare the effect and safety evaluation of catgut implantation at acupoint and drugs for levels of bone metabolism and free radicals in postmenopausal women., Methods: Sixty-five postmenopausal women were randomly divided into an acupoint catgut implantation group (33 cases) and a medication group (32 cases). Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Shenshu (BL 23) and Guanyuan (CV 4) were used as main points combined with adjunct points according to syndrome differentiation in the acupoint catgut implantation group, once two weeks. The medication group was treated with oral administration of 2 pills of Fu fuchun capsule, once a day. Three months constitute one course in the both groups. The scores of the symptoms and signs were evaluated, and elbow vein blood was drawn to detect the correlative index on the beginning and the ending day of the treatment respectively. The safety of catgut implantation at acupoint was evaluated after one course of treatment. Besides, the sex hormone test in ovulatory period was detected in twenty-eight normal women in reproductive age with regular menstrual cycle., Results: 1) The total effective rate of the acupoint catgut implantation group was 93.9% (31/33), and that of the medication group was 96.9% (31/32), there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The contents of bone gla protein (BGP), calcitonin (CT), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in the both groups had significant differences after treatment (P<0.05, P<0.01); 2) The content of estradiol (E2) in serum in the both groups was decreased more obviously than those of normal women in reproductive age (both P<0.001). The content of E2 in the both groups was obviously increased after treatment (P<0.05, P<0.01), this function in the acupoint catgut implantation group was weaker than that of the medication group (P<0.05), while the incidence rate of adverse effect in the acupoint catgut implantation group was lower than that of the medication group (P<0.05); 3) There were significant differences of the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) before and after treatment in the acupoint catgut implantation group, the level of SOD was obviously increased after treatment (P<0.01), while the level of MDA decreased obviously (P<0.001)., Conclusion: Catgut implantation at acupoint can improve the low level of estrogen of postmenopausal women, with good safety. It can regulate the levels of bone metabolism and free radicals of postmenopausal women, so it is very meaningful to prevent and treat postmenopausal degenerative diseases including the osteoporosis and to delay the process of apolexis.

Objective: To investigate the effects of total flavonoids of Chrysanthemum indicum (TFC) on metabolism of free radical and immunoregulatory effects in adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats., Method: AA rats were induced by Freunds complete adjuvant. Secondary paw swelling of AA rats was measured with volume meter to observe the antirheumatic effect of TFC. The levels of SOD, MDA and NO in serum and supernatant of peritoneal macrophage were measured by commercial assay kits. ConA-induced splenocyte proliferation and IL-2 level produced by splenocyte were detected by MTT method., Result: TFC could decrease the levels of MDA and NO, as well as increase the activity of SOD in serum and supernatant of peritoneal macrophage compared with AA model group. Meanwhile, the suppressed lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production of splenic lymphocytes in AA rats were reversed by treatment with TFC., Conclusion: TFC showed significant therapeutical effect on adjuvant arthritis and its mechanism was at least in part related to the antioxidant and immunoregulatory effects.

Objective: To explore the protective effect of esomeprazole upon stress-related intestinal mucosal damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats., Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: groups A and B served as TBI models and group C was designated as a normal control (shame operation). In group B rats were treated subcutaneously with esomeprazole prior to TBI while groups A and C rats were treated with an equivalent amount of normal saline. During the observation period, the morphological changes of brain tissue and intestinal mucosa were observed. And the intestinal mucosal permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity were assessed. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and hydroxyl radical (OH(*)) were measured., Results: (1) During the observation period of TBI, the intestinal mucosal was damaged, but there was improvement in group PPI. (2) FITC-dextran leakage increased after TBI and peaked at 24 h (P < 0.01); its level of (3720 +/- 401) ng/ml in group PPI was lower than that in group TBI (5230 +/- 489) ng/ml (P < 0.05). (3) The DAO activity in mucosa decreased and the decline was the greatest at 24 h (P < 0.05), its level of (0.44 +/- 0.11) ng/ml in group PPI at 24 h was higher than that in group TBI (0.31 +/- 0.07) ng/ml (P < 0.05); while the DAO activity in serum increased significantly. (4) The activity of SOD and the level of GSH in intestinal mucosal started to decrease at 3 h and the decline was the greatest at 24 h (P < 0.05), their levels were (10.2 +/- 2.8) U/mgprot and (140 +/- 46) mg/gprot respectively in group TBI, a remarkable drop in comparison with those of PPI group (13.0 +/- 2.4) U/mgprot and (208 +/- 48) U/gprot (P < 0.05). (5) The levels of OH(.), MDA and MPO in intestinal mucosal increased and peaked at 24 h (P < 0.05), the respective levels in group PPI (108 +/- 8), (6.2 +/- 0.6) and (1.53 +/- 0.52) U/mgprot and those in the TBI group (150 +/- 8), (7.7 +/- 0.9), (1.93 +/- 0.53) U/mgprot, demonstrated that there was a remarkable rise (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Traumatic brain injury may lead to stress-related intestinal mucosal damage. Oxygen free radicals play an important role in intestinal mucosal barrier damage. Esomeprazole attenuates the damage of intestinal mucosal barrier by antioxidant effect and inhibiting the activity of neutrophil.

Objective: To explore the effect of deltamethrin (DM) on production of free radical and transcription factor Nrf2 in rats' brain tissue., Methods: 8 male rats were randomly assigned to four groups and administered with 1% W/W tertiary butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) or olive oil for 3 days, prior to exposure to DM and then with 12.50 mg or 0mg DM/Kg BW for 5 days. The level of free radical in rats' hippocampus tissue was detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. 18 male rats were randomly assigned to three groups and administered with i.p. (daily dose was respectively 0, 3.13, 12.50 mg/kg DM) for five days. After treatment, Nrf2 protein levels in the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of both cerebral cortex and hippocampus tissue were measured by western blot., Results: The level of free radical in hippocampus tissue of rats administered by DM and pretreatment with tBHQ prior to DM were increased to a 2.45-fold and 2.97-fold of values of control group, respectively (P < 0.05). Nrf2 protein levels in the cytoplasmic fractions of cerebral cortex of both low and high dose group were significantly increased, 1.68- fold and 1.34- fold of values of control group, respectively. Nrf2 protein levels in the nuclear fractions of cerebral cortex of both low and high dose group were increased in a dose- dependent model, 1.51-fold and 2.29-fold of values of control group, respectively (P < 0.01). Nrf2 protein levels in the cytoplasmic fractions of hippocampus tissue of both low and high dose group were increased in a dose- dependent model, 2.26-fold and 3.58-fold of values of control group, respectively. Nrf2 protein levels in the nuclear fractions of hippocampus tissue of both low and high dose group were increased, 2.42-fold and 2.45-fold of values of control group, respectively (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The studies in vivo demonstrate that DM treatment could induce free radical production and expression of Nrf2 protein in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus tissue and activate Nrf2.

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of electro-acupuncturing (EA) at Zusanli point on sepsis induced ischemic and oxygen free radical intestinal injury in rats with sepsis., Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were used to reproduce sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and they were randomly divided into four groups (each n=8): CLP+EA (CLP/EA), CLP+sham EA (CLP/SEA), vagotomy+CLP+SEA (VA/CLP/SEA) and vagotomy+CLP+EA (VA/CLP/EA). Zusanli point was electro-acupunctured with constant voltage (2-100 Hz,2 mA for 30 minutes) immediately after CLP surgery. Abdominal vagotomy was performed in rats in VA/CL/SEA and VA/CLP/SEA groups. Six hours after CLP, the mucosal blood flow of jejunum (JMBF) was measured. Animals were sacrificed after 6 hours and specimens of jejunum were harvested for evaluation of malondialdehyde (MDA), xanthine oxidase (XOD), diamine oxidase (DAO) and assessment of the water content (WCR)., Results: JMBF and the activity of DAO of CLP/EA group were markedly higher, and the levels of XOD, MDA and WCR in jejunal tissue were obviously lower than those of CLP/SEA group (all P<0.05). The levels of JMBF and DAO of the VA/CLP/SEA group and VA/CLP/EA group were significantly lower, and XOD, MDA and WCR obviously higher than those of the CLP/EA group ( all P<0.05 ). There were no statistically differences in all above measurements between the VA/CLP/EA group and the VA/CLP/SEA group (all P>0.05)., Conclusion: The results indicate that EA at Zusanli point obviously increased JMBF and DAO, and alleviated tissue edema and insult of intestinal mucosa. Vagotomy could weaken or eliminate the effects of EA. It is suggested that cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is one of the main mechanisms of intestinal protective effect of EA at Zusanli point.

Objective: The effects of exogenous Zn addition on cell protective enzyme activities in the fruit bodies of Lentinus giganteus were studied., Methods: ZnSO4 was used as exogenous Zn and added into culture medium. The final Zn concentrations in culture media were 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg/kg respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), malondialchehyche (MDA) content and soluble protein content in the fruit bodies were analyzed by spectrophotometry; catalase (CAT) was determined by potassium permanganate titration., Results: The content of soluble protein and SOD, POD and CAT activities in the fruit bodies of L. giganteus were significantly increased (P < 0.01), but PPO activity (P < 0.01) and MDA content (P < 0.05) was significantly decreased in the treatment of 30 mg/kg Zn concentration. The content of soluble protein and SOD, POD and CAT activities showed a decreasing trend with the increase of Zn concentration, but MDA content was significantly increased (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05)., Conclusion: High Zn concentration caused the increase of MDA contents and the decrease of SOD, POD and CAT activities in the fruit body of L. giganteus. It will destroy the protective enzyme system, cause the accumulation of free radicals and thus intensify membrane lipid peroxidation. Appropriate Zn concentration improved the protective enzyme activities, and lightened the harm of membrane from lipid peroxidation.

Objective: To observe the effect of lymph collected during shock on free radical and expressions of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA of pulmonary micro-vascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) of rats in order to explore the mechanisms of damaging effect of lymph collected during shock to the PMVECs., Methods: PMVECs were isolated and cultured, and used at passage 3. The model of serious hemorrhagic shock was reproduced by maintaining the arterial blood pressure of rats at 40 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) for 90 minutes by exsanguination under aseptic condition. Mesentery lymph and portal vein blood were obtained from both shock rats and normal rats. PMVECs were respectively incubated in them for 6 hours, and at the same time, fetal bovine serum (FBS) and serum-free DMEM were used as culture media for comparison. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA were detected by the method of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), NO, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in culture supernatants were determined., Results: After the PMVECs was treated by shock lymph at a final concentration of 4% for 6 hours, the expressions of iNOS, TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA in PMVECs and the contents of MDA, NO, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in culture supernatant fluids in shock lymph group were significantly increased compared with those of FBS group, normal lymph group, shock plasma group, normal plasma group and DMEM group. At the same time, the expressions of iNOS, TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA in PMVECs and the contents of NO in culture supernatant fluid of shock plasma group were significantly increased compared with those of FBS group, normal lymph group, normal plasma group and DMEM group (P<0.05 or P<0.01)., Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the shock lymph in final concentration of 4% could enhance the expressions of iNOS, TNF-alpha and IL-6 of PMVECs, reduce the free radical, and as a result, induce damage to PMVECs.

Objective: To investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of five diarylheptanoids (1-5) isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale., Method: Various models such as scavenging superoxide anions and 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, as well as protecting of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were employed to assay the antioxidative effects of the diarylheptanoids. The cytotoxicities of compounds 1-5 were measured with MTT assays., Result: The test compounds (1-5) showed promising DPPH inhibitory activities, and compound 5 exhibited the strongest DPPH scavenging activity with an IC50 value of (22.6+/-2.4) micromol x L(-1). Compounds 1, 3 and 4 showed potential anti-peroxidative effects with inhibitory rates of (66.3+/-15.4)%, (68.7+/-15.8)% and (72.2+/-10.6)%, respectively, at 100 microg x mL(-1). It could be observed that compounds 1, 3 and 4 demonstrated significant neuroprotective activities in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, compound 3 exhibited certain cytotoxicities against human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells (K562) and its adriamycin-resistant cells (K562/ADR) with IC50 values of (34.9+/-0.6), (50.6+/-23.5) micromol x L(-1), respectively., Conclusion: In vitro results demonstrated that five diarylheptanoids (1-5) isolated from the roots of Z. officinale were capable of scavenging radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and protecting PC12 cells against the insult by H2O2. Additionally, compound 3 could inhibit the growth of K562 and K562/ADR cells.

Objective: To study the inhibitive effect of extracts from Scindapsus aureus on alpha-glucosidase and its antioxidant activity., Methods: The 70% ethanol extracts was extracted by petroleum, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, and the inhibitory activity against alpha-glucosidases and antioxidative effects of each fraction were determined in vitro, and the inhibitory kinetics of ethyl acetate fraction was investigated., Results: The inhibitory activity of ethly acetate fraction against alpha-glucosidase was higher as its IC50 was 43.63 microg/mL. The inhibition kinetics analyzed by Hnewaver-Burk plots showed that ethyl acetate fraction was a competitive type inhibitor, and the inhibition constants for free ennzyme (Ki) was determined to be 21.49 microg/mL. The antioxidative effects of ethly acetate and n-butanol fractions exhibited stronger than that of other fractions, the scavenging ability on DPPH at the concentration of 0.42 mg/mL were 88.5% and 93.6%. Ethly acetate fraction showed scavenging ability on autioxidantor, and the IC50 values was 0.27 mg/mL., Conclusion: Ethyld acetate fraction of extract from Scindapsus aureus has potential inhibitroy activity against alpha-glucosidase and antioxidant effects, and n-butanol fraction has great antioxidative effects.

Objective: Low temperature oxygen plasma was used to sterilize the Pseudomonas aeruginosa samples on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets in a self-designed reactor that included the discharge area, afterglow area and remote area., Methods: Before and after plasma treatment, the cell morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cell wall or cell membrane cracking was testified to determine the content of protein by using coomassie light blue technique. Besides, double Langmuir probe and electron spin resonance spectroscopy were used to determine the temperature of electrons (ions) and the concentration of free radicals, respectively., Results: Under the treatment time of 30 s,the germicidal effects were 4.2, 3.8 and 2.6 respectively in the three areas. SEM observations showed that the plasma activity cracks the cell wall and cell membrane, resulting in cellular content leakage. In addition,the results from electron spin resonance spectroscopy and double Langmuir electron probe showed that electrons, ions and oxygen free radicals played important roles in sterilization in the discharge area, but only oxygen free radicals acted to sterilize the bacteria in the afterglow area and the remote area., Conclusion: The active species can be separated effectively in this reaction equipment, and we further elucidated the mechanisms of plasma sterilization in the remote plasma field.

Objective: To study the preliminary antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of polysaccharide extracted from Lycoris aurea., Methods: The scavenging activities of the polysaccharide in vitro on superoxide radical (O2-*), hydroxyl radical (*OH), alkyl radical (R*) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were investigated by modified chemical systems. Meanwhile, the antimicrobial activities were tested using paper-discagar diffusion method., Results: In general, the antioxidant activities of the polysaccharide were lower compared with Vc. However, the scavenging effects to *OH and H2O2 were parallel to Vc. Meanwhile, polysaccharide from Lycoris aurea had strong antimicrobial activities against Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus pumilus and Staphylococcus aureus., Conclusion: The polysaccharide extracted from L. aurea can scavenge *OH and H2O2 effectively and inhibit Gram-positive bacterias.

Objective: To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen(HBO)therapy on mitochondrial free radicals after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats., Methods: The male SD rats were randomly assigned into two groups, control and HBO groups. All animals were subjected to 90 min intra-luminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with the regional cerebral blood flow monitored in vivo by laser Doppler flowmetry. HBO treatment was performed in a pressure chamber with 100% O(2)(3 ATM 1 h) 3 h after ischemia. Twenty-four hours after ischemia, mitochondria in the ischemic core and penumbra were isolated and the contents of H(2)O(2), O(2)(*-), MDA, SOD, GSH-PX and GSH in mitochondria were measured respectively., Result: After cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, contents of mitochondrial H(2)O(2), O(2)(*-), MDA increased, while the SOD, GSH-PX and GSH in the mitochondria decreased significantly both in the ischemic core and the ischemic penumbra, compared with those in the normal controls(P<0.05). In the ischemic penumbra, HBO therapy increased significantly the content of O(2)(*-)(P<0.05), enhanced the activity of SOD, and decreased the level of MDA (P<0.05). However, HBO therapy did not change the level of MDA, though it also increased the content of O(2)(*-) and the activity of SOD in the ischemic core. HBO therapy had no significant effect on the contents of H(2)O(2), GSH-PX and GSH in the ischemic mitochondria., Conclusion: HBO therapy initiated early after acute transient cerebral ischemia in rats can increase the mitochondrial free radicals level, but also increase the activity of the anti-radical enzymes. HBO treatment inhibits the lipid peroxidation damage of mitochondria in the ischemic penumbra, but not in the ischemic core, which indicates that the mitochondrial function plays a role in the reaction of the free radical in the ischemic area after HBO therapy.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from Polygonum capitatum and their antioxidation activties in vitro., Methods: Compounds were isolated and purified by silica, polyamide and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Their structures were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral analyses. The isolated compounds were screened with three antioxidation models in vitro., Results: Ten compounds were isolated and identified as galic acid (1), protocatechuic acid (2), progallin A (3), nimbecetin (4), quercetin (5), quercitroside (6), tetracosylferulate (7), quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside (8), beta-deucosterol and beta-sitosterol (10). Compounds 1-6 from this plant showed antioxidation activities., Conclusion: Compound 3 and 7 are isolated from this genus for the first time, compound 2, 4 and 9 are isolated from this plant for the first time, the pharmacological activities of the pure compounds from this plant are also reported firstly.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents with antioxidant activity from mulberry leaf., Methods: Siliga gel column chromatography was used to isolate, and their structures were identified by spectras., Methods: Isolated constituents were tested in vitro for antioxidant activity against 1, 1-diphenyl -2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2' -azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) radicals., Results: Four known flavonoids were isolated from mulberry leaf and their structures were identified as kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (I), quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (II), quercitrin (III), morin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (IV). All these compounds showed DPPH and ABTS+ radicals scavenging activity., Conclusion: Compound IV has the strongest ABTS+ radicals scavenging effects.

Objective: To observe the protective effects of catechin morphon (GCG and EGCG) on hypoxia-reoxygenation induced injury in myocardial cells and to explore the mechanisms., Method: In cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, we investigated the preconditioning protection by GCG and EGCG on the spontaneous beating, the survival rate, the release of LDH, MDA, SOD, GSH-Px and the ATP enzyme activity of cardiomyocyte cellular membrane in cultured rat cardiomyocytes treated during the reoxygenation 1h following hypoxia 3 h. The blocking agent of protien kinase C staurosporine (10 nmol x L(-1)) or the deactivator of Gi/o protein pertussis toxin (PTX, 200 microg x mL(-1)) were added before the catechin treatment., Results: Preconditioning by GCG and EGCG increased the spontaneous beating and the survival rate, and decreased the release of LDH and MDA with the rise of SOD and ATP enzyme activity. Inhibition of PKC by staurosporine and Gi/o protein by PTX abolished the protection by catechin with the reduction of the beating, survival rate and activity of SOD, and the increase of the release of LDH and MDA. The results indicated that the activation of signal transduction pathway from PKC and Gi/o protein seemed to be involved in the cardioprotection of preconditioning by GCG and EGCG., Conclusion: The protection by GCG and EGCG on hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes is found, which is related with scavenging of free radicals, and PKC Gi/o signal transduction pathway.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of octacostyl alcohol preparation on the motor function, blood free radical metabolism and cardiac endocrine function of rats., Methods: A rat model of exercise fatigue was used for this study. The rats were made to perform continuous exhaustive exercise, and the total exercise time of the rats till exhaustion was recorded followed by examination of the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonaldehyde (MDA), plasma endothelin (ET), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)., Results: Compared with rats without interventions for exercise fatigue, the rats receiving octacostyl alcohol preparation had significant prolonged exercise time till exhaustion (P<0.05), with also significantly enhanced serum SOD activity (P<0.05), significantly decreased MDA level and plasma ET (P<0.05) and increased CGRP and ANP levels (P<0.05). Octacostyl alcohol preparation produced more favorable effect on all the indices measured than pyruvic acid-creatine (P<0.05)., Conclusion: The octacostyl alcohol preparation can promote the motor function, increases blood antioxidase activity, suppressed lipid peroxidation in rats engaged in exhaustive exercise. The preparation also produces favorable effect on cardiac endocrine function for heart protection during exercise.

Objective: To study the effects of Astragaloside (AST) and Astragalus Saponin I (ASI) on metabolism of free radical and immune function in senescent rats treated by HC., Method: Hydrocorisone (HC) was used to estabilsh the aging model in rats. The content of molondialdehyde (MDA), glutathoine (GSH) and oxidized glutathoine (GSSG) in liver and brain was detected according to kit. The activity of Mn superoride dismulase (Mn-SOD) and catalase (CAT) was also surveyed by kit. Concanavalin (ConA) was used to detect the proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production of splenocytes., Result: Compared with HC control, AST and ASI could decrease the content of MDA, GSH and GSSG in liver and brain, increase the activity of Mn-SOD and CAT, and promote the proliferation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) activity of splenocytes., Conclusion: AST and ASI could delay the aging effect in rats treated by HC, and its mechanism maybe the antioxidant and regulating immunity.

Aim: To observe the effect of mesenteric lymph duct ligation on free radical and inflammatory mediator of myocardium with severe hemorrhagic shock in rats at different period, and explore the effect of intestinal lymphatic pathway on myocardium injury pathogenesis in shock rats., Methods: 78 male Wistar rats were divided into the sham group, shock group and ligation group. The model of serious hemorrhagic shock was established in shock group, ligation group, and mesenteric lymph was blocked by ligating mesenteric lymph duct in ligation group after resuscitate. All rats were executed and taken out heart making for homogenate of 10 percent to determine the MDA, SOD, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), myeloperoxidase (MPO), NO and NOS at after shock 90 min, after transfusion and resuscitate 0 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h etc. different times, and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in myocardium was detected by RT-PCR., Results: The contents of MDA, TNFalpha, IL-6, MPO, NO, NOS and iNOS expression in myocardium of shock group were rising after transfusion and resuscitate, and that was higher level at 3 h to 12 h, and that was significantly higher than sham group, the activity of SOD was significantly lower than sham group. The contents of MDA, TNFalpha, IL-6, MPO, NO, NOS and iNOS expression in myocardium of ligation group were significantly lower than that of shock group at sameness points, and the SOD activity was higher., Conclusion: The mesenteric lymph duct ligation and blocking mesenteric lymph could reduce the PMN detaining, decrease the discharging of TNFa and IL-6, reduce the NO and expression of iNOS mRNA, and reduce the releasing of free radical and consuming of SOD.

Taking 200 healthy broilers at 14 d of age as test materials, the free radicals in their blood and tissues were detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) and biochemical methods, aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin E (V(E)) and selenium (Se) on the metabolism of different free radicals and their dynamic changes in the broilers. The results showed that the content of NO free radicals in broilers tissues decreased with increasing supplementing level of V(E), while high supplementation of Se tended to induce the production of NO free radicals. High supplementation of V(E) and Se in feeds improved the GSH-Px and SOD activities in broilers serum and liver significantly. With the extension of experimental period, the SOD activity in tissues decreased, while GSH-PX activity increased gradually, implying that the deficiency of V(E) and/or Se might induce the overproduction of O2*- and H2O2 free radicals. H2O2 free radicals might be produced largely at early stage of V(E) and Se deficiency and declined then, while the over-production of O2*- free radicals could maintain for a long time. The deficiency of V(E) and/or Se could improve the MDA content significantly, and Se deficiency had higher effects than V(E) deficiency. There were synergic effects in the metabolism of NO, O2 and H2O2 free radicals.

Objective: To investigate the anti-aging effect of aqueous extract of Hedysarum austrosibiricum cultivated in Xin-jiang., Method: Subacute aging model in mice was established by D-galactose (D-gal) and activities of SOD and GSH-PX, contents of MDA in brain and liver tissues, activities of MAO in brain tissue and immune indexes were determined., Result: Aqueous extract of H. austrosibiricum Xinjiang markedly increased the activities of SOD and GSH-PX, significantly decreased contents of MDA in brain and liver tissues. MAO activities in brain tissue were also decreased. It also elevated the spleen and thymus indexes., Conclusion: Aqueous extract of H. austrosibiricum might have anti-aging effect, which is implemented by eliminating oxyen free radicals, rising activities

Objective: To observe the effect of traditional Chinese herbs Fuzheng Yiliu Granule (FYG)-contained serum from tumor bearing mice on apoptotic rate, free radicals content and mitochondrial membrane potential of hepatoma cell lines H22 in vitro., Methods: The effect of FYG drug-serum on apoptosis of hepatoma cell line H22 was determined using flow cytometry. The changes of DNA RNA, free radicals and mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi m) in H22 cell were detected through laser scanning confocal microscope., Results: FYG-contained serum can induce the apoptosis of H22 cell, enhance the free radicals content, and reduce the content of DNA RNA and delta psi m of H22 cell in vitro., Conclusion: The apoptosis of hepatoma cell line H22 induced by FYG is probably correlated to the change of free radicals content and delta psi m.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Suanzao nacute hepatic failure in mice., Method: Acute liver failure was induced in male Kunming strain mice by enterocoelia injecting the animals with D-Gal-N and LPS. The mice in treatment groups were given corresponding drug 2 h before administration of D-Ga1-N and LPS, and the mice in control group were given the same dose of distilled water. The 24 h survival rate, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were compared. Serum the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1 and the levels of SOD, MDA, GR, GSH, NO and NOS in the liver were determined., Result: Treatment with suanzaoren decoction could increase the survival rate and improve the liver histological feather. Suanzaoren decoction inhibited the serum the levels of ALT, AST, TNF-alpha and IL-1, and reduced the levels of MDA, NO and NOS and increased the levels of GR and SOD in the liver., Conclusion: Treatment with Suanzaoren decoction can suppress the D-Gal-N/LPS-induced acute hepatic failure. It may be the mechanism that Suanzaoren decocotion regulate the production of inflammatory cytokines and free radicals.

Objective: To evaluate the antagonism effects of green tea (GT) against microcystin LR (MC-LR) induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in mice., Methods: All 40 male mice were randomly divided into four groups. Mice in group III and IV were pretreated with green tea for free drink at doses of 2 g/L and 12 g/L prior to MC-LR intoxication, for consecutively 18 days. The toxin treatment mice were administered continually intraperitoneal injections of MC-LR at a dose of 10 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1) bw from day 6th till sacrifice, continually 13 days. Mice were sacrificed and immediately subjected to necropsy, and the body weight, relative organ weight, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD and GSH), lipid peroxidation products (MDA) and histopathology were systematically evaluated., Results: MC-LR exposure led to increase the oxidative stress and organ injury was significantly observed through biochemical parameters and microscopic evaluation. However, high dose of GT pretreatment caused a significant elevation in serum GSH and SOD levels, and a decrease of serum MDA level as compared with MC-LR control. The mean values of GSH and SOD activities were separately 467.29 mg/L and 139.22 U/ml in group IV. Subsequently, GT pretreatment obviously diminished the serum ALT, AST and Cr activities. Those pathological damages in liver and kidney, were to a certain extent, lessened in GT pretreatment mice in correlation with the biochemical parameters., Conclusion: GT might elevate antioxidant defense system, clean up free radicals, lessen oxidative damages and protect liver and kidney against MC-LR induced toxicity.

Sprague-Dawley rats were reared by environmental mercury contaminated rice to survey the potential health risk of Wanshan mercury mining area. Electron spin resonance (ESR) was introduced to detect the species and the intensities of free radicals, using spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). The results showed that the mercury-contaminated rice significantly increased the levels of free radicals and MDA in rat brain at 7 days (p < 0.05). ESR spectrums showed that the principal spin adducts resulted from the trapping of alkyl free radical (alphaH = 22.7 x 10(-4)T +/- 1.6 x 10(-4)T, alphaN = 15.5 x 10(-4)T +/- 0.5 x 10(-4)T), and hydroxyl radical. Levels of free radicals and MDA increased slowly until after 90-day exposure period (83%, 100%). Element correlation analysis showed high correlations of mercury and selenium in the brain of rat fed with Wanshan rice, suggesting that the coexisting selenium in rice exhibited antagonistic effects on both mercury accumulation and toxicity. The slight increases of free radicals in rat brain at 7, 20 and 30-day exposure periods should be related with the scavenger effect of Se.