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This article summarized the practice of nursing ward rounds in a patient with cancer-related pain treated with holographic scraping combined with five-tone therapy. According to the eight principles of syndrome differentiation, Traditional Chinese Medicine nursing techniques including holographic scraping and five-tone therapy were carried out to relieve the cancer-related pain and anxiety. The patient was given psychological and palliative care to improve the quality of life during the treatment. (本文总结1例癌性疼痛患者的护理查房体会, 探讨全息刮痧结合五音疗法治疗的护理效果。根据患者的八纲辨证, 运用中医辨证施护, 采用全息刮痧联合五音疗法技术, 结合心理护理、安宁疗护等护理措施, 有效改善患者疼痛症状, 减轻患者焦虑, 对改善患者生活质量具有重要意义。)

AIM: This study explores how the combination of rapamycin (Rapa) and flagellin (FliC) affects the inhibition of 4T1 breast cancer cells. The approach involves using mRNA high-throughput sequencing to examine the underlying mechanisms of this combination therapy in vitro. METHODS: 4T1 breast cancer cells were divided into four groups: control group, Rapa group, FliC group, and Rapa+FliC group. The changes in cell viability and apoptosis were detected by the CCK-8 method and flow cytometry. Concurrently, the KEGG pathway of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was analyzed by high-throughput mRNA sequencing. Furthermore, the DEGs between the Rapa+FliC group and Rapa groups were analyzed using STRING. The PPI network of DEGs was then constructed, and the Hub genes were subsequently screened. The protein expression of the Hub gene was verified based on the HPA database. RESULTS: CCK-8 assays and flow cytometry analysis revealed that the combination of Rapa and FliC significantly increased both the inhibition and apoptosis rates in 4T1 breast cancer cells compared to the rates observed with Rapa or FliC alone (P<0. 05). Transcriptome sequencing indicated 579 DEGs between the Rapa group and the control group, predominantly in the PI3K/ Akt signaling pathway. In contrast, DEGs between the FliC group and control were mainly concentrated in signaling pathways like NOD-like receptor signaling. Additionally, 150 DEGs were identified between the Rapa+FliC group and the Rapa group, focusing primarily on pathways such as mTOR. From the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, ten hub genes, including Atm and Itga2, were identified. CONCLUSION: The combination of Rapa+FliC could inhibit the viability of 4T1 breast cancer cells in vitro and promote apoptosis, potentially through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The genes Atm and Itga2 could be pivotal in mediating the joint effect of this combination therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jiangxi Province is one oi the first ecological civilization demonstration provinces in China. Understanding the impacts oi meteorological conditions on ecosystem regulatory services is beneficial for conducting ecological protection and restoration work. Based on MODIS data, net primary productivity data, and monthly meteorological data from 2000 to 2022, we used models such as water balance equation and soil loss equation to measure the four regulatory service functions oi ecosystem in Jiangxi Province, including carbon sequestration, oxygen release, water conservation and soil conservation. We used trend analysis and partial correlation analysis methods to analyze the spatio-temporal patterns and meteorological influencing factors oi those four regulation service functions. The results showed that from 2000 to 2022, the annual average values of carbon sequestration and oxygen release in Jiangxi Province were 178.8 and 130.0 g •m 2, respectively, with annual increases of 0.4 and 0.3 g^m 2. The spatial distribution of both services was consistent, and the average annual carbon sequestration and oxygen release showed an upward trend in 77.3% regions of Jiangxi Province. The average water conservation and soil retention in Jiangxi Province were 591.8 mm and 723.8 t • hm 2, respectively, with similar spatial distributions. The annual increases were 5.6 mm and 3.7 t • hm 2. The soil conservation and water conservation functions of 73.3% and 69.3% regions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the diurnal variation of the correlations between the cooling and humidifying effects and canopy structural characteristics of the Koelreuteria paniculata community, the measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, canopy density, leaf area index (LAI) and mean leaf angle (MLA) were performed on calm sunny summer days in the community in Beijing Olympic Forest Park, China. There were significant correlations between the canopy density, LAI and MLA, which affected the cooling and humidifying effects together. The cooling effect reached its maximum by 12:00, whereas the humidifying effect reached its peak at 10:00. Compared with the control open space site, the community appeared to lower the air temperature by 0.43 to 7.53 °C and to increase the relative humidity by 1%-22% during the daytime. However, the cooling and humidifying effects seem to be not effective during the night. The canopy density and LAI were better for determining the cooling and humidifying effects from 9:00 to 12:00. However, these effects were largely controlled only by the canopy density from 12:00 to 14:00 and were significantly correlated with the canopy density and LAI afterwards until 18:00. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The takeover and anti-takeover of listed companies is two things. Generation and development of anti-takeover measures has an inseparable relationship with a hostile takeover. From the legal value acquisition system more inclined to protect both efficiency and equity is the value of the law, give priority to with efficiency; Anti-takeover system more inclined to protect both fairness and efficiency is the value of the law, give priority to with fair. From the legal subject acquisition system more inclined to protect the acquirer; Anti-takeover by acquirers tend to be more protection, specifically, anti-takeover more inclined to protect the target company and its shareholders, especially minority shareholders) stakeholder interests and public interests. To perfect our system of hostile takeover of listed companies, protect the reasonable takeover defence behavior, is beneficial to overcome the negative effects of hostile takeovers, protecting fair market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the basic principles of contract law, the effectiveness of a lawful and valid contract should be maintained as far as possible. However, during the actual implementation process of a contract having been signed, it's inevitable that any party may breach the contract due to various reasons or there may be unpredictable circumstance. If the above-mentioned breach of contract and unpredictable circumstance has caused serious or fundamental impact on the purpose of the contract, it seems necessary to endow the parties with right for discharge of contract. Yet the issues concerning the theoretical basis for the right for discharge of contract and its legitimacy are the problems to be settled through research on theory of contract law. The author contends that the freedom of contract is the source for the effectiveness of the right for discharge of contract; and the legal right for discharge of contract is a remedy granted to the relevant parties for them to get away with the damaged contractual relationship, arising from the demand for equitability of contract; and in order to safeguard the security of transaction, the construct of the right for discharge of contract is based on principle of good faith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contract system can also be used in the area of public law, just under stricter legal restraint. For the sake of convenience, when the public law is lack of relevant stipulation, we can apply the private rules by analogy to handle issues related to public law contract. As the hybrid product of public and private law integration, public law contract caused some extent of impact on the traditional dichotomy of public and private law delineation. Therefore, without prejudice to the basic structure of distinguishing public and private law; we should alleviate and modify the strict separation between public and private law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical effect of peripheral branch evulsion of trigeminal nerves on trigeminal neuralgia, especially on the aspect of odynolysis and recurrence. METHODS: 136 patients with trigeminal neuralgia underwent peripheral branch evulsion of trigeminal nerves were retrospectively reviewed with three years follow- up period. The odynolysis and recurrence of pain were observed. RESULTS: Excellent effect was obtained in one patient underwent branch I evulsion. Excellent, good, and no effect were obtained in 57.7% (45/78), 34.6% (27/78), and 7.7% (6/78) of patients underwent branch II evulsion, respectively, with the total effective rate of 92.3%. Excellent and good effect was obtained in 91.1% (82/91) and 8.9% (9/91) of patients underwent branch III evulsion, respectively, with the total effective rate of 100%. During the 3-year follow-up period, no pain recurrence occurred in the patient underwent branch I evulsion, pain recurrence occurred in 24 out of 68 patients underwent branch II evulsion, and in 3 out 72 patients underwent branch III evulsion. Furthermore, pain of branch II occurred in 6 patients underwent branch III evulsion, and pain of branch III occurred in 2 patients underwent branch II evulsion. CONCLUSIONS: The factors of pain recurrence and odynolysis are complicated. Clinically incomplete evulsion may be the main factor. Standard criteria are necessary for identification of pain recurrence and ectopic pain. Electrothermal treatment though infraorbital foramen, buccal nerve evulsion, and ligation of broken nerve are effective to treat odynolysis and pain recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bufonis Venenum, an animal medicinal material, is widely used for treating cardiovascular diseases and pain induced by rheumatics or malignant tumors. In view of the high activity and high toxicity, it is of great significance to pay attention to the quality control of Bufonis Venenum to ensure the safety and effectiveness of its preparations. China's drug standards involve 102 preparations(474 batch numbers) containing Bufonis Venenum approved for sale, including 14 preparations in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition) and 68 preparations in the standards issued by the Ministry of Health Drug Standard of the People's Republic of China. Bufonis Venenum is mostly used in pill and powder preparations in the form of raw powder, with the main functions of clearing heat, removing toxin, relieving swelling and pain, replenishing qi, activating blood, opening orifice, and awakening brain. Except the high level of quality control for Bufonis Venenum in the preparations in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), the quality control standards of Bufonis Venenum in other preparations are low or even absent. Therefore, it is urgent to conduct research on the improvement of quality standards for the preparations containing Bufonis Venenum. This study retrieved the reports focusing on the quality evaluation and quality control of the preparations containing Bufonis Venenum from CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science. Qualitative and quantitative analysis methods for 64 preparations containing Bufonis Venenum have been reported, mainly including thin-layer chromatography, HPLC fingerprint, and multi-component content determination. The index components mainly involved bufadienolides, such as gamabufalin, arenobufagin, bufotalin, bufalin, cinobufagin, and resibufogenin. According to the literature information, this paper suggests that attention should be paid to the correlations between the analysis methods and detection indexes of medicinal materials, decoction pieces and preparations, the monitoring of indole alkaloids, and the content uniformity inspection for further improving the quality standards for the preparations containing Bufonis Venenum.

Objectives: To study the factors influencing the short-term (28 days) efficacy of initial adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) therapy for infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS), as well as the factors influencing recurrence and prognosis., Methods: The clinical data were collected from the children with IESS who received ACTH therapy for the first time in the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, from April 2008 to January 2018 and were followed up for ≥2 years. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the factors influencing the short-term efficacy of ACTH therapy, recurrence, and long-term prognosis., Results: ACTH therapy achieved a control rate of seizures of 55.5% (111/200) on day 28 of treatment. Of the 111 children, 75 (67.6%) had no recurrence of seizures within 12 months of follow-up. The possibility of seizure control on day 28 of ACTH therapy in the children without focal seizures was 2.463 times that in those with focal seizures ( P <0.05). The possibility of seizure control on day 28 of ACTH therapy in the children without hypsarrhythmia on electroencephalography on day 14 of ACTH therapy was 2.415 times that in those with hypsarrhythmia ( P <0.05). The possibility of recurrence within 12 months after treatment was increased by 11.8% for every 1-month increase in the course of the disease ( P <0.05). The possibility of moderate or severe developmental retardation or death in the children without seizure control after 28 days of ACTH therapy was 8.314 times that in those with seizure control ( P <0.05). The possibility of moderate or severe developmental retardation or death in the children with structural etiology was 14.448 times that in those with unknown etiology ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: Presence or absence of focal seizures and whether hypsarrhythmia disappears after 14 days of treatment can be used as predictors for the short-term efficacy of ACTH therapy, while the course of disease before treatment can be used as the predictor for recurrence after seizure control by ACTH therapy. The prognosis of IESS children is associated with etiology, and early control of seizures after ACTH therapy can improve long-term prognosis.

The development of ecological economy is one of the core elements of the ecological civilization system and an essential means to optimize the social-ecological systems. The key to developing ecological economy lies in preparing the development plan to realize concrete implementation. Given the objective and realistic demand for the development of ecological economy, it is critically needed to propose the approach of eco-economic planning and conduct empirical research. We sorted out the connotation of ecological economy, proposed the general idea of "object identification-resource evaluation-principal construction-target setting-task content-mechanism guarantee", and proposed three work modules, including "preliminary preparation, content design, review & approval", and finally built a technical system for the preparation of provincial-scale ecological economy planning. We outlined the 14th Five-Year Plan for Eco-Economic Development of Liaoning Province, and discussed critical issues such as the connotation definition and index system establishment for eco-economic development plan. This work provides ideas for the scientific and standardized preparation of ecological economy development plan at the provincial level in China.

Triterpenes, with high diversity and a wide range of sources, can be found in many medicinal plants. They have been found free or as glycosides/esters by combining with sugars. Most of them act as signaling molecules and function in stress response. They are also the material basis for the therapeutic effect of various medicinal plants. Modern pharmacological research has shown that they have the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-tumor, fertility-regulating, and immunomodulatory effects. They top plant natural products in both quantity and diversity, and among them, tetrachyclic triterpenes and pentachyclic triterpenes are most abundant. The first step of the structural diversification is the cyclization 2,3-oxidosqualene, which is catalyzed by oxidosqualene cyclases(OSCs). Numerous OSCs exist, each with a specific cyclization mechanism, and thus over 100 different cyclic triterpene skeletons have been found in nature. This study reviewed the research on the biosynthetic pathways of triterpenes in medicinal plants, regulatory mechanisms of the pathways, and the key enzymes, and analyzed the expression regulation and structural characteristics of key enzyme genes involved in the synthetic pathways. This study is expected to serve as a reference for further research on triterpenes, such as the directional regulation of metabolic flow and heterologous biosynthesis and lay a basis for the regulation of triterpene synthesis and the selection of high-quality germplasm. This study also provides basic materials for further research and development of triterpenes from medicinal plants.

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), methane (CH 4 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ) emitted during the composting of livestock and poultry waste are important gaseous atmospheric pollutants. However, most previous studies on compost-related anthropogenic emissions of these gases were based on small reactor composting. Our understanding of their in situ emissions during industrial composting remains extremely limited. In order to explore the influence of gas produced by industrial composting on regional environment, we monitored CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O and NH 3 emissions during industrial composting for 19 days and characterized the isotopic composition of emitted NH 3 . On average, the emission rates of CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, and NH 3 during the composting cycle were 86.8 g CO 2 -C·d -1 ·m -2 , 9.8 g CH 4 -C·d -1 ·m -2 , 3.7 mg N 2 O-N·d -1 ·m -2 and 736.6 mg NH 3 -N·d -1 ·m -2 , respectively. The contribution of CH 4 to daily global warming potential (GWP) was the highest (65%), followed by CO 2 , NH 3 (indirect), and N 2 O. Moreover, ammonia emitted from industrial compost had a mean δ 15 N value of -11.6‰±1.2‰ (range: -21.8‰--7.2‰). Overall, this study provided useful information for understanding greenhouse gas emission dynamics and characterizing atmospheric NH 3 sources during composting process in livestock and poultry breeding areas.

To explore N 2 O and N 2 emissions from upland soils after nitrogen fertilizer application, a 60-day aerobic incubation experiment (25 ℃,80% water-filled pore space) using the 15 N tracing method was conducted to quantify the N transformation, N 2 O and N 2 emissions from maize soils from four sites (Harbin, Shenyang, Luancheng and Shouguang) and vegetable soils from two sites (Shen-yang and Shouguang), with urea being applied at 167 mg N·kg -1 to simulate the field application rate of 200 kg N·hm -2 . The results showed that for the four sites with maize soils, the cumulative emission of N 2 O was in the order of Shouguang (20 mg N·kg -1 ) > Luancheng (14 mg N·kg -1 ) > Shenyang (5 mg N·kg -1 ) > Harbin (0.5 mg N·kg -1 ) and the cumulative N 2 emission was in the order of Luancheng (176 mg N·kg -1 ) > Shenyang (106 mg N·kg -1 ) > Shouguang (75 mg N·kg -1 ) > Harbin (12 mg N·kg -1 ). For vegetable soils, the cumulative N 2 O emission of Shouguang (21 mg N·kg -1 ) was 10 times of that of Shenyang (2 mg N·kg -1 ), but without differences in cumulative N 2 emissions (28 and 24 mg N·kg -1 , respectively). The N 2 O/(N 2 O+N 2 ) of the six soils ranged from 5% to 40%. The N 2 O/(N 2 O+N 2 ) of the two soils from Shouguang (30%-40%) was significantly higher than other four soils (1%-10%). Soil bulk N pool contributes to 56% of total N 2 O emission and 61% of total N 2 emission, which was higher than the contribution of fertilizer. The cumulative N 2 O emission was positively correlated with soil background pH, which indicated that soil background pH might be an important factor regulating N 2 O and N 2 emission from upland soils. In the alkaline soil regions of North China Plain (such as Luancheng and Shouguang), mea-sures to reduce soil pH might have great impact on reducing N gaseous emission.

Paris polyphylla var. chinensis(PPC) is used as one of the origin plants of Paridis Rhizoma described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition). Its resources shortage makes the planting scale gradually expand, and plenty of aerial parts are abandoned because of not being effectively used. On the basis of previous research, this study separated steroidal saponins to further clarify the chemical composition of the aerial parts of PPC. As a result, three pairs of 25R or 25S epimers of furostanol saponins were obtained by various column chromatography techniques. Their structures were identified as neosolanigroside Y6(1), solanigroside Y6(2), neoprotogracillin(3), protogracillin(4), neoprotodioscin(5) and protodioscin(6) by spectral data combining with chemical transformation. Compound 1 is a new compound, and compounds 2, 3 and 5 are isolated from Paris plants for the first time. Compounds 4 and 6 are isolated from this plant for the first time. Previously, only several spirostanol glycosides with 25S configuration were isolated from Paris plants. Guided by mass spectrometry, the present study isolated the furostanol saponins with 25S configuration from this genus for the first time, which further enriches the chemical information of Paris genus and provides a reference for the isolation of similar compounds.

As a new strategy capable of uncovering the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicines, the quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker(QAMS) has been widely employed for the quality evaluation of Chinese medicinal materials, slices, and extracts. However, its application in the assessment of Chinese patent medicines is yet to be explored. By referring to the determination of three bufogenins in Bufonis Venenum by QAMS described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 Edition), this paper selected seven representative preparations containing Bufonis Venenum and explored whether the relative correction factors(RCFs) of cinobufagin(CB) to bufalin(BF) and resibufogenin(RB) could be directly used for the quality control of Bufonis Venenum-contained preparations. Based on the qualitative analyses under the same chromatographic conditions as used for toad venom, combing specificity test, five preparations such as Yatong Yili Pills, Houzheng Pills, Xiongdan Jiuxin Pills, Liushen Pills and Niuhuang Xiaoyan Pills, were expected to use validated RCFs for the direct determination of three components. Taking Houzheng Pills as an example, the methodological validation of bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin was carried out, and the recoveries of bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin were 90.64%-106.1%. The obvious difference was not observed between the contents of bufalin and resibufogenin in 24 batches of preparation samples by QAMS and external reference method. In the tested samples, the content of bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin were 1.27-2.61, 2.44-5.66 and 0.988-3.16 mg·g~(-1) in 10 batches of Liushen Pills samples. The contents of bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin were 0.760-1.32, 1.35-2.39 and 0.600-1.55 mg·g~(-1) in 10 batches of Houzheng Pills samples from three manufacturers. The obtained data contribute to improving the quality standard of Bufonis Venenum-contained preparations, and they also provide some ideas for the application of QAMS in the quality evaluation and control of Chinese patent medicines.

Gaseous nitrogen (N) emission [nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and nitrogen (N 2 )] is an important pathway of soil N loss. Nitrification and denitrification are the main processes of gaseous N production in soil. However, the contribution of heterotrophic nitrification, co-denitrification, and anammox to gaseous N production remains uncertain. In a laboratory soil incubation experiment, we used the 15 N labelling and pairing technique, combining the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD), to quantify the contribution of different microbial processes to soil NO, N 2 O and N 2 production under anaerobic conditions. The results showed that after 24 h anaerobic incubation, the highest total 15 N recovery of three gases occurred at 65% water filled pore space (WFPS), accounting for 20.0% of total added 15 N. Denitrification contributed 49.9%-94.1%, 29.0%-84.7%, and 58.2%-85.8% to the production of NO, N 2 O and N 2 respectively, suggesting that denitrification was the predominant process of those three N gases emission. Heterotrophic nitrification was an important pathway of NO and N 2 O production, particularly at conditions with low soil water content (10% WFPS), with its contribution to those two N gases production being 50.1% and 42.8%, respectively. Co-denitrification contributed 10.6%-30.7% of N 2 O production. For N 2 production, the total contribution of co-denitrification and anammox was 14.2%-41.8%. The role of co-denitrification can not be ignored for N 2 O and N 2 production. Our results demonstrated that the 15 N labelling and pairing technique is a promising tool to quantify the contribution of different microbial processes to gaseous N loss.

Sophorae Flavescentis Radix,derived from the root of Sophora flavescens in the Leguminosae family,has been widely used in the medicine,agriculture,animal husbandry,and daily chemical industry. A pharmacophore model-based method for rapid discovery of tyrosinase inhibitors( TIs) from S. flavescens was established by molecular docking under Lipinski rules,and verified by enzyme assays. Briefly,the chemical constituent database of S. flavescens( CDSF) was established based on the previous papers. Theoptimal pharmacophore model( OPM) was constructed by DS 2019 on the basis of known active TIs. Eighty-three hits predominated by flavonoids having higher fitting scores with OPM than the positive control were screened out,and subjected to molecular docking based on the three-dimensional structure of tyrosinase crystal protein. The potential TIs such as kurarinone and nor-kurarinone were rapidly discovered from the compounds with higher docking scores than the positive control under the Lipinski rules. The results were verified by the in vitro enzyme assays. The inhibition activities of tyrosinase from non-medicinal parts of S. flavescens were also tested to explore the relationship between the inhibition activity and chemical compositions. This study is expected to provide data support for the comprehensive application and development of S. flavescens and also a new method for the rapid discovery of active substances or functional constituents in the complex systems.

Objective: To detect and analyze coagulation related indexes and genotypes of a patient with congenital fibrinogen deficiency and his family members, and to investigate the possible molecular pathogenesis., Methods: Four peripheral blood samples (proband and 3 family members) were collected and the prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen (Fg), D-Dimer and eight coagulation factor indicators were detected. All exons and flanking sequences of the FGA, FGB, and FGG genes encoding the three peptide chains of fibrinogen were sequenced and analyzed by bioinformatics., Results: Among the eight coagulation factors of the proband and the elder sister, F Ⅴ and F Ⅷ were slightly higher, TT was significantly prolonged, and Fg was significantly reduced. Sequencing results showed that c.901C>T heterozygous mutation existed in the FGG gene. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the mutation changed the original protein structure and reduced the number of hydrogen bonds., Conclusion: The fibrinogen gamma chain c.901C>T heterozygous mutation is the main cause of congenital fibrinogen deficiency in this family. This mutation is reported for the first time at home and abroad.

Since 2013, the Chinese government implemented the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan. As a result, the atmospheric concentrations of sulfate reduced significantly, whereas the nitrate concentrations remain relatively high due to the excess of ammonia (NH 3 ). To date, there is no official observation network monitoring NH 3 concentrations in China. Previous studies have focused on NH 3 or ammonium (NH 4 + ) separately. These limitations hinder a complete understanding of their dynamic changes due to the rapid gas-to-particle conversion. In this study, the concentrations of NH 3 and NH 4 + were measured concurrently in urban Beijing during autumn 2019 utilizing an acid-coated denuder-filter combination with a time resolution from 2 h (PM 2.5 >35 μg·m -3 ) to 5 h (PM 2.5 <35 μg·m -3 ). The mean concentrations of NH 3 and NH 4 + during the study were (4.1±2.9)μg·m -3 and (1.7±1.4) μg·m -3 , respectively. The temporal patterns of NH 3 or NH 4 + coincided with that of PM 2.5 , CO, and NO 2 throughout the sampling period. The diurnal distributions of NH 3 were bimodal, both on polluted (PM 2.5 >75 μg·m -3 ) and non-polluted (PM 2.5 <75 μg·m -3 ) days, peaking at 21:30-05:30 and 05:30-08:30, respectively. The NH 3 concentrations on polluted days were relatively lower during 17:30-21:30, which may be related to higher wind speeds. In contrast to NH 3 , NH 4 + had an obvious peak during 17:30-21:30 due to the formation of ammonium nitrate. The meteorological conditions favor the gas-to-particle conversion on polluted days, resulting in a lower NH 3 /NH 4 + ratio of 0.8. However, this value may reach 2.8 on non-polluted days. The concentrations of NH 3 , CO, NO 2 , SO 2 , and PM 2.5 in the emission control period showed a significant increase greater than or comparable to those in the non-control period by 54.2%, 40.4%, 33.3%, 0%, and 49.4%, respectively. This result shows that the stagnant conditions offset the benefit of emission control actions implemented during and before the National Celebration Day.

Ammonia (NH 3 ) is an important precursor of fine particles and nitrogen deposition. It is critical to identify and quantify the sources of NH 3 before the implementation of a mitigation strategy. Stable isotope analysis in R (SIAR) has potential with regard to the source apportionment of NH 3 , but its reliability is closely related to the signatures ( δ 15 N-NH 3 ) of emission sources. Based on SIAR, we found that the agricultural contribution varied significantly with mean δ 15 N-NH 3 values of endmember input. In contrast, both the contributions of fossil fuel and NH 3 slip showed low sensitivity against the change of endmember input. Moreover, the agricultural contribution changed by about 20% due to the variations in agricultural endmember mean values. Such a change is five times that due to the variations in endmember standard deviation values. Notably, regardless of the number of input sources tested, "non-agricultural source" was the dominant source of NH 3 during hazy days in January 2013 in Beijing. Since various agricultural sources showed large variations in δ 15 N-NH 3 , future studies should focus on the endmember signatures of agricultural sources to further reduce the uncertainty in SIAR-based NH 3 source apportionment.

Sophorae Flavescentis Radix is prepared from the root of Sophora flavescens. The comprehensive knowledge of the effective components in S. flavescens makes its quality standard improvement more possible. TLC identification method for main flavonoids and alkaloids in one test was established using GF&#95;(254) thin layer plate and the lower solution of chloroform-methanol-water-formic acid(4∶2∶1∶0.6) as developing solvent. The quantitative method of marker alkaloids was revised including the simplified sample preparation procedure and the chromatographic conditions. The determination of four alkaloids in the samples indicated that 32 batches of tested samples were qualified ones. The total oxymatrine and matrine, total oxysophocarpine and sophocarpine, as well as total amount of four tested components in the different samples were 1.08%-2.55%, 0.369%-0.860%, 1.67%-3.40%, respectively. There was a significantly positive correlation between oxymatrine and oxysophocarpine. Total oxymatrine and matrine had same correlation with total oxysophocarpine and sophocarpine. The moisture content and extractive in 32 batches of samples fulfilled the require of not more than 11.0% and not less than 20.0%, respectively. Thirteen tested pesticides were not detected in 12 batches of samples. The present study provided the evidence for the revision of quality standard of Sophora Flavescentis Radix.

Bufonis Venenum(toad venom) is prepared from the dried secretion of Bufo bufo gargarizans or B. melanostictus. Toad venom powder is one of the processed slices of crude material toad venom. In the present study, the global quality control method and standard of toad venom and its processed slice, toad venom powder were established, including TLC identification, characteristic chromatogram and QAMS by HPLC. The relative correction factor(RCF) was re-calculated and validated. The average RCFs of cinobufagin to gamabufotalin, bufotalin, bufalin and resibufogenin were considered for the determination of five bufadienolides in the samples. The total amount in the different batches of the dried samples varied from 4.06% to 17.0%. Referring to the revised methods for crude materials, the quality standard of toad venom powder was drafted including appearance description, TLC examination, characteristic chromatogram, water content and the total amount of five bufadienolides. The present investigation provided scientific evidences for the quality standard improvement of toad venom to be described in the next edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia(2020 edition).

The combination of morphological characteristics and DNA barcodes was used to a systematic study of Hippocampus spinosissimus,laying the foundation for rapid and accurate identification for the medical seahorse species. According to the reported literature and observation on seahorse samples,the typical characteristics of the H. spinosissimus include highly developed spiny,much short nose,single or double cheeks and strongly developed spines bordering pouch. Genomic DNAs of H. spinosissimus and other related seahorse species were extracted using the TIANamp Marine Animals DNA Kit. The COⅠ and ATP6 genes were amplified and sequenced in both directions. After the verification by Blast,the GC content,intraspecific and interspecific genetic distance,and the Neighbor joining( NJ) phylogenetic trees were analyzed by MEGA 7. The lengths of the COⅠ and ATP6 genes were 649 bp and 602-603 bp,respectively,with the average GC content of 39. 96% and 35. 37%. The maximum intraspecific genetic distances in H. spinosissimus based on COⅠ and ATP were both far less than the minimum interspecific genetic distance between H. spinosissimus and other seahorses,suggesting a significant barcoding gap. NJ analysis results of COⅠ and ATP6 exhibited that all H. spinosissimus species clustered together,indicating that the two DNA barcode could identify H. spinosissimus from other seahorses accurately and quickly. In addition,H. spinosissimus shared a close genetic relationship between H. kelloggi according to the NJ tree. Furthermore,there exits three stable subgroup structure of H. spinosissimus,indicating that COⅠ and ATP6 barcodes could be applied the indicator for the geographical ecology research of H. spinosissimus. The results obtained the typical morphological and molecular identification characteristics of H. spinosissimus,which played central roles for the development of species identification. This study provides an important basis data for expanding the medical seahorse resources and ensuring the safety of clinical medicine.

Pancreatic cancer is the most common digestive tract tumor with an increasing incidence in recent years. The poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer is mainly because of the inability of detecting tumor at an early stage,its high potential for early dissemination,and its relatively poor sensitivity to chemotherapy. Most patients have lost the opportunity for surgery when they are diagnosed,which resulted in an urgent need for the development of more effective and safe therapies for pancreatic cancer. However,the current clinical cancer chemotherapy based on gemcitabine leads to poor prognosis in pancreatic patients. With the continuous research on the biological and cellular signaling pathways of pancreatic cancer,there have emerged a great many of novel agents,including new chemotherapeutic,targetable and immune-modulatory drugs,and some drugs have achieved encouraging results. Furthermore,as an alternative and supplementary method,traditional Chinese medicine has shown good application prospects in the field of pancreatic cancer treatment. This article reviews the current status of drug therapy for pancreatic cancer,summarizes the strength and weakness of existing therapeutic drugs in the application process,gives prospects of possible breakthroughs for the pharmacotherapy in the future,and provides certain new ideas and lessons for subsequent drug development.

Toad venom (Chansu) is prepared from the dried secretion of parotid gland and skin gland from Bufo bufo gargarizans or B. melanostictus. Up to now, much attention shall be paid to the poor quality of commercial toad venom because of the adulteration. So, it is urgent to establish a scientific and perfect quality control method to improve the quality of toad venom and guarantee its safety and effectiveness in clinical application. The different batches of toad venom samples were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) was used to detect the contents of five bufagenins. As a result, the reference characteristic chromatogram was established, displaying serotonin, gamabufotalin, arenobufagin, hellebrigenin, telocinobufagin, bufotalin, cinobufotalin, bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin as characteristic peaks. Taking cinobufagin as an internal reference substance, QAMS was verified for the determination of five bufagenins (gamabufotalin, bufotalin, bufalin, cinobufagin, resibufogenin) in toad venom samples. The durability and applicability of the relative correction factor (RCF) were also studied systematically. RCFs of cinobufagin to gamabufotalin, bufotalin, bufalin and resibufogenin were determined as 1.05, 0.895, 1.09 and 0.913, respectively. The characteristic chromatogram and QAMS established in this study could effectively control the quality of toad venom and provide scientific evidence for the improvement of the quality standard of the toad venom to be described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition)., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

In the past several decades, a variety of methods have been developed for measuring the isotopic composition of ammonium (δ 15 N) and nitrate (δ 15 N and δ 18 O). This review summarized the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Nowadays, the most popular method for measu-ring δ 15 N of ammonium is the combined hypobromite (BrO - ) and hydroxylamine (NH 2 OH) me-thod, while for δ 15 N and δ 18 O of nitrate is the denitrifier method and the sodium azide (NaN 3 ) me-thod. These methods convert NH 4 + or NO 3 - into nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and measure its isotopic compositions, with higher analytical precision because of the lower background concentration of atmospheric N 2 O. Accordingly, these methods are suitable for the samples with lower N concentration, and normally require 10-60 nmol N. The development of new methods for measuring N isotopic composition has greatly stimulated the studies in nitrogen cycling worldwide.

Objective: To explore the effect of MSH3 knock-down on sensitivity of tongue cancer cells to cisplatin., Methods: Three small interfering RNA (siRNA) fragments targeting MSH3 CDS region were synthesized and transfected into CAL27 cells via Lipofectamine. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to assess the efficiency of MSH3 silencing. MTS, apoptosis staining and cell immunofluorescence assay were used to examine the cisplatin sensitivity, apoptosis and DNA repair of transfected CAL27 cells., Results: s One of the 3 siRNAs was found to significantly reduce the expression of MSH3 protein in CAL27 cells (P<0.05). MTS assay showed that MSH3 silencing resulted in an significant reduction of IC50 of cisplatin from 21.32 to 13.95 µmol/L (P<0.05) and increased the apoptotic index of the exposed cells from 4.23∓1.27 to 11.32∓1.82 (P<0.05). Immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that silencing MSH3 markedly reduced the number of γ-H2AX foci., Conclusion: Silencing MSH3 can significantly increase cisplatin sensitivity of tongue cancer cells, the mechanism of which involves mainly attenuation of repair of DNA double-strand damage in the cells.

To prepare the liposomes and transfersomes of brucine, characterize their pharmaceutical properties, and compare their in vitro transdermal permeation properties. The liposomes and transfersomes of brucine were prepared by ammonium sulfate gradient method to investigate their pharmaceutical properties such as the particle size, encapsulation efficiency and deformation. The transdermal permeation properties in vitro of liposome and transfersomes from different prescriptions were compared by using modified Franz-diffustion cells with rat skin as the transdermal barrier. The results showed that the particle size of liposomes and transfersomes for brucine ranged from 100 nm to 150 nm, with even distribution for particle size. As compared with the soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC) transfersomes, the encapsulation efficiency of complex phospholipid transfersomes was significantly improved. The deformation index of complex phospholipid transfersomes in brucine was 2.09 times and 1.76 times as much as SPC liposomes and SPC transfersomes respectively. The steady state flux of complex phospholipid transfersomes was 3.43 times and 1.41 times as much as SPC liposomes and SPC transfersomes. The steady state flux of the physical mixture of brucine and blank complex phospholipid transfersomes was 2.20 times as much as brucine solution. The concentration of complex phospholipid had effect on transdermal permeation of blank transfersomes. In conclusion, as compared with liposomes, the permeation behavior of transfersomes was significantly improved; complex phospholipid technology can improve the membrane phase behavior of transfersomes, and further improve the deformation index and transdermal flux of transfersomes; in addition, blank transfersomes have promoting effect on transdermal absorption of brucine., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

To expand the clinical application of gamboges, it is necessary to study crude gamboges' toxicity after oral administration and attenuation mechanism during processing. In this study, crude gamboges' toxicity was judged by multiple assays, including inflammatory mediums [such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6)] released by macrophage RAW264.7, and pathological manifestations of rat stomach and duodenal tissues after oral administration with crude and processed gamboges. The attenuation mechanism during processing was studied by detecting AQP3, AQP4 protein and mRNA expression in rat gastric and duodenal tissues using immunohistochemical assay and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR technique. According to the results, crude gamboges group showed promotion in release of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 by macrophage RAW264.7 in a dose-dependent manner; Compared with crude gamboges group, processed gamboges group showed reduction in release of NO and IL-6, with increase in TNF-α. Crude gamboges could cause rat diarrhea, white blood cells increase, lymphocytes decrease, hyperemia and edema in rat gastric mucosa, duodenal mucosal necrosis and inflammatory cells infiltration. All of these results proved that gamboges had the inflammatory toxicity in gastric and duodenal tissues after oral administration in a dose-dependent manner, which however reduced after processing. In addition to the inflammatory toxicity, the mRNA and protein expressions of aquaporin 3 (AQP3), aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in gastric and duodenal tissues of high-dose crude gamboges group were increased significantly (P<0.05), while the protein and mRNA expressions of AQP3, AQP4 were weakened in processed gamboges group. The results showed that AQP3, AQP4 protein and mRNA expressions were positively correlated with the inflammatory toxicity. In conclusion, down-regulation of AQP3, AQP4 protein and mRNA expressions may be one of attenuation mechanisms in processing gamboges., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To investigate the effect of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC) on the differentiation of leukemic cells., Methods: The co-culture system of UC-MSC with acute promyelocytic leukemic cell line NB4 cells was constructed in vitro,and the differentiation status of the leukemic cells was assessed by cell morphology,nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test,and cell surface differentiation marker CD11b., Results: UC-MSC induced the granulocytic differentiation of NB4 cells. When UC-MSC and a small dose of all-trans retinoic acid were applied together,the differentiation-inducing effect was enhanced in an additive manner. Interleukin (IL)-6Ra neutralization attenuated differentiation and exogenous IL-6-induced differentiation of leukemic cells., Conclusion: UC-MSC can promotd granulocytic differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells by way of IL-6 and presented additive effect when combined with a small dose of all-trans retinoic acid.

To investigate the diurnal variation of the correlations between the cooling and humidifying effects and canopy structural characteristics of the Koelreuteria paniculata community, the measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, canopy density, leaf area index (LAI) and mean leaf angle (MLA) were performed on calm sunny summer days in the community in Beijing Olympic Forest Park, China. There were significant correlations between the canopy density, LAI and MLA, which affected the cooling and humidifying effects together. The cooling effect reached its maximum by 12:00, whereas the humidifying effect reached its peak at 10:00. Compared with the control open space site, the community appeared to lower the air temperature by 0.43 to 7.53 °C and to increase the relative humidity by 1%-22% during the daytime. However, the cooling and humidifying effects seem to be not effective during the night. The canopy density and LAI were better for determining the cooling and humidifying effects from 9:00 to 12:00. However, these effects were largely controlled only by the canopy density from 12:00 to 14:00 and were significantly correlated with the canopy density and LAI afterwards until 18:00.

Objectives: To explore the association between elevated light levels in classrooms and change in vision acuity among elementary and secondary students., Methods: A total of 4 elementary (grade 1-5) and secondary (grade 7-8) schools in urban and rural areas in Sujiatun, Shenyang, China were selected by cluster sampling as experimental schools, and lighting systems have been rebuilt to improve the ambient light levels in 56 classrooms in November 2012. The control schools were chosen for the comparable academic burden and adjacent location to experimental schools, 4 schools in all. Cluster sampling of all students in the selected schools as the subjects was carried out. A total of 2 092 students were chosen as experimental group and 1 595 students were in the control group. The luxmeter was used to measure illuminance of classrooms in two groups at baseline, and intervention for 1 month, respectively.Students in both groups were underwent 3 times for vision acuity examination by standard logarithmic visual acuity chart at baseline, intervention for 6 month and intervention for 1 year, respectively. The light levels of desk and blackboard in two groups were compared by Wilcoxon test. Multivariate analysis of covariance with repeated measures was performed to assess three vision acuity results between groups., Results: After intervention, the average illuminance of desk (117.5 vs 532.5 lx, Z = -5.38, P < 0.001) and blackboard (75.6 vs 423.5 lx, Z = -5.38, P < 0.001) and uniformity of desk (Z = -4.28, P < 0.001) with new lighting were improved significantly than that with old lighting, however the uniformity of blackboard was lower than baseline significantly (0.64 vs 0.70, Z = -2.34, P = 0.019). The average scores of vision acuity in students at baseline, intervention for 6 month and intervention for 1 year were 4.87 ± 0.23, 4.84 ± 0.25 and 4.85 ± 0.23 in experimental group, and 4.88 ± 0.22, 4.84 ± 0.25 and 4.81 ± 0.27 in control group, respectively. The significant differences between groups were found and F values were 1.41, 0.13, 19.99, P values were 0.235,0.724, <0.001. At last the average vision acuity in experimental group were significantly better than that in control group either among elementary (4.90 ± 0.20) vs (4.87 ± 0.21) score, F = 13.61, P < 0.001 or secondary students (4.73 ± 0.28) vs (4.68 ± 0.32) score, F = 14.25, P < 0.001., Conclusions: Visual acuity loss could be decreased in students with elevated light levels which may slow the response to myopiagenic stimuli for eyes, therefore the ambient light levels of blackboard and desk in classroom should be improved.

The AC impedance of human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells were measured in our laboratory by Agilent 4294A impedance analyzer in the frequency range of 0.01-100 MHz. And then the effect of hematocrit on electrical impedance characteristics of hepatoma cells was observed by electrical impedance spectroscopy, Bode diagram, Nyquist diagram and Nichols diagram. The results showed that firstly, there is a frequency dependence, i.e., the increment of real part and the imaginary part of complex electrical impedance (δZ', δZ"), the increment of the amplitude modulus of complex electrical impedance (δ[Z *]) and phase angle (δθ) were all changed with the increasing frequency. Secondly, it showed cell volume fraction (CVF) dependence, i. e. , the increment of low-frequency limit (δZ'0, δ[Z*] 0), peak (δZ"(p), δθ(p)), area and radius (Nyquist diagram, Nichols diagram) were all increased along with the electric field frequency. Thirdly, there was the presence of two characteristic frequencies: the first characteristic frequency (f(c1)) and the second characteristic frequency (f(c2)), which were originated respectively in the polarization effects of two interfaces that the cell membrane and extracellular fluid, cell membrane and cytoplasm. A conclusion can be drawn that the electrical impedance spectroscopy is able to be used to observe the electrical characteristics of human hepatoma cells, and therefore this method can be used to investigate the electrophysiological mechanisms of liver cancer cells, and provide research tools and observation parameters, and it also has important theoretical value and potential applications for screening anticancer drugs.

Objective: To determine the cut-off value for coagulation factor Ⅷ activity (FⅧ:C) to von Willebrand factor antigen (vWFAg) ratio which can classify obligatory carriers of hemophilia A and normal females, and assess its feasibility to diagnose suspected carriers in affected families through comparison with the method of gene diagnosis., Methods: FⅧ:C assay was carried out by a one-stage method in both obligatory carriers and normal females. vWF antigen was measured with ELISA assay. The FⅧ:C/vWF ratio was calculated. Statistic analysis was carried out to determine the cut-off value which can classify the two groups. The ratio was then used to diagnose suspected carriers from families affected with hemophilia A. The results were compared with that by long distance polymerase chain reaction, genetic linkage analysis and/or direct sequencing., Results: The FⅧ:C/vWFAg value for 90.6% of obligatory carriers was under 0.82. Should 0.82 be selected as the cut-off value to diagnose the 42 suspected carriers, most of them can be readily diagnosed. The results were all in agreement with that of genetic analysis., Conclusion: Cut-off value of FⅧ:C/vWFAg may be used for initial diagnose of the suspected carriers from families affected with hemophilia A. The method is quite convenient and reliable.

Objective: To understand the endemic regulation of acute schistosomiasis in Nanchang City of Jiangxi Province from 2005 to 2012 so as to provide the reference for policy-making of schistosomiasis control., Methods: The data of acute schistosomiasis were collected and analyzed with the descriptive epidemiology method in Nanchang City from 2005 to 2012., Results: A total of 52 acute schistosomiasis cases were reported in Nanchang City from 2005 to 2012. The morbidity of acute schistosomiasis was 0.003 46% in 2005, and it was 0 in 2012. The morbidity of acute schistosomiasis in different years was significant different (chi2 = 61.077, P < 0.01). The duration of incidence was from May to November, but the peak of the incidence was July. The sex ratio between males and females was 4.78:1 (43:9, chi2 = 22.231, P < 0.01). The ages of cases showed double humps, namely the 6-15 years' group and 30-40 years' group. Most of the acute cases were farmers (65.38%), students (25.00%), and fishermen (3.85%). Fishing and swimming were the main infection ways, with the infection rates of 63.46% and 26.92%, respectively., Conclusion: The susceptible populations are peasants and young students; therefore, we should strengthen health education for these high-risk groups.