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Copyright of Ordnance Industry Automation is the property of Editorial Board for Ordnance Industry Automation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Automobile Technology & Material is the property of Automobile Technology & Material Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Automotive Digest is the property of Automotive Digest Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering is the property of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Model-based safety analysis methods can improve the modeling and analysis capabilities of current complex safety-critical systems.At present,fault tree is widely used in system safety analysis and reliability analysis.Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a top-down deductive failure method,which analyzes undesired states in the system according to the fault tree.In the system engineering,the possible problems of the current system model can be determined as early as possible and avoided in time.The work of this paper is oriented to a type of system safety modeling language AltaRica in the aerospace field.Based on its semantic model GTS (guarded transition systems),a method for automatically constructing a system fault tree from the flattened GTS model is designed,which saves the time of artificial fault tree construction,and speeds up the progress of system analysis.According to the semantic rules of the AltaRica3.0 language,extracting the data of the flattened GTS model to construct instance objects,designing the GTS model division algorithm to obtain a set of independent GTS models and an independent assertion,constructing the reachability graph of the independent GTS through the adjacency matrix and obtaining the key event sequence,then,the indepen-dent GTS that has been processed is combined with the independent assertion,the state of the entire system and the sequence of key events are obtained through the assertion propagation algorithm,and the system fault tree is generated.Finally,an example system shows that the algorithm can effectively complete the automatic generation of fault trees from the flattened GTS model.

Background--In the context of the slow progress of multilateral free trade negotiations in the World Trade Organization (WTO), regional trade agreements (RTA), mainly in the form of free trade agreements (FTA), are spreading rapidly around the world. With the rise of FTA, researches on the background, effects and determinants of FTA have been published increasingly. But so far, the research on trade rules of FTA forest products signed by China hasn't started yet. To sum up, on the basis of sorting out the country characteristics and product characteristics of FTA tariff concessions and rules of origin that China has signed, the overall characteristics of trade rules of China's FTA Forest product are comprehensively analyzed and the reasons are explored. ⑵ Methods--Through classification and statistics of forest products' tariff concession pattern and rules of origin in six FTAs signed by China, Chile, New Zealand, Iceland, Switzerland, Australia and South Korea, the characteristics of tariff concession pattern and rules of origin of China' FTA forest products are analyzed from the country level and product level. Then it summarizes the different trade rules of FTA forest products adopted by China for different partner countries and products and explores the reasons. The data come from each FTA text and its annex of China Free Trade Zone Service network, FAO Forest Products Yearbook and UN COMTRADE DATABASE. ⑶ Results--First, China only promised to abolish tariffs on 60% of forest products, but basically all FTA forest products of six countries promised to abolish tariffs on forest products of China, indicating that China's FTA tariff concessions on forest products is relatively conservative, while the six countries are extremely open to China. Secondly, the majority of the rules of origin of forest products in China's FTA are subject to changes in items. The trade restrictions of rules of origin are relatively loose, and the setting of rules of origin of forest products is not precise. Third, the tariff concession pattern and rules of origin adopted by China for different FTA partners and forest products are not completely consistent. For non-sensitive products, China adopts a strategy of combining tariff concession and item change, which are mainly concentrated in wood raw materials, wood pulp, cork and wooden furniture. There are three ways to protect sensitive forest products. The first is the double protection strategy of tariff protection and rules of origin protection. The second is the cross-protection strategy of tariff protection and rule of origin protection. The third is the cross-protection strategy of rule of origin protection and tariff protection. ⑷ Conclusions and Discussions--China adopts different trade rules for different countries and forest products based on domestic wood resource supply and demand, forest product trade characteristics, competitiveness and other factors. For raw material and resource-intensive forest products, tariff elimination is adopted, unilateral restrictions are imposed on more sensitive forest products in terms of tariffs or rules of origin, and only a few of the most sensitive forest products are protected by double-protection strategy. It is clear that China' s FTA forest products trade rules still need to be improved. First, the proportion of exception case is too high. In fact, in consideration of protection and opening-up, China can appropriately increase the number of forest products for which tariffs will be phased out in the medium and long term. In addition, a country like Iceland, which has less than 1 % forest coverage and very little trade in both imports and exports, could reasonably increase openness. Secondly, the setting of rules of origin for forest products is not precise. China's basic strategy is to take tariff protection as the main means of trade restriction, while rules of origin in many cases only serve as an auxiliary means of restriction. China can strengthen the protection of rules of origin and set more detailed and precise rules of origin for different forest products to compensate for the adverse effects of a single tariff protection approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding for the issues of failure mode and associated preventive correction actions of partition software when designing and an integrated modular avionics (IMA) system or partition software, this paper identified the failure mode specific to partition software based on the analysis of interaction between partition software and IMA platform. Besides the normal software failure mode, the specific failure mode introduced by partition mechanism included fail to execute interaction, error during interaction ,interaction timeout, and other specific failure. It proposed the preventive and corrective solution based on the health monitor functionality defined in ARINC 653. After a case study of ATC partition software, it5 s concluded that the risks introduced by the partition software characteristics can be reduced effectively with a separated health management function, which improved the reliability of partition software and avionics functions. The conclusion of failure mode analysis and the preventive actions are applicable to other safety critical system and applications design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

在世界貿易組織（WTO）體系下，TRIPs 協定（Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, including Trade in Counterfeit Goods, TRIPs）第51 條等條文明文規範「仿冒」及「盜版」兩項侵害智慧財產權的「邊境管制措施（border measure）」。此為強制規定，WTO 會員應遵守，有關侵害智慧財產權「邊境管制措施」之規範，亦已為各國所重視。日本、中國及我國為WTO 重要會員，除分別參考TRIPs 等相關公約修改「邊境管制措施」規範外，近幾年來更有強化規範範圍之趨勢。本文就日本2004 年「關稅定率法」、中國2003 年「知識產權海關保護條例」、我國2003 年「商標法」、「著作權法」及相關法規作一比較，以供政府決策，以及國內企業從事跨國貿易、智慧財產管理之參考。本文共分五章，包括：一、前言；二、侵害智慧財產權「邊境管制措施」之規範範圍等之比較；三、權利人申請之程序；四、邊境管制措施異同之分析；五、結語。在規範範圍方面，TRIPs 僅規範仿冒、盜版之「邊境管制措施」，且以進口為主，不包括出口。我國符合TRIPs 的基本要求。中國將進出口皆納入規範，較TRIPs 為嚴格。而日本除侵害商標權、著作權、著作鄰接權、專利權、新式樣之進口品外，自2006 年起違反不公平競爭之物品，如冒用著名標示、外觀模仿等亦納入「邊境管制措施」規範。至於「權利人申請」邊境管制措施相關程序，日本、中國及我國大致符合TRIPs 協定第51 條的規定，但擔保方面，差異較大。 Under the World Trade Organization (WTO) system, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs Agreement) provides for border measures under Article 51 and thereafter, which mandates the introduction of such measures specifically for the protection of trademarks and copyrights. In the case of counterfeiting, additional procedures and remedies, including border measure, must be made available. Special requirements related to border measures are contained in Section 4 (Article 51-Article 60) of the enforcement part of the TRIPs Agreement. According to Article 51, Parties must provide border enforcement procedures for goods bearing a counterfeit. This paper tries to compare the regulations of border measures among Japan, China and Taiwan. This article explains the history of the Customs Tariff Law in Japan, Customs Law of the People’s Republic of China, and attempts to examine how the border measures provisions of IPR might be incorporated into the existing custom regulations of the three countries. This article also explains the relationship between border measures provisions and Trade Policy.

Copyright of Nankai Journal: Philosophy, Literature & Social Science Edition / Nankai Xuebao: Zhexue Shehui Kezue Ban is the property of Nankai Xuebao Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the increasing number of FTAs, a country may establish more than one FTA relationships with others, and the world's trading system is taking on a complex and overlapping FTAs network. Such a network of relationships has a further impact on the willingness of a country's FTA signing, which is called the contagion effect. To test the existence of the contagion effect, we compared the willingness of a country signing an FTA in four cases of FTAs network. In reference to Baldwin et al, we developed the contagious index to reflect the contagion effect in different cases, and then analyzed those factors influencing the contagion effect. This study finds that there exists contagion effect significantly. Furthermore, in different cases of FTAs network, factors such as the importance of the markets of potential FTA partners to a country's exports, the quantity of potential FTA partners have signed and the like, affect the intensity of the contagion effect. Our analysis provides a reference to the decision-making for a country to choose FTA partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promotion of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) is an active policy among of the Common Commercial Policy (CCP) conducted by the European Union (EU). The EU has developed many different types of FTAs, and maintains a very complicated hierarchy in its external trade relations. The EU introduced a policy on the latest generation of FTAs on 3 October 2006. South Korea, India, Brazil and ASEAN are identified as priorities for new generation FTAs with the EU. The new generation FTAs are very comprehensive with regards to trade liberalization in a number of fields, including the elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers, further liberalization in services, investment, competition, enforcement of intellectual property rights, and so on. Many of the EU's potential partners for new generation FTAs are major trade rivals of Taiwan in the EU market. This article takes the EU-Korea FTA as a case study to examine the following core issues: the historical background of the EU's trade policies, legal bases and decision-making procedures of new generation FTAs, the main contents and special features of the EU-Korea FTA, and the impacts of the EU-Korea FTA on the WTO and third countries. For the future development of EU FTA policy, this article also proposes an open regionalism approach to make the new generation FTAs compatible with the spirit of WTO multilateralism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of "New regionalism", a super power has multiple motivations in implementing regionalism, among which economic benefits is the primary consideration of a country in joining FTA. As the biggest developed economy in the world, the United States has always been seeking economic benefits through FTAs with "freedom" and "fairness" as the core elements, aiming to reflect fully its changing competitive advantages, and to achieve full economic benefits. To secure the global leading position in joining FTAs, the Unites States has established FTA "models" with high standard, wide scope, innovativeness and foresightedness, which have embodied not only the interest appeal of the United States, but also the "natural selection" feature of contemporary FTAs. In an environment of competitive liberalization, FTA has become an important tool of the United States in implementing its trade and diplomatic policies, reflecting its unique "leadership idea" and "great power consciousness". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It will be over that the jointing research on China -- Japan -- ROK FTZ in the end of this year and it is expected to enter the stage for the governments' negotiations in 2012. The three countries have maintained close relationships in the trade of commodities and services, investment and other economic cooperation in the latest years, and great potentials are anticipated in the future of China -- Japan -- ROK FTA. The FTA will create a much more opening and stable market and remarkable economic benefits for China; Moreover, China should evaluate China -- Japan -- ROK FTA from a more macro perspective with confirming its importance in implementing our regional economic cooperation strategy and taking the initiative in the process of Asia -- Pacific regional economic integration. China should also take a more positive and pragmatic attitude in the future negotiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use Trade Intensity Index (TII) and gravity model to test the hypothesis of "natural trade partner" between China and its major trade partners reached FTA agreements with China or being under negotiation with China. We find that the TII indexes are in general on the increase but the cost of distance is still an important factor in affecting bilateral trade. We also calculate the Trade Complementarity Index (TCI) between China and its FTA partners and find that the indexes are high and generally larger than 1. Even though there is a tendency of decline in TCI, the increase of Til shows that trade between China and its partners is changing from inter -- industry to intra -- industry, and so the effects of trade diversion should be small while the effects of trade creation should be larger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the members of APEC participated in the regional economic integration continuously in the end of 1990s, RTAs of intra -- APEC and extra -- APEC have developed rapidly. However, different members have different purposes, such as the advanced members would pay much attention to politics and economy and the developing members would pay more attention to economic benefits. Therefore, the advanced members would stress on agreements of free -- trade and fair competition, and the developing members stress on comprehensive program of economic cooperation. Then, there are dual influences for the development of APEC: On one hand, it will lead the APEC development to get out of the present trouble situation; On the other hand, RTA would limit the system of APEC to weak the connection of the APEC members. On the Status and Tendency of APEC Main Members Participating in Regional Economic Integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of FTA on foreign direct investment (FDI) is uncertain for FTA member theoretically because of the agglomeration. We make use of the cross countries panel data about 39 countries for 19 years from 1988 to 2006 to test this uncertain impact which shows that the establishment of FTA on one hand would help members in attracting inward FDI, on the other hand probably be harmful for member's inward FDI due to the agglomeration effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study regarding the utilization of flinders technology associates polymerase chain reaction (FTA-PCR) method for the detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in China.