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With the adjustment of agricultural structure and the improvement of residents' consumption level in China, frozen fruits and vegetables have attracted more and more attention from the public. The continuous growth of the consumption of frozen fruits and vegetables and the demand for processed products has also made the whole process freezing technology of frozen fruits and vegetables a research hotspot. The research and application status of quick-frozen fruits and vegetables freezing chain technology in recent years are summarized and analyzed in the article. The application of cold processing technology, frozen storage technology, transportation technology and information technology in the whole chain of quick-frozen fruits and vegetables from the front end to the back end is reviewed from the perspective of logistics. The new technologies and new materials applied to the freezing chain of quick-frozen fruits and vegetables are introduced. The problems existing in the research of quick-frozen fruits and vegetables freezing chain technology are summarized. It is proposed that the future research should be carried out from the aspects of modeling research, standardization of freezing chain technology, greening research and information technology empowerment of quick-frozen fruits and vegetables freezing chain, so as to provide reference for promoting the development of quick-frozen fruits and vegetables industry in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On deriving the impact model of the evolution of the fruit industry distribution in China and the datum of 22 major provinces planting fruit in 1985-2019, it studies the impact of agricultural labor price, non-agricultural labor prices and the proportion of wage in farmers' in‐ come on the distribution evolution of fruit industry empirically. The results show that: The in‐ creases of agricultural labor price, non-agricultural labor prices and the proportion of wages in farmers' income bring a substitution effect on fruit planting in provinces from eastern areas, which results in a decline or unchanging acreage of fruit planting, that is the acreage proportions in provinces from eastern areas decrease; There are inhibitory effect of agricultural labor price, non-agricultural labor prices and the proportion of wages in farmers' income on fruit planting by which the substitution effect and the income effect offset each other, so that the proportion of fruit planting in middle areas has no significant change; There are comparative advantage pro‐ duced by lower agricultural labor price and lower non-agricultural labor prices and income effect produced by increasing wages which stimulate the acreages of fruit planting expand and the acre‐ ages proportion increase in large scale in provinces from northwest and southwest areas so that a distribution of "westward and inward expansion" of the fruit plant in China is forming. There‐ fore, it is necessary to solve the problems of excessively high prices of rural labor in areas suit‐ able for fruit plant and low prices of rural labor in unsuitable areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The natural environment and location characteristics provided conditions for diversified management. Animal husbandry was one of the pillar industries of agriculture in the Yan State, which was highly valued. There were gardens dedicated to raising livestock during the Warring States period, which were considerable in size and quantity and were reflected in bone making, leather making and marred animals. Economic forests were widely planted by the Yan people. The cultivation of jujube and chestnut showed a trend of large scale and specialization, which were mostly planted in gardens or in the wild. The fruits were not only used to satisfy hunger, but also became an important commodity. The sericulture industry had a long reputation, and the mulberry and the high dried mulberry were widely planted, especially the mulberry. The fishing and hunting economy was still an important supplement to the agriculture of the Yan State. Fisheries production gradually became developed, and artificial fish farming probably occurred. The production of skin armor was mainly wild animal skin, supplemented by the skin of livestock. Diversified management made full use of agricultural resources. Land, human and animal resources were rationally allocated, which improved the ability to withstand disasters on the basis of maintaining the balance of agricultural ecology, accelerated the commercialization of agriculture, and promoted the comprehensive development of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

⑴ Background——Study the impact of the new round of the sloping land conversion program on the rural households’ income and their income structures in Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source control phase Ⅱ project, which is of great significance to further promote the sandstorm source control project and motivate the rural households to participate in the ecological control project.⑵ Methods——The research data were collected from 237 rural households in 15 sample counties in Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia provinces from 2013 to 2018.OLS regression model and random effects model were used to analyze the economic effects of the new round of the sloping land conversion program on the overall income of the rural households and different types of income.⑶ Results——First, the new round of the sloping land conversion program has significantly increased the total income of the rural households. In the long run, it has a positive effect on the improvement of the rural households’ incomes. Second, the new round of the sloping land conversion program will help stabilize the income structures of the rural households. The decision of the rural households to participate in the new round of the sloping land conversion program has a significant positive impact on their family income. In the model, the variables of human capital and natural capital have the highest explanatory power for household production operational income and wage income in the total income of the rural households, which reach 46% and 45% respectively, indicating that the sloping land conversion program is beneficial to improve the overall income level of the rural households. The production operational income and property income are still the main sources of income for the rural households. The new round of the sloping land conversion program is significantly positive to the rural households’ production operational income, wage income and property income at the level of 5%,indicating that the sloping land conversion program is beneficial to improve the level of these three types of income. The new round of the sloping land conversion program has a positive impact on the income of forest and fruit industry in the rural households’ production operational income, indicating that the economic benefits of the forest and fruit industry of the rural households have emerged. In general, the new round of the sloping land conversion program has not only changed the production mode of the rural households, but also gradually changed the local industrial structures. The income level of the rural households has been improved, and their income structure is more stable.⑷ Conclusions and Discussions——First, consolidate achievements in controlling sources of windstorms, develop forest and fruit industry according to local conditions, actively promote new varieties of economic forest, take the development road of “give priority to with forest, diversified management”. Second, encourage the local rural households to actively participate in the sloping land conversion program constructions, such as the forest farms construction. The government should provide more employment opportunities and increase employment guidance for the rural households. Third, accelerate the collective operational development of cultivated land and realize efficient circulation and utilization of idle cultivated land. Fourth, change the subsidies standards of the sloping land conversion project appropriately, and establish compensation standards according to the local economic development level and the progress of the sloping land conversion project, so that farmers can still get a steady income when the subsidy expires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has been known as the largest producer of forest and fruit in the world, the same as grain and vegetables. The forestry and fruit industry can gradually dominate the ecological and economic benefits for better living. Therefore, a timely, non-destructive and efficient harvesting of mature fruits has greatly contributed to the subsequent fruit storage, transportation, processing, and sales. Mechanical harvesting has also been one of the most promising operations in the whole process of fruit production. More importantly, fruit mechanical harvesting has been one of the important ways for the forest fruit industry to transform the development mode for cost saving, high efficiency, and competitiveness in the international market. An automatic, intelligent, and unmanned harvesting of forest fruits can be preferred for the better performance of mechanical fruit harvesting, together with the high efficiency and low-loss picking in technical focus. In this review, the research progress was summarized on the mechanical harvesting of forest fruits in recent years, in terms of fruit planting and distribution in China. The planting forms mainly included the small step, steep slope, traditional, gentle slope, high ridge, and wide row dense planting. The reasons were clarified for the bottleneck of mechanical harvesting in the development of the forest fruit industry. The mechanical harvesting of forest fruit was systematically divided into one-time combined fruit picking, and fruit picking after vibration harvesting. Among them, the one-time combined fruit picking was divided into the pneumatic vibration, mechanical vibration (i.e. shaking, and impact type), orchard picking platform, and robot picking, according to the different operation modes of the picking parts. By contrast, the fruit picking after vibration harvesting was divided into the mechanical and pneumatic types, according to the different picking power modes. Then, the research status and development trends were elaborated to combine with the development requirements and application scenarios of the forest fruit industry. Four challenges were reviewed for the mechanical harvesting of forest fruit in China, including the complex working environment, the low level of appropriate mechanization, the limited basic research, and the lacking of Research and Development (R&D) talents. Accordingly, some recommendations were proposed for the mechanized harvesting of forest fruit. National support and R&D investment were the first concern to strengthen the cooperation between agricultural machinery and agronomy, thus promoting the mechanization level of the forest fruit industry. A production-university-research technical personnel training system was highly required to conquer the state-of-the-art technologies in the facilities and equipment during harvesting. It is very necessary to promote the deep integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy under the mode of mechanical harvesting of fruits and vegetables. The main focus can be made to explore the new technical mode with the planting agronomy for the mechanical harvesting of fruits and vegetables. Various agricultural requirements can be comprehensively considered to evaluate the reasonable technical system for better mechanical fruit harvesting with high performance, efficiency, and reliability. In a word, the mechanized operation of forest fruit can be widely expected to serve as the most effective way for cost saving, low labor intensity, but high efficiency during [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fruit trees are important agricultural and forestry plants; their life is a complex system. Digital technology can help humans effectively perceive and recognize the life, production, and ecosystem of fruit trees, and then realize intelligent production. Nowadays, reducing the planting cost of fruit trees, improving the quality of fruit products, and promoting the marketing of fruit products, digital technology has increasingly become a hot research topic of fruit tree planting, and it is also an urgent need for the development of fruit industry. In this review, firstly, the concept and connotation of digital fruit tree were discussed systematically under the category of digital plant technology, its concept was defined as a theoretical technology and technical service platform system that comprehensively uses digital technology to study life, production, and ecosystem of fruit trees through high-throughput information acquisition and intelligent processing, and to realize the quantification, visual perception, and cognition of complex system of fruit trees. Secondly, the framework of the digital fruit tree technology system was put forward, its main modules included the classification of digital elements, digital data acquisition, construction of the digital cognitive model, and digital application services, then, the hierarchical structure of the technical framework was described in detail. Thirdly, the research progress of key technologies of digital fruit trees were systematically reviewed, including five aspects: 1) the fruit tree phenotype information acquisition technologies; 2) the fruit tree growth environment data acquisition technologies; 3) the fruit tree three-dimensional model construction and visualization technology; 4) the fruit tree digital breeding technologies; 5) the fruit big data and virtual reality technology. At the same time, the current development progress and technical bottlenecks of various key technologies were reviewed. Among them, the phenotypic technology runs through the lifeline of digital fruit trees, which is the key link in the construction of a digital fruit tree technology system. Under different scales of the sky, air, and earth, therefore, the performance characteristics, the phenotype platform flux, the accuracy and efficiency of phenotype acquisition sensors were summarized in this review. Indeed, phenotypic information acquisition and analysis technology are still one of the bottlenecks. Digital fruit tree technology has been widely used in many links of fruit production. So, fourthly, the effects and challenges were reviewed and discussed in detail from the perspective of fruit industry application. At present, the main application scenarios of digital fruit technology include tree shape management, growth monitoring, planting management, digital agricultural technology training, digital brand building, agricultural tourism digital service, and so on. Typical application cases were classified and introduced to provide application ideas for researchers and fruit production management personnel. Fifthly, the development trend, research hotspots, and technical breakthrough direction of digital fruit trees prospected, including big data technology, artificial intelligence technology, multi reconfiguration technology, virtual reality technology, and so on. To improve the intelligence level for the digital fruit tree technology system, the different technologies should be integrated deeply. This review could provide a useful reference for the further development of the digital fruit trees, for knowing the research hot spot, and for understanding the application bottleneck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-density dwarf culture has the characters of high yield and easy mechanization, thereby to be expected as a new development direction of fresh fruit industry. In harvesting, the mechanism of multi-arm cooperation can remarkably improve the operation efficiency of agricultural robots in the orchards of high-density dwarf culture. Generally, multiple picking zone are established for the collaboration of multi-arm harvesting robots, in order to assign proper picking objects to every manipulator. However, these different zones can be partially overlapped, leading to potential conflicts of manipulators in a robot. Path planning can be utilized to generate a trajectory leading the tip of manipulator to the goal without collisions. In this study, a global optimization using a Genetic Algorithm(GA) was proposed to solve the planning problem of harvesting tasks with overlapped picking domains in the multi-arm robots toward high-density dwarf orchards. 1) A multi-arm structure without dead zone in the fruit harvest was specially formulated as a sort of asynchronously multiple traveling salesman problem with overlapped zones. The following mild assumptions were made: a) The visual sensing system can precisely locate the fruits to be harvested; b) The fruits totally covered by leaves were not considered; c) The exceptional cases during the switching phases from one fruit to another were not considered in the planning stage, meaning that the traveling time linearly depended on the Euclidean distance. Five rules were established for the manipulators to work with better cooperative behaviors in a safe region of the workspace, where no collision occurred. 2)A modified GA was applied to optimize the collision-free trajectory planning of a flexible manipulator, further to ensure the operational safety without conflicts in the shortest traveling time. Gene codes were used to formulate various domain-manipulator pairs, thereby to determine picking sequences in a manipulator. The total traveling time of travelers was the objective to be optimized, where the population of gene codes was optimized iteratively in the proposed GA. In this case, the critical phases were coding and decoding. The double chromosomes were selected to formulate various picking sequences. After that, three operators were introduced, including selection, crossover, and mutation. The rule of synchronization was designed to avoid different travelers visiting the same cities simultaneously, in order to cope with the a synchronism in a queuing situation.3)Once the optimized solution was obtained, the planner can easily achieve the proper sequences for each manipulator to pick fruits via decoding the double chromosomes. As such, each manipulator performed the corresponding task, and the overall picking time was therefore reduced. The test results showedthat:1) The proposed planning converged at 500 and 2 000 iterations, when solving 43 fruits and 90 fruits planning problem with 4 manipulators.2) Compared with the sequential traverse, the modified GA increased the efficiency by 41% and 54.98%, when harvesting 43 fruits and 90 fruits, whereas, increased the efficiency by 4.25 times, compared with a single manipulator robot when harvesting 90 fruits.3) Compared with the sequential traverse and random traverse, the modified GA increased the efficiency by 110.69% and 27.18%, 20.45% and 23.33%, 12.94% and 21.69% under three different distributions, respectively. The contributions can be: a) A new planning strategy was proposed for the multi-arm harvester to avoid collisions, where each manipulator behaved cooperatively. b) A novel genetic algorithm was presented, where the coding and decoding was first proposed in this field. c) The rule of synchronization was first proposed to deal with the simultaneous visits in the queuing phenomenon during planning. d)A four-arm cooperative harvester was used to verify the effectiveness of the system, where the ergodic picking of each arm can be achieved without conflicts within a minimum duration. The framework can be generalized to many configurations of harvesters, suitable for robots with different number of arms, different varieties of fruit, and different ranges of overlapped domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Southern Agriculture is the property of Journal of Southern Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Southern Agriculture is the property of Journal of Southern Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Image & Graphics is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Image & Graphics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives] In view of the rapid development of facility fruit industry and the urgent need of early warning of diseases and insect pests in the hilly area of Jiangsu Province, a network service platform for early warning of fruit pest prevention and control was established according to the characteristics and laws of fruit pests in the hilly area. [Methods] A friendly human-computer interaction mode was constructed through SQL Server database and Web browser to realize visualization of fruit tree diseases and pests module, scientific medication guidance module and popular science knowledge module, and the reasoning mechanism of remote diagnosis module and network early warning module were realized through database and rule base, aiming at difficult diseases and pests at the same time. An expert answer module was set up. The common diseases and insect pests of grape, strawberry, pear and peach planted extensively in hilly area were early warned and prevented by remote monitoring. The functions of remote diagnosis, weather forecast, scientific medication guidance, popularization of planting knowledge and interactive exchange of experts were realized. [Results] The platform integrates disease and insect pest summary, remote diagnosis, network early warning and information consulting services. It can effectively improve the efficiency of fruit production and management in hilly areas of Jiangsu Province, improve the accuracy and efficiency of remote diagnosis of fruit diseases and insect pests, and reduce the cost of control. It can theoretically guide farmers to scientifically plant protection and medication. [Conclusions] The information platform for early warning of fruit tree diseases and insect pests can significantly help fruit growers to save water and medicine, and increase both production and income, which is worthy of further promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Taiwan Agricultural Research is the property of Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fruit planting area and yield in China have reached the top level in the world. However, the lower processing level of the subsequent commercialization after fruit harvest is becoming one of the main factors to restrict the promotion of the added value and the international market competitiveness for the domestic fruit. Therefore, realizing the automatic classification of fruit grade has become an essential precondition of the modernization for the fruit industry in China. For the automatic classification method of fruit grade based on visible light technology, the working strength is considerably heavy and the cognitive effect is difficult to be satisfied, due to the susceptibility to the subjective factors for the man-made screening mode, such as experience. The corresponding machine screening mode based on the computer vision technology is susceptible to the drawbacks of the objective factors, such as traditional cognitive methods, and the classification result is also hence difficult to achieve satisfied effect. When the feature space and classification criteria are established once, they are un-updated, and are summarized as an open-loop fruit grade cognition mode for traditional machine judgment. Aiming at the defects, a greengage grade intelligent feedback cognitive method with cognitive result entropy measurement index constraint is explored, which imitates the human cognitive process with repeated comparison and inference from global to local. Firstly, under uncertain conditions and finite domain, from the information theory point of view, the greengage grade intelligent decision information system model is established by the representation of unstructured multi-level dynamic features with information completeness evaluation index. Secondly, the feature space data structure and classification criterion of greengage images with clear grade and feature mapping relationship are established based on adaptive structure-based convolutional neural networks and ensemble random vector functional-link net classifiers from global to local. Thirdly, based on the generalized error and generalized entropy theories, the entropy measurement evaluation index is established for the greengage image cognitive results. Finally, the intelligent operation mechanism of dynamic feedback cognition is established based on the measurement index constraint of uncertain process cognitive result. The average recognition accuracy of 1 008 greengage images for our proposed method is 98.15%. Such performance is 7.9% higher than the algorithm based on Gabor wavelet combined with principal component analysis and support vector machine. The performance of the algorithm based on color completed local binary pattern combined with the nearest neighbor classifier is also lower than that of the proposed method, and the average recognition accuracy of it is just 92.77%. Moreover, compared with the algorithm based on the wavelet descriptor combined with kernel principal component analysis and radial basis function neural network, the recognition accuracy of the proposed method is much better, although the running time is 0.7 s longer. The above mentioned conclusions indicate that the proposed method of adaptive structure convolutional neural networks and ensemble random vector functional-link net classifiers is suitable for the greengage grade machine screening recognition to replace the man-made screening mode, which can effectively enhance the generalization ability of the feature space and the robustness of the classifier. This study provides a reference for the rapid and accurate greengage grade machine cognition based on visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]