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Interventional micro-axial flow blood pump is widely used as an effective treatment for patients with cardiogenic shock. Hemolysis and coagulation are vital concerns in the clinical application of interventional micro-axial flow pumps. This paper reviewed hemolysis and coagulation models for micro-axial flow blood pumps. Firstly, the structural characteristics of commercial interventional micro-axial flow blood pumps and issues related to clinical applications were introduced. Then the basic mechanisms of hemolysis and coagulation were used to study the factors affecting erythrocyte damage and platelet activation in interventional micro-axial flow blood pumps, focusing on the current models of hemolysis and coagulation on different scales (macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic). Since models at different scales have different perspectives on the study of hemolysis and coagulation, a comprehensive analysis combined with multi-scale models is required to fully consider the influence of complex factors of interventional pumps on hemolysis and coagulation.

Objective: To explore the changes of blood viscosity in high-intensity alternating magnetic field and the mechanisms.
 Methods: Five adult sheep were randomly selected and the blood samples were placed in high-intensity alternating magnetic field. Before and after exposure, the blood samples were taken and divided into 2 groups: a control group and a magnetic field group. The blood rheology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed.
 Results: Compared to the control group, the high shear viscosity of whole blood was decreased in the magnetic field group (P<0.05); the whole blood low shear viscosity and plasma viscosity were also decreased (both P<0.01). TEM showed the changes in red blood cell morphology and the double concave disc curvature. The radian of double concave disc and cell volume in the magnetic field group was larger than those in the control group.
 Conclusion: The high intensity alternating magnetic field may affect the distribution of surface charge and molecular current in blood cells, which in turn decrease the aggregation of cells and the blood viscosity.

Objective: To demonstrate the effect of AB serum on terminal erythroid differentiation ex vivo.
 Methods: After separation of CD34+ cells from cord blood, the cells were cultured and divided into a control group and an experimental group. The effects of AB serum were examined by the expressions of different markers (GPA, Band3 and α4-integrin) for erythroblast differentiation and enucleation by flow cytometry. 
 Results: The CD34+ cells were successfully differentiated to enucleated red blood cells. There were evident differences among the expressions of GPA, Band3 and α4-integrin between the 2 groups. The percentage of GPA positive cells in the experimental group was bigger than that in the control group in every time point. The expression of Band3 in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group. The expression of α4-integrin in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group. In addition, the enucleation rate in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group.
 Conclusion: AB serum can promote the cell differentiation and enucleation during terminal erythroid differentiation in vitro.

The cycle of Hemoglobin oxygenation and deoxidation plays an important role in driving structure and regulating function of red blood cell in vivo, has attracted wide attention. But it has not yet been reported about any studies on the oxygen-carrying function of individual living RBC in vitro with the incubation time. This study involved that using confocal Raman scanning microscopic technique, collecting the Raman spectra of living erythrocyte cultured in vitro at different time, analysing the peaks (1636, 1562 cm⁻¹) with characterization of hemoglobin oxygen carrying capacity and the amide III band (1240-1300 cm⁻¹) with sensitivity to conformation for understanding those changes both of hemoglobin oxygen carrying capacity and protein conformation over time. Meanwhile, its corresponding surface micromorphology was observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the during 24 h hemoglobin with stable structure and normal allosteric collaborative function occurred alternately with the oxygen uptake of increase and decrease and conformation K state and T state, while double concave disk red blood cells observed under SEM also alternately between stretch and shrink. The conclusion not only provides a multi-level characteristic parameter from a single living cell for the study of RBC oxygen-carrying function in vitro, but also the potential research ideas for the screening of the active component, the evaluation of drug efficacy and toxicity for RBC in vitro.

Objective: To establish a prokaryotic expression plasmid of ficolin-3, express and purify the fusion protein His-ficolin 3 in E.coli, and explore the role of ficolin-3 in the activation of RAW264.7 macrophages., Methods: Using the cDNA from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells as template, human ficolin-3 cDNA was amplified by PCR and inserted into vector pET22b. The recombinant plasmid pET22b-ficolin 3 was identified by digestion of XhoI and SalI and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Thereafter, the protein His-ficolin 3 was induced and purified in E.coli BL21. His-fincolin 3 at different concentrations was added into RAW264.7 cells. With the protein His as control, the effects of His-fincolin 3 on the phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells to chicken red blood cells (CRBCs) and on the production of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α were tested by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively., Results: Enzyme digestion and sequencing confirmed that recombinant plasmid pET22b-ficolin 3 was established as expected. SDS-PAGE showed the expression of soluble His-ficolin 3 of Mr 33 000. The purity of the products was over 90%. Western blotting further identified His-ficolin 3. Compared with His protein, His-ficolin 3 improved the phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and it raised the secretion of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells., Conclusion: The plasmid pETb-ficolin 3 was cloned successfully and the purity of the protein His-ficolin 3 was over 90%. His-ficolin 3 could induce the activation of RAW264.7 cells obviously.

Objective: To observe the change of erythrocyte theology in rabbits with acute renal failure (ARF)., Methods: Thirty-eight healthy rabbits were randomly divided into control group (n = 8), model group (establishing ARF model via intramuscular injection 1% HgCl2, and divided into 12 h, 24 h, 48 h subgroups, all n = 10), the arterial blood sample was taken out through carotid artery at corresponding times after anesthetization with urethane, for detecting the indices of renal function and erythrocyte rheology., Results: The levels of urea and creatinine in plasma of model rabbits at 12 h, 24 h and 48 h were higher than those of control group, and there was a rise trend along with the time extension. The erythrocytes electrophoresis time at 12 h of model group was higher, the electrophoresis rate and migration rate of erythrocytes were lower compared with those of control group; the erythrocytes electrophoresis time at 24 h of model group was lower and the electrophoresis rate and migration rate were higher compared with those of model group at 12 h; and there were no statistical differences in erythrocytes electrophoresis indices between model group at 48 h and other groups. Meanwhile, there was a rise trend in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), K value of equation and emendation along with the time extension of ARF, but these indices only at 48 h of model group was lower significantly than that of control group. There were no statistical differences in aggregation index and deformability index of erythrocytes among groups., Conclusion: During the process of ARF, the erythrocytes electrophoresis time lengthen and electrophoresis rate and migration rate decrease at early stage, and these indices gradually return to normal; the indices of ESR increase gradually.

Objective: To observe the changes of blood viscosity and erythrocyte rheology in mice after acute hypoxic hypoxia (AHH)., Methods: Thirty-two Kui-ming mice were randomly divided into control group, AHH group (duplicating AHH model, and divided into 5 min, 8 min, 11 min subgroups), the blood sample was taken out from heart after neck dislocation at corresponding times, for detecting the blood viscosity and erythrocyte rheology indices., Results: Compared with control group, the whole blood viscosity at different shears, whole blood reduced viscosity, whole blood relative viscosity were lower and the erythrocytes aggregation index was higher in AHH 5 min group; the electrophoresis time was longer and the electrophoresis length, migration of erythrocyte were lower in AHH 8 min and AHH 11 min groups. The whole blood reduced viscosity, whole blood relative viscosity, erythrocytes aggregation index in AHH 8 min group were higher, and the erythrocyte deformability index was lower significantly than that of AHH 5 min group, respectively., Conclusion: These data suggested that the AHH could induce the blood viscosity and electrophoresis ability.

This paper focuses on the capacity changes of the red blood cells carrying and releasing oxygen. In order to provide theoretical basis and guidance for the clinical treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock, we investigated cases in the occurrence of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock, and also analyzed the mechanism of physiological cause. Twenty healthy SD rats were used to build the hemorrhagic shock model. Red blood cells were collected at the initial step, at blood lose 20%, 30%, and 40% to determine the red blood cells capacities of carrying and releasing oxygen. The Hemox-analyzer was used to measure the thermodynamic parameters of the P50, the kinetic parameters of Tc50 and Tr50. The 2,3-DPG, pH value, glucose and lactate dehydrogenase changes were also captured and recorded. With the aggravation of shock, P50 and lactate dehydrogenase are continuously increased, Tr50, pH value and glucose are tended to reduce significantly, and Tc50 does not change significantly. With the increase of blood loss, red blood cell capacity to carry oxygen is stable, and the ability to release oxygen is increased, so that the oxygen consumption cannot be satisfied, which causes organ failure.

This paper was to explore the effect of blood oxygen saturation (SO2) on oxidative damages of erythrocytes under the condition of oxidative stress. Keeping SO2 of cultured erythrocytes in vitro at the states of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 0.98, respectively, we induced oxidative stress by tert-buthylhydroperoxide (BHP, 0.15 mmol/L of final concentration). After incubation, antioxidant capacity was assessed by measuring content of reduced glutathin hormone (GSH) in erythrocytes. Methemoglobin (MetHb) content, lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, TBARS) and denatured globin-chains on the plasma membrane were measured to assess the extent of oxidative damages. The results showed that in the presence of BHP, GSH contents increased from 0.3 to 0.98 groups; MetHb, TBARS and globin-chains levels all dropped with the rise of SO2. In conclusion, antioxidant capacity and oxidative damages of erythrocytes are closely related to SO2, declined SO2 could promote oxidative damages of erythrocytes.

The present paper was aimed to explore the effect of Shuxuetong on the membrane viscoelasticity of erythrocyte taken from the acute phase patients suffering from chronic pulmonary heart disease. The membrane viscoelasticity of erythrocyte was taken from the acute phase patients suffering from chronic pulmonary heart disease. The changes of membrane viscoelasticity of erythrocyte after treated with shuxuetong were detected by micropipette aspiration technique. The results showed that the Shuxuetong of certain concentration could cause the decrease of membrane elastic modulus and viscous coefficients in acute phase patients suffering from chronic pulmonary heart disease. The study offers experimental evidences that the comprehensive treatment of pulmonary heart disease should involve the drug or measure to improve the erythrocyte deformability.

Erythrocytes are devoid of nuclei and mitochondria which are the crucial elements of apoptosis, so their programmed suicidal death is called eryptosis. Eryptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, activation of proteases, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) activates nonselective cation channels that increase cytosolic Ca(2+) activity and platelet-activating factor (PAF) activates a sphingomyelinase which lead to formation of ceramide. Either can lead to membrane scrambling with subsequent phosphatidylserine exposure. Exposed phosphatidylserine is recognized by macrophages that engulf and degrade the injured cells. As such, eryptosis can clear the injured red blood cells and avoid the release of hemoglobin. The signaling of eryptosis includes PGE(2), cation channels, PAF, ceramide, protein kinase C, and in some instances, caspases. In this review, the PGE(2), PAF and protein kinase pathways, erythrocyte surface receptor-mediated effects, oxidative stress and caspase effects, the inhibitory factors of eryptosis and the clinical eryptosis-related diseases are discussed.

The efflux of nitro oxide (NO) in the duration of storing red blood cells (RBCs) was the main reason resulting in decrease and even loss of vasodilatory activity, cell deformability and ability of carrying oxygen (O2) in the stored RBCs. The deep understanding physical functions and acting ways of NO in circulatory system, as well as transformations and balance control of S-Nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb) has an important significance for ensuring sure safety and efficacy of transfusion. In this article, the physical functions, acting ways, retaining and transferring form of nitro oxide, and SNO-Hb adjusting, as well as effects of SNO-Hb concentration on change on stored red blood cells were reviewed.

Objective: To study the effect of antioxidant vitamin E (VE), vitamin C (VC) combined with different doses of beta-carotene (beta-C) supplementation on erythrocyte functions in the elderly person., Methods: 300 elderly person at the age from 60 to 75years old were randomized into 5 groups: from group 1 to group 4 were supplemented with (VC 300 + VE 200) mg/d and different doses of beta-C (16.7, 8.4, 5.6 and 0.0 mg/d, respectively), and control group 5 were supplemented with VE 5 mg/d. The trial lasted for 16 weeks. H2O2-caused hemolytic of erythrocytes was measured spectrometricalyl. ATPase activities in erythrocyte membrane were detected by colorimetric analysis. The fluidity of erythrocyte membrane was evaluated by fluorescence polarization (rho) and microviscosity (eta). All the data was analyzed with SPSS12.0., Results: H2O2-caused hemolysis of erythrocyte was decreased significantly from group 1 to group 4 after the trial compared with before the trial (P < 0.01), they also had significant difference in compared with group 5 after the trial (P < 0.01). ATPase activities in erythrocyte membrane were more higher in group 1 than those of group 5 after the trial( P < 0.05). Moreover, rho and eta values were lower from 1 to 4 groups after the trial than itself before the trial (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION; Antioxidant VE, VC combined with different doses of beta-C supplementation could improve the function of erythrocyte in the elderly subjects.

Aim: To explore the influence of simulated altitude hypoxia on dielectric properties of mouse erythrocytes., Methods: Experimental animals were divided into the plain control group(control) and simulated altitude hypoxia group (altitude). The AC impedance of mouse erythrocytes was measured with the Agilent 4294A impedance analyzer, the influence of simulated altitude hypoxia on dielectric properties of mouse erythrocytes was observed by cell dielectric spectroscopy, Cole-Cole plots, loss factor spectrum, loss tangent spectrum, and curve fitting analysis of Cole-Cole equation., Results: After mice were exposed to hypoxia at simulated 5000 m altitude for 4 weeks, permittivity at low frequency (epsilonl) and dielectric increment (deltaepsilon) increased 57% and 59% than that of control group respectively, conductivity at low frequency (kappal) and conductivity at high frequency (kappah) reduced 49% and 11% than that of control group respectively., Conclusion: The simulated altitude hypoxia could arise to increase dielectric capability and depress conductive performance on mouse erythrocytes.

Laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) system is a combination of spectroscopy and laser tweezers; It is a new method of studying cells; It can trap single living cell and make Raman spectrum of single living cell. From the positions, intensities, and line widths of the Raman peaks in the spectra, we can get useful information about composition, structure and interactions of complexes inside the living cells. External agents may change cell's physiological state and this changed information can also be got from Raman spectra. This article is a study of Raman spectra of human red blood cell (RBC) affected by different intensity direct current (DC); from the result, distinct change of Raman spectra of RBC have been got. These changes characterize the changes of the internal information of the cells. This article give some academic reference of physical therapy using DC in the level of molecule.

The membrane viscoelasticity of erythrocyte taken from both normal subjects and patients with cor pulmonale during acute exacerbation was investigated using a micropipette aspiration technique. Experimental results were analysed with vogit viscoelaticity model based on pioneering theory of Chein et al. The results showed that the erythrocyte membrane elastic moduli ((6.970 +/- 1.050) x 10(-3) dyn/cm) and viscous coefficients ((0.936 +/- 0.242) x 10(-4) dyn x s/cm) of the cor pulmonale patients was significantly higher than those of the normal subjects ((5.203 +/- 1.051) X 10(-3) dyn/cm, (0.620 +/- 0.053) x 10(-4) dyn x s/cm). The membrane elastic moduli, viscous coefficients, rigidity of erythrocyte, and viscosity were all increased. It may be the important subcellular mechanism to cause the decrease of erythrocyte deformability and hyperviscosity of blood in these patients.

Objective: To explore the changes of in vivo half-life of processed erythrocytes following intraoperative autotransfusion(IAT) in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG)., Methods: From November 2003 to January 2004,20 consecutive patients undergoing scheduled off-pump CABG were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Intra-operative autotransfusion was used in the experimental group. The samples were drawn immediately after the saving procedure in the experimental group and immediately after anesthesia introduction through central venous catheter in the control group. A single isotope technique ((51)Cr) was used to determine in vivo half-life of the RBCs in the two groups., Results: There was no significant difference in in vivo half-life between the two groups., Conclusion: The in vivo half life of processed erythrocytes following intraoperative autotransfusion ZITI-3000 Cell saving system has not changed significantly in off-pump CABG.

Rh is a very important blood group like ABO blood system in transfusion medicine. It causes severe transfusion reaction and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) if RhD blood group does not match between the donor and the recipient. The population of RhD negative is only about 0.2% - 0.5% in Chinese. Conversion of RhD positive RBCs to RhD negative is very important in clinical transfusion. This study was to try to modify RhD antigen located on the surface of A, B, O and AB red blood cells in order to convert RhD positive to RhD negative by the modification of four kinds of methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) derivatives and to observe the effect of mPEG modification on cell morphology, structure and function. The result demonstrated that modification efficiency of mPEG-BTC (mPEG-benzotriazole carbonate) was better than other three kinds of mPEG derivatives. It could camouflage RhD antigen efficiently when the concentration reached to 1 mmol/L. The result also showed that there were no harmful effects of mPEG modification on cell morphology, osmotic fragility, hemolysis, AchE, cholesterol, ATP, 2,3-DPG and deformability. It is suggested that success in converting RhD positive RBCs to RhD negative was preliminarily achieved.

In order to optimize the preservation of blood, 3 kinds of antioxidant were selected and each of them can be injected directly into vein, then the optimal dose of these antioxidants was chosen using statistical method; ISMC (injectio salvia miltiorrhizae composita), ginaton and the combination of ISMC and ginaton were added into blood as optimal dose, some references as ATP, EI and so on were observed during blood preservation. The results showed that all of the three kinds of antioxidants increased ATP, EI and decreased FHb during blood preservation. It is concluded that both of ISMC and ginaton can effectively optimize the preservation of blood and combination of ISMC and ginaton can produce additive effect.

The objective of this study was to explore the possible effects of leukocyte elimination by filteration before storage on the quality of red blood cell concentrations (RCC) that prepared through two procedures. Eight units of red blood cell concentrations derived from whole blood after plasma separated (RCC1) and eight units of red blood cell concentrations derived from whole blood after platelet-rich plasma separated (RCC2) were divided randomly into filtered group and control group respectively. The RCC of filtered group were filtered by leukocyte deplete filter before storage. The control group didn't have any other treatments. These two groups were stored for five weeks at 4 degrees C according to AABB standard. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and plasma concentration of K(+) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), free hemoglobin (FHb), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) of red blood cell of all RCC were evaluated weekly, and bacteria contamination of all RCC was also detected after five weeks of storage. The results showed that there was no difference of MCV, MCH and MCHC and ATP level of red blood cell in all RCC of two groups, the ATP of red blood cell was lower than the control group on week 4 and 5. The average concentration of K(+) of the filtered group was less than the control group. The differences are significant except that of RCC1 stored till the third week. The plasma LDH concentration of filtered group was less than the control group, and the differences were exacerbate during the storing time prolonged. FHb release in the filtered group of RCC2 was significant less than that of control, but no significant difference was found between the two groups of RCC1. It was concluded that leukocyte elimination by filter before storage could be benefit to RCC preservation.

Aim: To establish a simple and effective method for RBCs labeling and survival assays, and the qualities of rabbit RBCs preserved in GMA solution at 4 degrees C were verified., Methods: The bloods were taken through the ear arteries of the rabbits. The RBCs were labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and were reinjected to the same rabbit through ear veins. The percentage of FITC labeled RBCs was assayed by FACS at a series of times after injection. The SAS software was employed to analyze the data and establish the regression equations. The 24-hour recovery and the half-life span of the labeled RBCs were calculated according to the equations., Results: The 24-hour recovery and the half-life span of the labeled RBCs in the control group were 93.76% +/- 5.40% and 22.50% +/- 4.37 days respectively, which was in agreement with the previous papers. The 24-hour recovery and the half-life span of the labeled RBCs in the GMA group were 89.13% +/- 7.10% and 11.41% +/- 1.63 days respectively, which was coincident with the infusion conditions., Conclusion: Compared with other methods of RBCs labeling in vivo, FITC labeling was thought to be easier and cheaper to use, which could facilitate the analysis of the biological character of the labeled cells, and could be used to trace the fate of labeled cells.

Objective: To study the changes of red cells nature immune adhesion function (RNIAF) in liver diseases at different stages, and the feasibility of RNIAF in evaluating the severity of liver diseases., Methods: Venous blood was extracted from 682 patients with liver disease, including cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, acute hepatitis, hepatitis gravis, and 50 healthy blood donors as controls. Suspension of red cells in self-plasma was mixed with solution of mouse ascites carcinoma cells. A tumor cell attached with 5 red cells or 2 lymphocytes/granulocytes was counted as one rosette. The adhesion rate was calculated. Serum soluble complement receptor 1 (sCR1) was measured with a newly established sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The CR1 expressed on erythrocytes has assayed by cell-ELISA., Results: The expression of CR1 on erythrocytes was lower among the patients with liver diseases. Compared with that in healthy controls, RNIAF decreased among the patients with various liver diseases (all P < 0.01) in the order of acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis Child's A, cirrhosis Child's B, cirrhosis Child's C, and hepatitis gravis. CHE and PTA decreased and PT increased among the patients with cirrhosis and hepatitis gravis (all P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). RNIAF was positively correlated with CHE, PT, and PTA in patents with cirrhosis. CHE, PT and PTA remained at low levels while RNIAF almost returned to its normal level in the convalescents of hepatitis gravis. CR1 expressed on erythrocytes and sCR1 in serum in various liver diseases were decreased at different degrees, however, they changed significantly later than RNIAF. Serum sCR1 significantly increased in the patients with cirrhosis, particularly in those in grades Child's A to C., Conclusion: Low-cost, easy to operate and with early change and stable results, RNIAF may be used as an important indicator to evaluate the severity of liver diseases. of CHE, PT/PTA. It is an important to evaluate the severity of liver function in clinic.

We have developed a novel silicon microchannel system for the research of the red blood cell rheology and deformation. Recurring to many kinds of information technologies and advanced test means such as the electronic microscope, the image acquisition system and the computer processing system and by using the up-to-date Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) technology, a new measuring system of red bood cell deformation is designed based on the chip and a model using the silicon microchannel to simulate capillary vessel network. It provides a real-time collection and anaysis of data which include image, speed, flow parameter, and so on. It provides printing, storage of the analysis results and patients' database management.

Aim: To convenience of the methods for assaying red blood cell glycolysis without oxygen condition in the studies., Methods: Reagent kit of glucose, perchloric acid, visible light prismatic photometer, battle of nitrogen and rocking bed are used in the studies. The process includes 4 steps prepare Tris- HCI solution and so on, assay of red blood cell glycolysis without oxygen condition and account of glycolysis rate., Results: Human red blood cells stored at 4 degrees C for 75 d, in SOD solution, the glycolysis rate is 86.2% +/- 5.0%, distinctly better than GMA solution (39.2% +/- 8.9%)., Conclusion: The methods of assaying glycolysis without oxygen condition not use Habea's apparatus. The operation is convenient and simple and its determinations can be performed in ordinary laboratory and is is accurate.

Objective: To discuss the influence of retinal detachment (RD) surgery on the blood flow of retina and optic nerve head., Methods: Heidelberg Retina Flowmeter (HRF) was used to measure the blood flow of retina and optic nerve head in 62 eyes of 62 patients with postoperative rhegmatogenous RD surgery, including 34 eyes having undertaken vitreoretinal (VR) surgery and 28 eyes, scleral buckling (SB) surgery. Operative methods included scleral encircling procedure, cryotherapy, lensectomy, vitrectomy, perfluorodeclin liquid application, endolaser and C(2)F(6) gas or silicone oil tamponade., Results: The blood flow volume (VOL), blood flow velocity (FLW) and the erythrocyte flow velocity (VEL) of fundus in the postoperative RD eyes were reduced in the comparison with those of the fellow control eyes. The VEL of temporal and nasal papillary disk rim had significant differences (P < 0.05). The VOL, FLW and VEL of the papillary vessel, VOL and FLW of temporal and nasal papillary disk rim, VOL of temporal and nasal juxtapapillary retina in the operative eyes were lower than those of the fellow eyes (P < 0.01). In the comparison between the eyes having undertaken VR surgery and the eyes undertaken SB surgery, the VOL, FLW and VEL of VR surgery were reduced more than those of SB surgery. The VEL of temporal and nasal papillary disk rim and nasal juxtapapillary retina and FLW of temporal juxtapapillary retina had significant differences (P < 0.05). VOL, FLW and VEL of silicone oil tamponade eyes were reduced more than those in the operative eyes without silicone oil tamponade. VOL of nasal papillary disk rim and juxtapapillary retina had significant differences (P < 0.05). VOL and VEL of temporal papillary disk rim, VOL of temporal juxtapapillary retina had very significant differences (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: VR surgery and SB surgery of RD influence papillary and retinal VOL, FLW, VEL. The influence of VR surgery on the fundus blood flow is more significant than that of SB surgery. The silicone oil tamponade also influences the VOL and VEL of the fundus.

Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMPZ) on red blood cells (RBCs) during autotransfusion., Methods: Sixty patients undergoing autotransfusion were randomly divided into 2 groups, 30 in each. In group I TMPZ with the dose of 4 mg/kg was injected intravenously to the patients before their blood was collected and put into the washing fluid consisting of heparinized normal saline with the end concentration of 5%. In group II TMPZ of the same dose was given to the patients too but no TMPZ was put into the washing fluid. The retrieval rate of RBC was calculated according to formula. The morphology of RBCs was observed by microscopy. Fluorescence spectrometry was used to examine the free calcium concentration in RBCs ([Ca(2+)]i) in the venous blood before anesthesia and the retrieved blood of the same patients., Results: There was no difference in the [Ca(2+)]i in RBCs before ther were washed between the two groups (P > 0.05). After the RBCs were washed, the [Ca(2+)]i increased in both groups (34 nmol/L +/- 10 nmol/L vs 48 nmol/L +/- 17 nmol/L in group I, P < 0.05; and 38 nmol/L +/- 9 nmol/L vs 76 nmol/L +/- 23 nmol/L in group II, P < 0.01), and the difference between the two groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05 approximately 0.01). The retrieval rate of RBCs was 69% +/- 8% in group I, higher than that in group II (50% +/- 16%, P < 0.05). Abnormal RBCs and fragments of RBCs were less in group I than in group II., Conclusion: RBCs undergo destruction to a certain degree during retrieval and washing. TMPZ protects RBCs from destruction through its calcium block, negative charge, and antioxidation effects. Pretreatment of the patients with TMPZ and addition of TMPZ into the washing fluid improve the quality of retrieved blood, increase the retrieval rate of blood, and decrease the destruction of RBCs.

Objective: To identify the binding site on ICAM-1 to PRBCs in order to explore anti-adhesive agent against cerebral malaria., Methods: Monoclonal antibody 15.2 against ICAM-1 domain 1 was chosen as target molecule to screen mimetic peptides of ICAM-1 from a 12-mer random peptide library. Three rounds of biopanning were carried out and then ELISA, competitive ELISA, dot-ELISA and Western blotting were used to evaluate the binding character between phage-borne peptides and McAb 15.2. The insert DNA sequences of positive clones were determined and their amino acid sequences were deduced., Results: Thirty clones from the third round were randomly selected, and 26 of them were found positive by sandwich ELISA. The competitive ELISA test proved that most phage-borne peptides could competitively inhibit the binding of antibody (15.2 McAb) with ICAM-1. Analysis of DNA and amino acid sequences indicated that over a half positive phage clones expressed 12-mer peptide KLYLIAEGSVAA. Comparison of peptide K(XX) L(XXX) GSV with the 64-73 aa of primary sequence of ICAM-1 showed a 50% homogeneity., Conclusion: These peptides displayed by phage may be analogs of ICAM-1, K..L...GSV probably plays a significant role on the binding reaction of ICAM-1 and PRBCs.

Neuraminidase can partly remove the surface charge of RBCs through a biochemical interaction; thus it can give rise to alterations in the microstructure of membrane, the shear elastic modulus (E) and the viscosity(micron) of membrane. Changing the time of treatment and the dose of neuraminidase and using a new ektacytometry that can separate deformation index DI into orientation index (DI)or and small deformation index (DI)d for RBCs in shear flow field of low viscosity, we measured (DI)d and the half time t0.5 when the DI recovered to half of the maximum in the process of relaxation for every treated sample. (DI)d and t0.5 were put respectively into the RBC membrane shear elastic modulus formula and the membrane viscosity formula which were put forward by Wen Zong-yao and Yan Zong-yi et al[1]. The rules of the alterations of E and micron were obtained. We also measured DI and (DI)or. It was found that E and micron increased greatly but DI and (DI)or decreased when the dose of neuraminidase and the time of treatment were increased. There was a contrary correlation between them. These data demonstrated that the increase of E and micron weakened the deformability and the ability of orientation of RBCs.

Aim: To explore the influence of altitude changes on red blood cell rheology properties and negative effects caused by it and possible mechanism., Methods: Erythrocyte filtration index (EFI), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected the mechanisms in which EFI changes., Results: EFI increased with increasing altitudes and there was a significant different in EFI at the different range of Hb at the same altitude and a significant different in EFI at the similar range of Hb at different altitudes. Correlative analyses showed that EFI was in a negative correlation with SOD activities, relations between EFI and MDA were on the contrary., Conclusion: Changes of SOD and MDA with increasing altitudes lead to abnormalities of erythrocyte rheology properties in healthy subjects.

To set up a new effective method for measuring the adhesion between red blood cells and vascular endothelial cells, we studied the relationship between adhesive red blood cells and light transmission by using Microscope-Photometric-Monolayer-Technique Elias-c Analyzer in our department. The results showed that the method of light transmission measurement on the adhesion between red blood cells and vascular endothelial cells is simple, effective and reliable.

This study was aimed at the effect of morphine on the biomechanics properties of rat erythrocyte membrane in vivo and in vitro. The shear elastic modulus (E) and the surface viscotsity viscosity (micron) of rat erythrocyte membrane was measured by using the method of the new ektacytometry. The changes in hemorheology caused by morphine dependence were investigated and the mechanisms of the changes are suggested.

Objective: To investigate specific property of vasomotion in cochlear microvessels and its response to the endothelium-derived relaxation factor (EDRF)., Methods: The dynamic changes of cochlea microvessels were observed using intravital microscopy and measured by the microcirculatory image processing system. The frequency and amplitude of vasomotion were analyzed with fast Fourier transform (FFT) according to the diameter changes., Results: The vasomotion of cochlear arteriole with a small amplitude existed in normal condition. The diameter changed from (10.41 +/- 3.03) microns to (12.29 +/- 1.9) microns with a mean value of (11.2 +/- 2.7) microns. The specific property of vasomotion was characterized by a frequency (0.021 +/- 0.002) Hz and amplitude of (0.37 +/- 0.11) micron. The contraction index was determined as 0.42 +/- 0.17. The vasomotion was significantly enhanced after the administration of EDRF., Conclusion: The vasomotion existed in the cochlea and EDRF can increase the cochlear blood flow by improving the vasomotion.

Adopting the flow chamber realtime microrecordation system, we studied the dynamic effects of dextran 40(DX40) and dextran 70(DX70) on the adhesion of erythrocytes to monolayer of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The results demonstrated that erytherocytes pretreated with DX40 adhered to HUVEC less than the erythrocytes of the control group did, but DX70 increased the number of erythrocytes adhering to HUVEC. The higher the concentration of DX70 was, the more the erythrocytes pretreated with DX70 adhered to HUVEC. When shear stress increased, the decrease rate of the number of erythrocytes (pretreated with DX70) adhering to HUVEC declined with the increase of DX70 concentration. These indicate that DX40 as an expander of blood plasma is better than DX70.

With the help of the red cell adherence test, absorption-inhibition test and absorption-elution test, the A, B, O blood type of different tissues of corpses, whose ABO blood-type was known, was examined. The Substance of A, B, H type in 16 kinds of tissues of corpses was the same as in blood stain of corpses. The checked time limit of A, B, H substance of tissues preserved in different temperature was studied. The checked time of A, B, H substance of the tissues in 4 degrees C was longer than in room temperature, and the time in the hollow organ (vissera) shorter than that in parenchymatous organ (vissera).

In this paper, the relaxation process of RBC in the suspending medium of medium viscosity was studied with the Erythrocyte Rheometer(Electric Resistive method) developed by ourselves. On the basis of Fricke-Velick conductive theory of RBC suspension, the experimental results were discussed. The results demonstrate that delta R/R0-t curve can really reflect the deformability of RBCs and the viscoelasty of RBCs after their deformation.

Adherence of erythrocytes of patients with transient ischemic attack(TIA) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC) treated with H2O2 were quantitatively studied in the flow chamber system. The results showed that injured HUVECs enhanced the adherence of erythrocytes to endothelial cells in patients with TIA. The increased adhesion of erythrocytes to endothelial cells might promote the vascular damage. Consequently endothelium might play an important role in the increased adhesiveness of TIA RBC to endothelial cells.

An automatic analyzer of RBC rheological parameters and a microscopic morphological observation technique were employed to investigate the effect of three electric field patterns on erythrocyte sedimentation and aggregation in a physiological saline solution and in autologous plasma, respectively. Experimental results indicate that in a physiological saline solution: 1) Erythrocytes present a lightly aggregation and settle faster by an alternative current electric field; 2) There exists no erythrocyte aggregation by a direct current electric field of constant current and the enhancement of erythrocyte sedimentation is caused only by the action of electric force; 3) Time courses of erythrocyte sedimentation fit well with an exponential type curve by a direct current electric field of constant voltage, and this exponential type sedimentation curve is not caused by erythrocyte aggregation but caused by the decrease of circuit current with time duration. Also shown by experimental results is that the above three electric field patterns all affect the erythrocyte sedimentation in antologous plasma in different contents, which predicts some change in erythrocyte aggregation behavior in autologous plasma by an external electric field.

Adherence of erythrocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in patients with cerebral thrombosis and transient ischemic attack (TIA) were quantitatively studied in the flow chamber system, compared with that in healthy subjects. We found: (a) The adherence of erythrocytes to HUVEC in patients with cerebral thrombosis and TIA increased, compared with that in healthy subjects; (b) The adhesion of erythrocytes to HUVEC in patients with TIA was not significantly different from that of patients with cerebral thrombosis. These suggested that the increased adhesion of erythrocytes to endothelial cells might play an important role in the pathologic process of ischemic stroke.

Signals received are the resultant of the blood flow phasors in CW Doppler system and there are spectral broadening phenomena in it, in other words, frequency of signals corresponding to a moving RBC is not single. A model is presented that enables the detailed effects of spectral broadening to be calculated for a CW Doppler system by using geometric boundary argument. Results are given for the circular geometry.

Using flow chamber system, we quantitatively studied the adhesion of erythrocytes (RBCs) of patients with cerebral thrombosis (CTh) to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with H2O2. The results showed that injured HUVECs enhanced adhesion of RBCs to HUVECs in patients with CTh. There is injury of endothelial cells in the pathogenetic and pathologic process of CTh, and the adhesion of RBCs to ECs promotes vaso-occlusive and vascular damage; thus the adhesion of RBCs to injured ECs might play an important role in the pathogenesis and pathologic process of CTh.

The percent peripheral blood T lymphocytes were elevated and HC50 reduction induced by cyclophosphamide was recovered after the hyphae body of Auricularia auricula had been ip administered in mice. The action of blood platelet agglutination in rats induced by ADP was inhibited and the time of erythrocytic electrophoresis in mice was shortened after the alcoholic extract had been ig administered.