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A comprehensive chemistry experiment is recommended. In this experiment, the pretreatment, controllable catalytic degradation, analytical characterization of thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin and gel swelling were mainly included. The students could not only gain the knowledge on the waste plastic pollution, but also get the basic principles and methods of controllable catalysis and gel preparation. The experiment enables students to experience the theory applying to practice and making waste profitable, which helps to enhance students’ interest in chemical experiments and cultivate their comprehensive innovation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Establishing a scientific evaluation system is vital to promote scientific research and development in the fields of biological science, food science, biology and medicine, and material chemistry. The purpose of this experiment is to apply the economical, reliable, and efficient model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to the evaluation system for screening and evaluating the neurodevelopmental and behavioral effects of natural active substances. Through this evaluation system, the researcher can systematically assess the specific influence of the bioactive substances on the neurodevelopment function and explain how these substances exert their neuroprotective or stimulative effects by ameliorating motor behavior. Oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is a common human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) that accounts for approximately 30% of total HMOs. This oligosaccharide has a significant impact on the health of infants since it can promote the growth of beneficial gut microbiota, such as bifidobacteria. With a deeper understanding of the function of 2'-FL, it is expected to play a greater role in infant nutrition and neurodevelopment. Furthermore, this experimental design also emphasizes the importance of educating and cultivating students. By participating in experimental studies, students can not only deepen their understanding of the biological characteristics of C. elegans, but also improve their professional skills in experimental design and data analysis and enhance their scientific thinking and professional skills in related disciplines, such as biological science, food science, and materials chemistry. [Methods] C. elegans has been widely used in many research fields, such as obesity and metabolism, aging and lifespan, and neurobiology. It has a relatively simple nervous system and no highly specific brain regions. These organisms possess neurotransmitters found in mammals, and their metabolism, vesicle circulation, and other biological processes are highly homologous to those of higher animals. The neuronal lineages and morphology of C. elegans have been fully enumerated, and almost every neuron with precise specificity has a fluorescent reporter gene. Therefore, C. elegans is an excellent experimental model for exploring the neurodevelopmental and behavioral improvement effects of 2'-FL. In this experiment, the paralysis lifespan was first used to screen the effective concentration range of 2'-FL, and then, the pharyngeal pumping rate and head swing frequency of C. elegans were used as indicators to explore the behavioral improvement effect of 2'-FL in C. elegans. Finally, the influence of 2'-FL on neural development was explored by measuring the acetylcholinesterase activity and the level of neurotransmitters in C. elegans. [Results] Oligosaccharide 2'-FL alleviated the paralysis caused by the accumulation of Aβ in C. elegans at a concentration of 0.4-2.4 mg/mL. Meanwhile, 2'-FL increased the swallowing frequency and head swing frequency of C. elegans, effectively intensified their motor behavior, and enhanced the chemotaxis dysfunction of CL2355. Furthermore, 2'-FL significantly raised the proportion of worms with normal phenotypes of cholinergic neurons on days 3, 7, and 11 while reducing the proportion of worms with abnormal phenotypes. Oligosaccharide 2'-FL significantly decreased the activity of acetylcholine (AChE) in strain CL4176. Finally, 2'-FL boosted the levels of dopamine, serotonin, aminobutyric acid, and glutamate in C. elegans by 132.31%, 67.22%, 54.68%, and 83.41%, respectively. [Conclusions] Oligosaccharide 2'-FL exhibited a significant improvement in neural development and behavioral function. This experimental design, which was highly comprehensive, not only enhanced the experimental and instrument operation abilities of students but also improved their scientific literacy, knowledge transfer, and comprehensive application ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The farmland in China is seriously polluted by heavy metals, and irrigation water is one of the main input ways of heavy metals. The purification of irrigation water is a key link for alleviating cadmium pollution in farmland and guaranteeing the quality of agricultural products. In view of this severe situation, a comprehensive experiment of cadmium removal from irrigation water using aquatic plants was designed to screen aquatic plants with excellent purification ability toward cadmium-contaminated irrigation water and further provide the preferred experimental materials and solutions for water purification. [Methods] The dried sediment was mixed with river water, and then a cadmium solution was added to reach the final concentration of 1.0 mg/L for preparing the cadmium-contaminated irrigation water. The gathered living aquatic plants were washed, particularly at the roots, and placed into a tank containing the prepared irrigation water. Liquid water samples were taken at time intervals from the central of the tank at 1/2 depth for analyzing the cadmium and suspended substance concentrations to evaluate the purification performance of different aquatic plants. After the purification process, the aquatic plants were collected, washed, dried, crushed, and digested to analyze the accumulated cadmium content. The experiment includes the identification and gathering of aquatic plants, the experimental setup, the determination of the suspended substance and other regular water-quality indexes, the determination of cadmium concentration, the digestion of plant samples, and the use of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. [Results] The results showed that aquatic plants promoted the removal of suspended substances from irrigation water significantly. The removal process fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with the correlation coefficient R² > 0.999 for all tested plants. The highest removal rate for suspended substances was observed at 96.6% for Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. Other plants also significantly enhanced the removal of cadmium from irrigation water. Higher cadmium removal rates from irrigation water were observed with the addition of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (98.57%), Vallisneria natans (Lour.) H. Hara (98.16%), and H. verticillata (L.f.) Royle (91.85%). The cadmium removal process in irrigation water also fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well with the correlation coefficient R² > 0.999 or even up to 1.000 for all tested plants. Moreover, V. natans (Lour.) H. Hara and H. verticillata (L.f.) Royle showed good accumulation capacity for cadmium, with the cadmium content accumulated up to 513 and 444 mg/kg, respectively. [Conclusions] Aquatic plants with excellent cadmium removal ability from irrigation water were successfully screened in this experiment. In the practical application process, factors including the ability of the aquatic plants to accumulate cadmium and promote its precipitation, the biomass of the aquatic plants, and the further treatment of the accumulated cadmium or deposited cadmium should be all taken into account comprehensively for selecting suitable aquatic plants or their collocations to obtain satisfied purification effects for irrigation water. This teaching experiment is combined with current and realistic environmental problems, which reflects the comprehensiveness, research-oriented approach, and practicality of the content. This experiment is not only beneficial for cultivating the students' ability to comprehensively use professional knowledge to solve practical problems, but also stimulating their interest in experimental learning and promoting practical skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Although lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate the current application of energy storage devices, they are not suitable for further large-scale applications due to the limited resources and increasing cost of lithium. Compared with lithium, sodium shows abundant resources, low cost, and similar physical--chemical properties, and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as the most impressive alternative to LIBs. However, several challenges hinder the practical application of SIBs, particularly the current cathode materials that usually exhibit poor cycling performance and low rate capability. Therefore, the rational design of excellent cathode materials with both high capacity and long cycling stability is of great imperative. With the rapid development of technology, many universities have now established majors in new energy materials and devices and have set up comprehensive experiments related to LIBs. However, the current experimental teaching rarely emphasizes SIBs and, particularly, the cathode materials. Therefore, a comprehensive research experiment on the double-metal doped Prussian blue cathode has been designed to help students build a systematic professional knowledge of energy storage systems. [Methods] In this experiment, a double-metal doped Prussian blue was synthesized through a facile coprecipitation method. The precise structure of NiMnHCF is systematically verified by various characterization methods, which shows a Prussian blue singlecrystal structure. In addition, the electrochemical performance of NiMnHCF as a cathode of SIBs is deeply investigated in the half coin cell. [Results] The experimental results are explained as follows: 1) The lattice parameters of NiMnHCF were slightly lower than those of MnHCF, which can be attributed to the Ni2+ radius being less than Mn2+. Due to changes in nucleation rate and nucleus composition, the addition of Ni2+ affected the morphology and particle size of the precipitate. 2) The redox peak pattern of NiMnHCF was wider, and the CV curve area was larger. Compared with MnHCF, NiMnHCF has a higher specific capacity, indicating that the improvement of the bimetal regulation strategy can reduce the structural perturbation of its electrochemical process and significantly improve cycling stability. 3) The charge transfer resistance of NiMnHCF was lower than that of MnHCF. This indicates that the addition of Ni improved the electrochemical conversion process of MnHCF. 4) The discharge-specific capacity of NiMnHCF was significantly increased at various current rates. Compared to MnHCF, they have better rate capability and long-term cyclic stability. [Conclusions] In conclusion, the doublemetal codoped PBA of NiMnHCF shows obvious improved rate capability and cycling performance as the cathode of SIBs, owing to the modified nano/microstructure. The simple strategy is inspiring for further application of large-scale commercial SIBs. This comprehensive experimental project belongs to the current research of new energy, which can help in stimulating the scientific research interest and industrialization thinking of students and providing a comprehensive talent pool to meet the strategic needs of national energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A well-designed experiment allows students to better understand chemical principles through observable phenomena. This study investigates the reaction between potassium permanganate and potassium bromide under two different conditions: identical setups as found in standard textbooks and varying pH ranges. The results indicate that potassium bromide reduces potassium permanganate in two distinct steps in the pH range 1.95-0.98, with the reduction products being influenced by the pH of the solution. The critical pH for the spontaneous occurrence of the second step is 1.21, which is close to the theoretical value of 1.36. Based on these findings, two recommendations are provided to further refine the experimental design by verifying the impact of acidity on reaction rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive experimental project in polymer chemistry, centered on polyimide aerogels. The project encompasses the synthesis, structural characterization, mechanical property evaluation, and molecular dynamics simulations of aerogels. Emphasis is placed on the application of interdisciplinary knowledge and innovative experimental design. The educational framework adheres to an "Inspiration-Design-Experiment-Insight" research exploration model. This model begins by igniting students' interest in research, progresses through the design of experimental plans, proceeds to the execution of experimental procedures, and culminates in the analysis of results and the derivation of insights. The objective is to incrementally deepen students' understanding of chemistry and polymer science, foster innovation and research interest, and develop scientific thinking and literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

problems in complex systems cannot be evaluated by establishing simulation models because of their integrity, nonlinearity, openness and uncertainty. In order to fully consider the integrity and uncertainty of complex systems, this paper analyzes the contents and principles of experimental design, and the advantages of evidence theory, studies the three membership degree support vector machine model, and puts forward the subjective demand space generation method for capability metrics. Taking the performance analysis of the key penetration capability metric of a certain fighter aircraft as an example, the model is verified with sample data, which shows that the method had a good application prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Educational Technology is the property of Editorial Board of Modern Educational Technology, Tsinghua University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] Recently, underground space disasters have occurred with increasing frequency, highlighting the urgent need for a comprehensive, multidimensional support system for emergency communication. A key task in emergency communication for underground spaces is the rapid reorganization of communication networks to relay disaster information in real time. Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs), with their flexible deployment, unmanned operation, and all-terrain mobility, can play a vital role in emergency rescue efforts. In the event of disasters such as fires, collapses, or floods, UAVs can quickly access affected areas and establish stable ad-hoc networks using their onboard communication devices. UAVs can promptly transmit the collected disaster information back to the rescue center, thereby enhancing the efficiency of rescue operations. However, while extensive research has been conducted on UAV applications in low-altitude areas, further development is necessary for their use in underground spaces. Particularly, there is a lack of research on experimental platforms that integrate scientific research and teaching. This gap has resulted in a disconnect between the educational content and real-world scenarios. Therefore, establishing a scenario-based teaching and practice platform for emergency communication networks in underground spaces is essential. By enhancing practical teaching content, we can effectively guide students in learning modern emergency communication network technologies, ensuring a strong connection between theoretical instruction and real-world applications. [Methods] In this paper, we employ hypergraph theory to abstract the rapidly changing network topology into a dynamically evolving hypergraph, modeling the evolution of interference relations through the insertion and deletion of superedges. Specifically, we reformulate the dynamic channel selection problem in UAV communication networks as a hypergraph coloring problem. To adapt to the dynamic network topology, we leverage reinforcement learning theory to enhance the traditional hypergraph coloring algorithm and develop a dynamic hypergraph coloring algorithm. Additionally, when the topology of the UAV communication network changes, the traditional greedy algorithm requires recalculation at each time slot, whereas the Q-learning algorithm can quickly converge based on prior learning. Building on this discussion, we propose a dynamic channel selection algorithm based on the Q-learning framework, which can adjust the learning rate parameters according to the rate of topological changes. [Results] To validate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm, we conduct extensive simulation experiments to observe how the proportion of link conflicts in the network changes with varying algorithm iterations and UAV flight speeds. Additionally, we analyze the changes in average throughput across different network sizes, comparing the Q-learning algorithm to the greedy algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate that our algorithm can dynamically adjust the learning rate parameters based on the topological change rate of the UAV communication networks, achieving an optimal trade-off between algorithm performance and convergence speed. And the network performance of this algorithm is better than that of the greedy algorithm. [Conclusions] In conclusion, we utilize hypergraph theory to design an adaptive channel selection algorithm based on the Q-learning framework and establish a simulation experiment platform using ns-3 simulation software. Specifically, we employ the ns-3 platform to create a network simulation experiment for an underground space emergency scenario, helping students apply their theoretical knowledge of communication networks to practical engineering contexts. This work lays a solid foundation for developing a simulation teaching platform for UAV emergency communication networks within the interdisciplinary integration of electronic information science and emergency management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Disruptive intelligent technologies, such as large language models, are rapidly advancing and reshaping productivity, posing challenges to traditional knowledge-driven teaching models and setting new expectations for talent cultivation in higher education. Integrating these large language models with existing course content and designing new experiments to achieve talent cultivation goals in the intelligent era is crucial. This involves improving students' digital literacy and training various abilities. [Methods] To address these challenges, this study focuses on talent cultivation ability goals in the context of new productivity. The study analyzes the technical characteristics and applications of current large language models, explores the practical skills that students need, and sets corresponding cultivation goals. This study introduces the concept of "intelligent collaborative innovation ability," which involves cultivating students' innovation skills using artificial intelligence technologies such as large language models. This study discusses how to internalize this ability across different majors and proposes an innovative experimental design method characterized by "predetermined direction, diverse paths, and dynamic results." This method involves setting clear yet flexible goals for real engineering problems and encouraging students to seek solutions from various perspectives using diverse methods. This design tests students' innovative thinking and strengthens their adaptability to uncertainties and challenges. A dynamic result evaluation mechanism ensures comprehensive and fair assessment, promoting deeper thinking and continuous improvement. [Results] To address these challenges, this study begins with a focus on talent cultivation in the era of new productivity. The study analyzes the technical characteristics and applications of current large language models, explores the practical skills that students need, and sets corresponding cultivation goals. This study introduces the concept of "intelligent collaborative innovation ability," which involves cultivating students' innovation skills using artificial intelligence technologies such as large language models. This study discusses how to internalize this ability across different majors and proposes an innovative experimental design method characterized by "predetermined direction, diverse paths, and dynamic results." This method involves setting clear yet flexible goals for engineering problems and encouraging students to seek solutions from various perspectives using diverse methods. This design tests students' innovative thinking and strengthens their adaptability to uncertainties and challenges. A dynamic result evaluation mechanism ensures comprehensive and fair assessment, promoting deeper thinking and continuous improvement. [Conclusions] The study can transform teaching methods to focus on students and learning, effectively cultivating innovation and autonomous learning abilities. This method allows for personalized cultivation and a hierarchical evaluation. The proposed ability cultivation direction and experimental design method can serve as a reference model for innovative teaching practices across various disciplines when integrated with large language models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-dimensional dislocation cultivation system of factory hydroponic lettuce can be developed on the basis of increasing the number of cultivated plants per unit area without affecting the light of lettuce. To improve the mechanization rate of the system and reduce labor intensity, according to the characteristics of the three-dimensional dislocation cultivation, the planting cup was proposed to raise to a certain height before pushing the planting tray, and the colonization cup could cross the cultivation trough plug. The colonization tray was pushed up the cultivation trough, and a set of planting tray handling equipment was developed. Taking the lettuce colonization tray as test object, the Box-Behnken experimental design method was used to explore the factors affecting the success rate of the handling equipment on the plate, and the optimal parameter combination was discussed. The test results show that when the horizontal installation error of the cultivation tank is 0-5 mm with the guide plate angle of 60° and the advancing speed of 0.22 m/s, the largest success rate of the upper plate of 99.33% can be achieved, which can meet the three-dimensional dislocation production requirements of factory hydroponic lettuce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the quality of statistical reporting in publications from general medical journals and analyze the influencing factors. Methods A random sample of 480 original research articles published in 2010 and 2020 was selected from two Medline journals and six Chinese core journals in the field of medicine and health. The quality of statistical reporting was evaluated using a self - developed checklist based on the SAMPL guidelines, ICMJE recommendations, CONSORT, STROBE, and other relevant standards, followed by an analysis of influencing factors. Results The overall quality score for statistical reporting in the surveyed general medical journals was 40. 0 ± 8. 6. The scores for different statistical aspects were as follows: statistical design (43. 2 ± 6. 8), statistical description (67. 0 ± 24. 3), t -- test (23. 6 ± 17. 5), ANOVA (26. 8 ± 17. 2), chi - square test (24. 2 ± 13. 7), rank - sum test (45. 5 ± 18. 4), correlation analysis (41. 9 ± 13. 2), regression analysis (40. 5 ± 14. 8), and survival analysis (45. 6 ± 14. 9). Univariate analysis indicated that the overall quality score for statistical reporting in articles published in 2020 was higher than that in 2010 (35. 8 ± 7. 4 vs. 44. 3 ±7. 5, t - - 12. 510, P <0. 001). Multilevel modeling showed that the indexing system, research field, and publication year were the main factors influencing the overall score. Compared to Medline - indexed journals, the overall scores were lower for Chinese core journals. Articles focusing on non - human subjects had lower scores compared to those involving human subjects. Additionally, the overall scores for articles published in 2020 were higher than those in 2010. Conclusion The quality of statistical reporting in general medical journals in China has improved over the past decade, but there remains substantial room for further improvement. It is recommended to enhance the promotion of relevant reporting standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this experiment was to optimize the process of probiotics solid-state fermentation on stems and leaves of Angelica pubescens Radix, and to increase the content of osthole in stems and leaves of Angelica pubescens Radix. In this experiment, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain SSYB was used to ferment the stems and leaves of Angelica pubescens Radix, and on the basis of single factor test, the solid-state fermentation process was optimized by orthogonal experimental design, and the content of osthole in stems and leaves of Angelica pubescens Radix before and after the fermentation process was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the optimized fermentation process of stems and leaves of Angelica pubescens Radix was fermentation time of 72 h, fermentation temperature of 37 ℃, inoculation amount of 5%, and water content 65%. Under these conditions, the content of osthole in stems and leaves of Angelica pubescens Radix was 1.81 mg/g, which was significantly higher than that before fermentation by 45.97% (P<0.01). The results show that the content of osthole in stems and leaves of Angelica pubescens Radix is increased by optimizing the solid-state fermentation process of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SSYB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Components & Materials is the property of Electronic Components & Materials and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Grinding experiments of coal are designed to study the influence of spherical and cylindrical media on the three-dimensional morphology characteristics of grinding products. Details of experiments consist of coal grinding, screening of grinding produces, non-destructive testing of coarse-grained coal based on high-resolution three-dimensional X-ray microscopic imaging system, and particle segmentation extraction and three-dimensional morphology feature parameter calculation based on the Dragonfly software. For the low rotation rate condition of the ball mill, if the total surface area or total mass of grinding media is the same, breakage rate of the top size particles ground by the grinding ball is higher than that of the cylindrical media. Moreover, the yield of −1 mm fines yielded by the ball is the highest. The grinding effect reduces the volume and surface area of coarse materials. For the three grinding conditions, the steel cylindrical media with the largest surface area has a more significant “grinding and stripping” effect on coal and the highest particle sphericity.

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Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CT Theory & Applications is the property of Editorial Department of CT Theory & Applications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To explore the effects of kinesin-13 family member 2C (KIF2C) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell proliferation, invasion and migration as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) angiogenesis to provide potential targets for HCC treatment. Methods: Database data were used to analyze the expression of KIF2C mRNA and protein in HCC tissues and its correlation with the expression of angiogenesis-associated factors (VEGFR2 and HIF-1α). Human normal hepatocytes QSG-7701, HUVEC, and HCC cells Huh-7 and Hep3B2.1-7 were routinely cultured, and sh-NC and sh KIF2C were transfected into Huh-7 and Hep3B2.1-7 cells with Lipofectamine 3000 transfection reagent. qPCR was performed to detect the expression of KIF2C mRNA in QSG-7701, Huh-7 and Hep3B2.1-7 cells of each group, and WB was performed to detect the expression of KIF2C protein in cells of each group, and the effect of KIF2C knockdown on the clone formation of Huh3B2.1-7 and Huh-7 cells was examined in the clonogenic assay. Tubulogenesis assay to detect the effect of conditioned cultures of knockdown KIF2C-expressing Huh-7 and Hep3B2.1-7 cells on the angiogenic capacity of HUVEC cells. Results: Database analysis showed that KIF2C mRNA and protein were highly expressed in HCC tissues (both P<0.01). In addition, database analysis suggested that KIF2C mRNA may also be highly expressed in HCC cells, and the results of KIF2C mRNA and protein expression detected by qPCR and WB showed that its mRNA and protein were highly expressed in HCC cells (both P<0.01), consistent with the database data analysis. Database data analysis also showed that KIF2C was positively correlated with the expression levels of VEGFR2 and HIF-1α in HCC tissues (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Stable low KIF2C-expressing Huh-7 and Hep3B2.1-7 cells were successfully constructed (both P<0.01), and knockdown of KIF2C expression significantly inhibited the proliferative (all P<0.01), invasive and migratory (all P<0.01) capacities of Huh-7 and Hep3B2.1-7 cells, and the conditioned culture medium of HCC cells with knockdown of KIF2C expression could significantly inhibit the angiogenic capacity of HUVEC cells in vitro (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion: KIF2C promotes the ability of Huh-7 and Hep3B2.1-7 cells to proliferate, invade and migrate as well as HUVEC angiogenesis, suggesting that KIF2C may be a potential target for the treatment of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AIM: Given the uncertain impact of osmotic pressure on embryoid body (EB) differentiation, this study aimed to investigate the effects of increased osmotic pressure on EB differentiation and explore the potential relationship between this process and cadherin. METHODS: Polhethylene glycol 300 (PEG 300) was used to increase the osmotic pressure of the culture medium used for cultivating EBs under both high osmotic pressure and standard culture conditions. The experimental design included a control group, an experimental group (hypertonic group), groups treated with varying concentrations of PEG 300, and an experimental group treated with an inhibitor. Western blot, RT-qPCR, AM/PI staining, CCK-8, and immunocytochemical staining was used to analyze the cell viability and the expression of CDH1 and CDH2 markers of the three germ layers, and pluripotency markers within the EBs. RESULTS: Hypertonicity did not affect cell viability. Significant differences were observed in the expression of the cadherin proteins CDH1 and CDH2 in EBs between the experimental and control groups; however, no cleartrend towards an EMT shift was observed. Specifically, CDH2 expression was significantly down-regulated in experimental group, showing a clear correlation with variations in osmotic pressure. Moreover, compared with control group, pluripotency markers in the EBs from experimental group exhibited significantly higher expression levels from the 2nd day to the 5th day. A substantial increase in the expression of mesodermal markers was also observed; however, a downward trend was observed for ectodermal markers in experimental group. Intervention using SB431542, which up-regulates CDH2 expression by affecting TGF-β signaling, reversed the expression trend of mesodermal and ectodermal markers in experimental group. CONCLUSION: Elevated osmotic pressure appears to enhance the mesodermal differentiation efficiency in EBs, possibly correlating with CDH1 and CDH2 changes induced by osmotic pressure. Therefore, this study emphasizes the significant role of osmotic pressure in stem cell applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Objective] The problems of excessive CO2 emission, the greenhouse effect, and energy shortage have been widely discussed among countries worldwide. Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR) can realize the conversion of CO2 into value-added chemical fuel under mild conditions and the storage of renewable electricity, which is an effective way to promote China's aim of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. To pursue higher catalytic activity and product selectivity, researchers are committed to developing highly efficient ECO2RR electrocatalysts. In this paper, we designed Mo2CO2 MXene-based single-atom catalysts (SACs) (TM@Mo2CO2-Ov, TM = Fe, Co, Ni) according to the needs of ECO2RR, focusing on their electronic structure, catalytic performance, as well as reaction mechanism through theoretical simulation of the electrocatalytic process. [Methods] In this work, the CIF file of the Mo2CO2 MXene structure downloaded from the crystal structure database was first imported into the Materials Studio software. Then, the (110) crystal plane was cleaved, and a vacuum layer of 15 A was created. Afterward, a 3 x 3 supercell treatment was applied to the system. Next, the VASP software was utilized to perform structure optimization. After the Mo2CO2 structure was optimized, a vacancy site for an oxygen atom on the surface was constructed. Subsequently, the Fe, Co, and Ni metal atoms were introduced into the respective vacancy sites to create the Fe@Mo2CO2-Ov, Co@Mo2CO2-Ov, and Ni@Mo2CO2-Ov catalyst models, respectively. Finally, the VASP software was employed to optimize the catalyst structures and the adsorption structures of the reaction intermediates. The performance evaluation of ECO2RR on different SACs was obtained by studying the reaction mechanism of the production of C products (CO, HCOOH, CH3OH, and CH4). The free energy of ECO2RR was calculated using the computational hydrogen electrode mode, wherein the energy of (H+ + e-) remained equivalent to that of 1/2H2 at normal pressure and temperature. [Results] The calculated results showed the following: 1) In the Mo2CO2-Ov framework, single Fe, Co, and Ni atoms replaced the Mo atom at the center of the O defect. After structural optimization, it was found that these three structures did not change significantly, and the bond lengths only changed slightly. 2) The CO2 molecule was stably adsorbed on Fe@Mo2CO2-Ov, Co@Mo2CO2-Ov, and Ni@Mo2CO2-Ov via chemisorption. The structures of CO2 were significantly bent after adsorption, and the calculated absolute values of the interaction exceeded four. The DOS analysis showed that the occupation of d orbitals of Ni, Co, and Fe led to the adsorption difference. The d orbitals of Co and Fe were hybridized with the ng and nM* orbitals of CO2, which promoted the adsorption and activation of CO2. 3) The ECO2RR free energy diagram and reaction path analysis showed that Co@Mo2CO2-Ov had higher ECO2RR activity and better CH4 selectivity and was a better electrocatalyst for the formation of C1 products from ECO2RR than Fe@Mo2CO2-Ov and Ni@Mo2CO2-Ov. [Conclusions] By integrating the geometrical analysis, DOS calculation, and free energy analysis, Co@Mo2CO2-Ov was established as the ideal ECO2RR catalyst. The work can achieve the expected goal of significantly enhancing the ECO2RR performance and improving students' scientific research literacy to explore micromechanisms and processes through the extension of the experimental process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Rhodamine B (RhB) is a typical triphenylmethane dye with a carboxyl structure and a type of recalcitrant organic pollutant. It can cause significant damage to human health and the environment when discharged into water bodies. Ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) technology uses UV light excitation to decompose H2O2 into hydroxyl radicals (•OH) with strong oxidizing properties. The standard electrode potential of •OH is 2.8 eV, which is much higher than those of ordinary oxidants such as O3, Cl2, and H2O2. UV/H2O2 technology has the advantages of rapid reaction, low selectivity with organic compounds, and good treatment effects. In addition, the hydrolysis products of H2O2 are water and oxygen, which are environmentally friendly and do not cause secondary pollution. Therefore, among many advanced oxidation methods, UV/H2O2 technology is receiving widespread attention and research. Herein, a comprehensive experiment was designed to degrade RhB by the UV/H2O2 process. [Method] The effects of process conditions such as H2O2 dosage, pH value, and UV light intensity on the removal efficiency of RhB by UV/H2O2 were explored by single-factor experiments. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to examine the interaction of the different influencing factors. A quadratic regression model for the RhB removal rate was constructed, and its accuracy was verified through experiments. UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy were applied to confirm the removal effect of RhB. [Results] The results of the single-factor experiments indicated that the degradation process of RhB by UV/H2O2 followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. Properly increasing the concentration of H2O2 improved the reaction rate and the degradation effect of RhB, but its excessive addition led to the self-loss of •OH. Weak alkaline conditions were more conducive to RhB degradation in UV/H2O2 systems. With the increased UV light intensity, the reaction rate constant k value significantly increased. The RSM results revealed that the interaction between H2O2 dosage and UV light intensity significantly affected RhB degradation. At a H2O2 dosage of 47.45 mL/L, the pH value was 8.11, the UV light intensity was 730 µW/cm², and the RhB removal rate could reach 92.44% after 120 min. The relative deviation between the experimental and predicted values of the model was 0.89%. The predicted values from the regression model established with Design-expert software were highly correlated with the experimental values, accurately reflecting the actual removal of RhB. The UV-Vis and three-dimensional fluorescence results showed that a large number of azo bonds were rapidly broken by the active components, and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the molecular structure of RhB were disrupted, but some benzene derivatives were formed during the reaction. [Conclusions] The UV/H2O2 method could effectively degrade RhB dye wastewater. Single-factor experiments and RSM were used to optimize the conditions of the UV/H2O2 process, which helped improve students' understanding of the influencing factors of the reaction, kinetic fitting and optimization of experimental conditions in scientific research training, and cultivating students' scientific and rigorous style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, passenger railway stations in China were generally designed to be barrier-free according to the basic requirements of the codes. However, The actual effect after completion shows that the coverage and friendliness of the crowd are still insufficient. In order to improve the availability and convenience of barrier-free facilities in passenger railway station, a large number of key points in this field need to be innovated. Through the classification research of railway passenger groups, a demand matrix for railway passengers' barrier-free functions with six core systems is established, and a universal barrier-free design concept for passenger railway station covering all ages is put forward. Combined with the engineering practice of Xiong'an Station, and based on the analysis of passengers' usage as well as spiritual demands, a new barrier-free design method for all-age friendly passenger railway station with universal applicability is proposed from three aspects: barrier-free detail design guided by friendly goals, barrier-free toilet design guided by intelligence, and barrier-free space design integrated with art. It is a pioneering exploration for the barrier-free design of modern passenger railway station, which can effectively improve the barrier-free environmental quality of passenger railway station. In summary, the above results and methods can provide guidance for creating a barrier-free environment for passenger railway station in the new era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the wave of artificial intelligence development, harnessing computer technology to empower innovative design in Chinese-style furniture and optimizing the intelligent design and development process of cultural products is an inevitable choice to rejuvenate the Chinese-style furniture industry, enhance national confidence, and invigorate cultural vitality. This article first elucidated the con-ceptual connotation and development direction of the intelligent transformation in the furniture industry, highlighting the issues of convergence and cultural loss in intelligent design within the field of furniture design innovation. Addressing this phenomenon, the article proposed an intelli-gent design model based on convolutional neural networks and Latent Diffusion Models. Initially, cultural feature recognition of Chinese-style furniture was accomplished through the employment of Convolutional Neural Networks. Subsequently, a generative model based on the latent diffusion model was utilized to generate design solutions, rapidly deriving Chinese chairs that not only conform to contemporary aesthetic demands but also inherit traditional cultural characteristics. This article addressed the deficiencies in the recognition and application of cultural product details within intelligent design, mitigating the weakening of aesthetic value and cultural tension caused by a singular intelligent algorithm. It enhanced the efficiency of intelligent design in Chinese-style furniture and injected fresh vitality into the innovative development of cultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Objective]The cultivation of talents with the theoretical knowledge and practical ability of carbon neutrality is urgent for mitigating climate change and achieving a goal of carbon neutrality. Protecting and increasing the carbon sink in ecosystems represents an important pathway to carbon neutrality. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic environments contains a large carbon pool; thus, studying the biodegrad ability of bulk DOM and the transformation of different DOM components is crucial. This study designed a comprehensive experiment to analyze the carbon sink potential of aquatic DOM, combining research frontiers and experiment teaching. [Methods]This experiment included the sampling of DOM from typical water bodies and laboratory biodegradation incubation. The river water and wastewater were collected as typical samples, and the DOM was measured before and after the microbial degradation. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration was measured using a total organic carbon analyzer to quantify the biodegrad ability of bulk DOM. A UV--visible absorption spectrometer and a molecular fluorescence spectrometer were used to further measure the optical properties of DOM. The absorption coefficient and the spectral slope were calculated as indicators of the level of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) and the average molecular weight of DOM, respectively. Humic-like and protein-like peaks were identified from the fluorescence spectra, and the fluorescence intensity of each peak was used to indicate the level of the corresponding fluorescent component. The absorption and fluorescence indices of the initial and degraded samples were compared to decipher the degradation and transformation characteristics of CDOM and different types of fluorescent components. [Results]The bulk DOC decreased by 15.7% and 45.0% after the microbial degradation of river and wastewater DOM, respectively. This indicated the higher biodegrad ability of DOC from wastewater that contained more labile constituents. In contrast, the river DOC contained a higher percent of refractory constituents and thus had a higher carbon sink potential. The CDOM absorption coefficient decreased by 12.8% and 1.5% in the river water and wastewater after biodegradation, respectively. The weaker decrease in wastewater CDOM suggested the potential transformation from labile constituents to CDOM by microbial humification. The absorption spectral slope increased slightly by 4.9% after the biodegradation of the river sample due to the decreased molecular weight by the prevailing degradation process. In contrast, the spectral slope decreased by 19.8% for the wastewater sample, indicating an increase in the molecular weight through microbial humification. The fluorescence of river DOM was dominated by humic-like peaks, whereas that of wastewater showed strong signals for both humic-like and protein-like peaks. The protein-like peaks showed little changes in the river water while the humic-like peaks increased slightly, which indicated net accumulations of refractory components and was consistent with the theory of microbial carbon pump. In contrast, both protein-like and humic-like peaks decreased after the degradation of the wastewater sample, which proved a higher biodegradability and the potential priming effect due to the increased microbial activity with more labile substrates. [Conclusions]This experiment revealed different biodegrad abilities of bulk DOM and different DOM constituents (CDOM and different fluorescent components) from typical aquatic environments (i.e., river and wastewater). The experiment design can be applied to further explore the biodegrad ability of DOM from other water bodies. The results can be used for assessing the carbon sink potential of environmental DOM and for analyzing its underlying mechanisms. This experiment can help students understand the cutting-edge scientific theory of carbon neutrality, master the principle, operation, and data analysis of modern instrumental analysis techniques, and cultivate innovative thinking and practical ability, which will help the cultivation of talents for carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Carbon dioxide (CO2) displacement and storage are the most viable technologies for achieving carbon neutralization and enhancing low-permeability reservoir recovery. The current research focused on the evaluation of CO2 storage capacity and mechanism under different geological conditions but ignored the problem of CO2 storage time being too long. When CO2 was injected into the stratum for geological burial, it mainly existed in the form of geological structure burial in the initial stage of injection (within several decades), and the safety was relatively low. In the middle stage of injection (within 100 years), it changed from geological structure burial to bound storage and gradually to dissolved storage, and the safety was relatively good at this time. In the later stage of injection (thousands of years), the storage forms were mainly dissolved storage and mineralized storage, and the safety was the highest. Therefore, through laboratory experiments, studying how to improve CO2 mineralization and storage speed and shorten the CO2 storage time using chemical agents is of great significance. [Methods] Based on the actual CO2 storage technology in reservoirs, a CO2 storage experimental device under formation temperature and pressure conditions was independently built, and multimedia-assisted CO2 storage experimental research was conducted. The precipitation of potassium carbonate through the utilization of the ethanol + KOH solution system enabled CO2 capture and carbonization. The reaction process in the solution system was affected by the ethanol concentration, resulting in different CO2 carbonization amounts with the change in the ethanol concentration. Simultaneously, the precipitation-generated potassium-based acid salt could undergo a reaction with water to facilitate ethanol regeneration. This paper utilized experimental methods to investigate the CO2 capture efficiency of the ethanol + KOH system, real-time monitoring of ethanol content in the solution, and identification of the optimal ethanol concentration for the formation temperature. The solution was supplemented with KOH, followed by the utilization of regenerated ethanol from the solution's carbonization reaction for subsequent carbonization, enabling the determination of the maximum CO2 capture capacity of the ethanol + KOH system. The CO2 burial experiment was conducted using a high-temperature and high-pressure core displacement device after injecting the ethanol + KOH solution. The characteristics of CO2 mineralization under different permeability/porosity conditions were discussed. [Results] The research results indicated that the 96% ethanol + 3-g KOH solution demonstrated effective CO2 capture, resulting in an average precipitation of 4.56 g per capture. Simultaneously, following the saturation of the core with the 96% ethanol + 3-g KOH solution, CO2 injection was conducted to induce sediment formation, resulting in a reduction in core permeability of approximately 16.01%. After CO2 mineralization and burial, the average porosity of the low-permeability core decreased by 7.07%, and the porosity change rate was positively correlated with porosity. The results of the CO2 storage experiment indicated that after the action of the 96% ethanol + 3-g KOH solution, CO2 could be effectively captured in the form of precipitates in the reservoir, with the largest degree of capture in medium to large pores. Compared with formation water, the composite solution studied in this paper can improve the CO2 storage efficiency by 30%. The 96% ethanol + 3-g KOH solution can accelerate the CO2 precipitation process in the reservoir and shorten the mineralization and storage time of CO2 in the reservoir. [Conclusions] This study proposed a new method to increase CO2 storage capacity by injecting a KOH + ethanol solution into a formation to improve CO2 mineralization and storage efficiency. Moreover, it realized the effective integration of the chemical industry and petroleum engineering disciplines and provided a new research approach for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a high-resolution imaging radar that works under any weather conditions without environmental constraints. It has wide applications in military and civilian fields. Maritime ship tracking based on SAR images mainly involves identifying a ship in a SAR image and monitoring its trajectory in subsequent SAR images, thus achieving the monitoring of the marine field. It is currently an important branch of remote sensing image information processing and has extremely important research value. This study aimed at the characteristics of coherent speckle noise in SAR images and the difficulty in capturing ships due to their large moving range.To improve the accuracy of ship tracking on the sea, an experimental scheme for ship tracking based on SAR images was designed. First, three pairs of continuous satellite SAR images were used to construct a dataset. Then, according to the characteristics of smallships on the sea and the layered structure of the SiamFC algorithm network, a SiamFC algorithm was proposed fortracking ships on the sea. Because of the relatively simple feature extraction network structure of SiamFC, which was more suitable for tracking small targets such as satellites and ships, this study adjusted the parameters of the SiamFC algorithm and trained and tested a model using a constructed dataset. The model was trained in a completely offline mode, and the tracking process did not update the model parameters. Only the trained parameters were used for tracking. The test results showed that the model is feasible. To achieve a better tracking effect, a gamma operator was introduced to enhance the SAR images. The coherent speckle noise in SAR images was reduced, enhancing the details of ship targets. This was mainly reflected in the fact that the grayscale value of the ocean was lower compared with ships and land after SAR image enhancement, resulting in a more pronounced shape and size of ships. The Gamma Map filtering algorithm was used to improve the model, which reduced a large amount of useless information in the image, the pressure of feature extraction, and the error of correlation convolution operation so that the model could effectively track the target according to the characteristics of the target. This effectively improved the performance of the model and solved the technical difficulties of SAR image tracking. Finally, the improved model was tested, and the experimental results showed that the average accuracy of the improved model on test set A increased from 12.7% to 19.6%. When the coincidence rate met at least 40%, the accuracy of the improved model reached 30%, which is an increase of more than 10%. When the test set was B, the average accuracy of the model increased from 39.0% to 41.7%. When the coincidence rate met at least 40%, the accuracy of the improved model increased from 55% to 61%, increasing by 6%. The improved method proposed in this study achieved the expected goal. The results showed that the ship tracking accuracy of this scheme was improved and that the new scheme had good tracking performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] As a country's vital strategic resources, oil and gas play a decisive role in national economic levels and international strategic positions. Pipelines are the most commonly used method for transporting these resources, but they are vulnerable to various defects and damages during transportation, including construction aging, natural wear and tear, internal corrosion, and external impacts. These factors often result in frequent leakage accidents. Therefore, the regular use of magnetic flux leakage detection technology to inspect and evaluate existing oil and gas pipelines is an effective means to ensure their integrity and reliability. However, traditional manual interpretation methods suffer from issues such as missed detections and false alarms. Therefore, the intelligent development of leak magnetic signal identification can be facilitated using deep learning techniques. [Methods] The magnetic leakage image samples in this experiment were collected from an actual long-distance oil and gas pipeline. First, the magnetic leakage images in a dataset were augmented, including rotation, cropping, scaling, mirroring, and other image transformations, to generate six types of magnetic leakage core signal images: flange, metal loss, normal, spiral weld, tee joint, and ring weld. The preprocessed magnetic leakage image samples were then divided into a training set, a validation set, and a test set in certain proportions. This experiment was based on the PyTorch 2.0 deep learning framework and utilized a transfer learning strategy to invoke the pretrained model ResNet50. Meanwhile, keeping the pretrained weights unchanged, different attention mechanism modules (SE, CA, CBAM, and ECA) were added after each stage of the backbone network, and the insertion position and quantity of attention mechanisms were varied to conduct multiple comparative experiments. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation of the model's performance was conducted using multiple evaluation metrics. In addition, to further understand the internal recognition logic of the model, the Grad-CAM++ interpretable algorithm was used to generate feature maps. By comparing the feature maps generated by the ResNet50 model and the ECA model at different stages, the recognition differences between them were analyzed, and preliminary localization of the magnetic leakage defects was achieved. [Results] Experimental results showed the following: 1) Inserting a single-layer attention mechanism in Stages 1--3 of the backbone network partially improves the model's accuracy, but the improvement was not significant. 2) Inserting multiple-layer attention mechanisms in Stages 1--3 of the backbone network greatly improves the model's recognition performance, with an average improvement of 3.15%. Among them, the ECA model performed the best, with an accuracy of 99.7% for its optimal model, and it had a lower complexity and loss value (0.017). 3)The feature maps of the ECA attention model were more focused on precise features compared with the ResNet50 model rather than on abstract features. This feature representation was also more consistent with human recognition characteristics. [Conclusions] In summary, the introduction of a multilayer attention mechanism effectively improves the recognition performance of the model and accurately identifies six types of magnetic leakage signal images in the pipeline. Furthermore, by using the Grad-CAM++ interpretability algorithm, the internal recognition logic of the model can be visualized, thereby achieving the initial localization of magnetic leakage defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] g-C3N4 is a photocatalytic material that can be prepared easily at low cost and exhibits good stability. However, it has limitations, such as a small specific surface area and low efficiency in photogenerated carrier separation. The photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 can be enhanced by modifying the microstructure of carbon nitride through morphology regulation, element doping, and heterostructure construction. At present, most studies on photocatalysis focus on simulating visible light for degradation experiments to investigate the catalyst's performance and influencing factors. However, limited studies have been conducted under natural light conditions that hamper the practicality of research findings. [Methods] Herein, Cl/S codoped carbon nitride was synthesized using a hydrothermal stripping method and combined with MoS2 to form MoS2/TCNTCNCl-S composite material. Furthermore, it was loaded onto Al2O3 hollow spheres to prepare modified carbon nitride hollow sphere MoS2/TCNTCNCl-S (P), enabling recycling of the composite material. Crystal phase composition and morphology of the catalyst were analyzed using SEM, TEM, UV--Vis spectroscopy, and XRD techniques. Moreover, the mechanism behind photogenerated carrier generation, recombination, and transport was investigated through I-T measurements as well as PL and EIS characterization methods. Furthermore, a photo-self-Fenton/PMS collaborative system was constructed under visible light conditions to evaluate TC degradation efficiency considering different TC concentrations, catalyst dosage, pH, and PMS concentration. This enabled the evaluation of the catalyst's performance and its influencing factors under natural light conditions. Radical quenching experiments and ESR operations contributed to the PMS collaborative system to analyze the reasons for the difference in free radical contribution and to summarize the mechanism of TC degradation in the process. [Results] The results demonstrate that the photo-self-Fenton/PMS system achieved an 80% degradation rate of TC within 120 min, indicating the high feasibility of photocatalysis under natural light. The photo-self-Fenton/PMS collaborative system autonomously generated H2O2 upon PMS addition and enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency by approximately 30%, thereby addressing the limitations of traditional photo-Fenton technology requiring additional Fe2+ and H2O2. Furthermore, the incorporation of PMS enhanced the anti-interference capability of the photocatalytic system, thereby minimizing the effect of pollutant concentration, pH, and other factors on its performance. TCNTCNCl-S, a double-doped carbon nitride nanotube cluster of Cl/S with a diameter of approximately 69 nm, was synthesized via the hydrothermal stripping method. Subsequently, the MoS2/TCNCl-S composite was formed, combining MoS2 with TCNCl-S(P). To achieve an efficient degradation of TC under visible light, a photo-self-Fenton/PMS collaborative reaction system was constructed. [Conclusions] This study achieved efficient degradation of TC under visible light through a highly efficient carbon nitride composite catalyst. By investigating free radical production and transformation mechanisms, it is observed that PMS introduction promotes increased ½O2- generation in synergy with new radicals such as ¹O2 and SO4*-, ultimately strengthening TC degradation. This experiment design involves a comprehensive application of basic knowledge and theoretical practice, such as the principle of environmental catalysis and degradation of water-based environmental pollutants, which helps strengthen students' understanding of the textbook content and improve their practical operation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Driving safety on high-speed rail (HSR) is of utmost importance, with a direct correlation between HSR travel safety and driver vigilance levels. This work aimed to develop a robust and comprehensive experimental scheme for estimating vigilance in HSR drivers. [Methods] The methodology integrates multichannel data to realize a nuanced and accurate evaluation of HSR driver vigilance levels. To simulate and reduce alertness among HSR drivers, a state-of-the-art HSR driving simulator is used, which shows continuous driving scenarios that closely imitate real-world conditions. Within this simulated environment, the basis for a multichannel HSR driver's vigilance estimation research and experimental scheme is established. The experimental phase involves the simultaneous collection of different data points, including the driver's EEG, ECG, eye movements, response times to simple tasks, and subjective reports detailing the level of fatigue experienced. These synchronous multichannel datasets, which are rich in information, form the basis for developing a sophisticated driver vigilance estimation model. Machine learning methods, such as neural networks and support vector machines, are exploited to leverage the wealth of multisource fusion features, which include the incorporation of the driver's neural and physiological characteristics as the input and the driver's fatigue state as the output. Central to this work is a careful examination of the effectiveness of the developed multichannel vigilance estimation scheme for HSR drivers, verifying its validity and practical application in real-world HSR driving scenarios. [Results] The experimental design highlights the significance of considering multichannel data and identifying the intricate interplay between occupational responsibilities and environmental factors that influence HSR drivers. The comprehensive experimental plan spans the collection of diverse data sources, including EEG, ECG, eye movement recordings, response times to various tasks, and subjectively reported levels of vigilance. The driver's response time to emergency situations is normalized to establish a vigilance grading standard, such as high, medium, and low, allowing for the identification of the driver's vigilance. This nuanced classification system offers the foundation for proactive measures to improve driving safety and prevent potential railway accidents or delayed responses during crucial situations. Acknowledging the constraints of wearable devices in collecting and transmitting physiological data, we advocate a forward-looking approach. Follow-up studies should encompass a holistic consideration of hardware and software aspects. This includes addressing the challenges associated with the collection, transmission, processing, and analysis of multichannel data. Proposals for improvements in data collection devices and transmission methods are presented to minimize interference and fortify the overall robustness of the experimental design. [Conclusions] In conclusion, this comprehensive approach establishes a solid theoretical and technical foundation for the preliminary design of safety systems for high-speed train applications. By addressing the challenges associated with multichannel data collection and wearable devices, this work considerably contributes to the advancement of HSR driver vigilance estimation and, consequently, plays a key role in improving the overall driving safety in HSR operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]