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Resource allocation efficiency is one of the most important themes of economic research, so research on environmental policy and resource allocation is an important aspect to evaluate the economic effects of environmental policies. This paper first briefly reviews the research context of the theory of resource reallocation and resource misallocation and then analyzes the conceptual implications and accounting methods of resource reallocation and resource misallocation. Secondly, this paper takes the theoretical assumptions and mechanisms of different models as the main line, systematically sorts out the relevant literature on the impact of environmental policies on resource reallocation and resource misallocation, summarizes and reviews relevant theoretical and empirical research, and puts forward the shortcomings of the research and future direction of expansion. Finally, this paper makes a brief comment on the research status of China’ s environmental policies and resource allocation and puts forward their research prospect. This paper finds that: ① From the perspective of resource reallocation, environmental policies affect the reallocation of resources across firms or within firms by changing the entry and exit conditions, inhibiting the degree of product market competition, and changing product mix. By distorting factor prices, these policies lead to the deviation of the equilibrium allocation of factors from the optimal allocation of firms, thereby causing resource misallocation. ② The conclusions on how the initial distortion affects the resource reallocation effect of environmental policies, or whether environmental policies can mitigate the resource misallocation caused by the initial distortion, differ de⁃ pending on the form of the initial distortion. ③ The existing literature on environmental policies and resource allocation is insufficient in terms of research perspectives, research methods, and research scenarios, and the research conclusions on the impact of environmental policies on resource allocation efficiency usually depend on the relevant assumptions and research scenarios of benchmark models. The theoretical analysis results and the degree of influence under different frameworks of benchmark models are different. This paper believes that, based on the Chinese scenario, theoretical breakthroughs in the measurement of the micro-mechanisms and effects of environmental policies affecting resource allocation, environmental policies and industrial transformation and upgrading, environmental policies and resource space mismatches, etc., may be a marginal contribution of China’ s research on development economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of rapid urbanization, urban agglomeration development was promoting regional economic competition and cooperation, but also causing the intensification of contradictions between human and land, decline of ecosystem services level to a certain extent. In order to quantify the impact of urbanization on natural capital and reveal the influence mechanism of ecosystem service in human resource consumption process. In this study, Southern Fujian Urban Agglomeration (SFUA) is taken as an example, which is the typical rapidly urbanized area, emergy analysis method and GIS technology are used to analyze the spatial and temporal evolutions of renewable resources in the SFUA from 2000 to 2015, the evolution of eco-environment value and natural capital loss in the process of urbanization and land conversion. The results show that: (1) The renewable resources of SFUA presented a fluctuant decreasing trend in time, and gradually increasing trend in space; (2) The area proportion of urban land presented a significant increase trend in high environmental quality level, increased from 0 to 10.63%, the loss of regional eco-environment value caused by human activities was gradually rising; (3) Due to urbanization in the process of urban expansion, part of the natural land and agricultural land was converted to urban land, the total loss of natural capital caused by the conversion was 1.27E+22 seJ, and the currency value was more than 6.3 billion yuan. This study can help improve the research of eco- environmental effects due to urbanization, and provide decision- making reference for the urban agglomeration or regional eco-environment management and restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In procurement auctions for complex contracts, bids involve quality attributes in addition to price. In such situation, the bidding strategy selected and the winner determination problem become more difficult because price and quality have different units and valuation scales. Based on the simple additive weighting method, this article proposes a new winner determination protocol. This protocol not only eliminates the problem caused by different measurement units of price and quality, but also transforms the different components of a bid into comparable scales, and simplifies the calculation of evaluating bids as well. Under our protocol, risk-neutral and risk-averse bidders' equilibrium bidding strategies are presented, and the effects of the number of bidders on bidding behavior, bidders' payoff and procurer's utility are examined, respectively. The result shows that: the competition has the same effect on risk-neutral and risk-averse bidders' bidding strategies; however, risk-averse bidders will offer a higher quality at a lower price than risk-neutral bidders; some results obtained generalize the price-only auction theory, and some results are nearer to the reality relative to the previous corresponding results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment times is one important decision variable when firms take investment in module. The quality of module goes up with increase of experiment times, and the investment cost also increases. Using real options approach, this paper conducts respectively research on the module investment decisions of complete monopoly firm and the new entrance firm faced with market competition. The results suggest that, 1) both of the module investments of the complete monopoly firm and the new entrance firm, there exists a optimal minimum experiment times, and the investment threshold corresponding to experiment times is the real one; 2) in the case of complete monopoly investment, the technical potential does not affect the optimal minimum experiment times and the corresponding investment threshold, whereas in the case of the new entrance firm's investment, the technical potential of module does that; 3) the new entrance firm strongly intends to research on the module with quality higher than existing module if the market size is bigger, the technical potential of module is greater, the quality of existing module is lower, and the experiment cost is lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transshipment can decrease shortage cost and increase customer service level. When customers transfer to the other channel because of shortage, that is, there exists customers switching, the transshipment strategy of the dual-distribution channel is based on the competition for customers. So decision processes are more complicated when there exists customers switching. In this paper, the optimal ordering strategy and equilibrium solution under transshipment condition are proposed, which are compared with those under non-transshipment condition. Further, we compare the profit of the dual channels under transshipment and non-transshipment strategies with given customer switching rate. The computational results indicate that transshipment is a better choice for decision-maker when there exists customer switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circulation among industries is an important feature of an economy and an essential structural factor to form its industry competitiveness in the internet age. Based on industry networks, we studied cycle degree of an industry and its connotation which describe this feature. Cycle degree of an industry is the number of cycles crossing the industry, depicting multi-direction circular linkages and reflecting the eflFect of the industry on circulation. Industries with big cycle degrees can influence more industry cycles, and become the core of industrial cyclic operation. In view of the studies on the properties of circle degree of an industry, we designed an algorithm to calculate it. Exemplification indicates that cycle degree of an industry can describe its importance quantitatively from the perspective of industry circulation, and reflect the similarities and differences of industry structures. This suggests that as a kind of structural indicator, cycle degree of an industry is of great theoretical and practical significance for further researching on industrial cluster, the upgrading of the industrial structure, industrial competitiveness, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantity discount is introduced into sequential second-price auctions with two stochastically equivalent complementary objects. We study the impact of quantity discount on the buyers' equilibrium bidding strategies and expected surplus, set up the programming problem for the seller to choose the optimal quantity discount in order to maximize her ex ante expected revenue. Our analysis shows that: adopting quantity discount induces intense competition among the bidders, adequate quantity discount can increase the seller's ex ante expected revenue and optimal quantity discount decreases as the number of bidders increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the acquirers' competitive strategies under the scenario of uncertainty and incomplete information by building the dynamic competitive M&A model incorporating both sequential entering and bidding phase. The key points of the paper are the solutions in equilibrium for optimal strategies in bidding phase and the optimal entering decisions for the following acquirers, the best initial offering and entry timing for the leading acquirers in the sequential entry phase. The final results show that the leading acquirers can exclusively acquire the target through preemptive offer to prevent other competitors which may lead to a span of random shock. Through the extension of the model to the condition that the entry order is endogenous, the paper proposes the prerequisites for the acquirers' preemptive strategy and the solutions for the acquirers' optimal competitive strategies and the value of relevant M&A options. The paper concludes that the threat of preemptive strategy will accelerate the realization of M&A and that the less discrepancy of entering cost among acquirers leads to the more M&A competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difference between service suppliers' promised service quality and actual service quality markedly influences their demand. Service suppliers compete with each other based on service quality and price, and service quality is expressed by service reliability. Service demand depends on all of the service suppliers' service quality and price in the market. The competition among service suppliers includes three types: 1. Price competition among service suppliers with given service level. There is a unique Nash equilibrium among service suppliers; 2. service quality competition among service suppliers with a fixed price. Every service supplier's optimal decision is not affected by other service suppliers; 3. service quality and price competition among service suppliers. With the objective of maximizing profit, service suppliers make the optimal choice of price, service quality and the corresponding service demand. It shows that service suppliers' different strategies result in different equilibrium behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering consumers' heterogeneity of the demand for new and remanufactured products, we derived the demand function and studied the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and independent operator (IO) how determine the scale of new and remanufactured products according to the cost savings of remanufacture under the condition of competition among the new products, the remanufactured products produced by OEM and the remanufactured products produced by IO. Next we compared the OEM's profits under the conditions of monopoly and competition and finally analyzed the effect of new product costs on the OEM and IO's production strategies by numerical examples. The conclusions state the OEM and IO can choose 12 different production strategies according to the cost savings of remanufacture. The competition of IO enables the OEM to lower profits, the OEM should remanufacturing deal with the manufacturer's competition. When the cost of new product is very low, the OEM is more inclined to remanufacture nothing or some of intercepted cores and the IO is more inclined to remanufacture all cores it collects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the retailer's channel choices and impacts of channel cannibalization on the channel demand and profit are investigated based on the view of heterogeneities of customer's channel preferences and acceptance for different retailers. By building and solving the mathematic models, conditions where the retailer selects the hybrid-channel mode as well as the retailer's optimal decisions under various channel structures are obtained in monopoly scenario and in horizon competition scenario respectively. Through the comparison research and numerical analysis, values of the horizon competition to retailer's channel choices are discussed. Research results are as follows: Firstly, proportion of the customer type and channel preferences have direct impact on channel mode selection, pricing and profits. Secondly, the horizon competition between two retailers can improve the value of the hybrid-channel mode and the stronger the competitor, the more profitable is the hybrid-channel pattern. The horizon competition is able to decrease the impacts of selling costs on the retailer's channel choices. Finally, the cannibalization between the internet channel and the physical channel as well as the negative impacts of channel conflict on the retailer's profit can be overcome by using a smart pricing regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequent occurrence of natural disasters has drawn people's attention to the aftermath work, especially the effective routing of emergency vehicles carrying relief efforts. Based on the situation where some disaster hit areas can be informed in advance while could not accept emergency service, this paper introduces the disclosure date and release date to nomadic TSP model, studies an online nomadic TSP problem based on advanced information, and gives a lower bound. When the metric space is the real line, an ENO-dd algorithm is presented. For general metric spaces, a GTR-dd algorithm is presented. Competitive analysis is given for these two algorithms respectively. The results indicate that the more advanced information, the better these two algorithms perform. More general information structure and optimal algorithm design can be the future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definition of synergistic effect and three synergistic functions have been proposed for the competitive facility location problem with synergistic effect of product or service market. And the competitive facility location model with maximal captured market share has been built. For fragment type synergistic function, the relationship between the optimal solution of the new problem P1 with synergistic effect and the original problem P0 have been analyzed. When the optimal solution of original problem P0 takes different values, how the optimal solution of the new problem P1 changes with the parameters of synergistic function were presented at last. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a new framework for the analysis of byproduct gas supply in iron and steel industry. Based on the online theory, this paper studies the online balance assignment problem of the byproduct gas. In the production process, the online decision maker makes decisions to balance the supply of byproduct gas in the online ease. Under some reasonable assumptions, the paper constructs a balance assignment model of the byproduct gas to solve the balance range unknown problem. First, this researcher attempts to analyze the special nature of the offline case and the characteristics of the online case under different scenes. Then the paper designs an online balance strategy with a competitive ratio of (1 + 3M/m)/4 without the knowledge of supply interval. This study provides some ideas and theories for the balance assignment and use of the byproduct in manufacture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a hot academic topic to identify the influencing factors of airports competitiveness which are numerous and interrelated. This study improves the traditional decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method according to its limit and proposes BP-DEMATEL method that is suitable for the influencing factors identification. It exploits BP neural network to calculate the weights between object index and influencing factor index and uses the weights to get the direct-relation matrix, then takes advantage of DEMATEL method to study the influencing factors. The empirical analysis of airports competitiveness shows that this method is feasible and can supply theoretical support, so BP-DEMATEL method enriches the theory and method in studying influencing factors and supplies the possibility of exacting fundamental influencing factors effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding the fact that there are significant differences in the developing process of China's regional construction industry, on the basis of the existing research results, we combine the DEA-DA model and PLS structural model to make the empirical research on the spatial differences in Chinese construction industry competitiveness formation mechanism. We find that regional economic development and factors of production greatly contribute to the upgrading of competitiveness, but their impact is a sort of differences; building auxiliary industries, innovation status and industrial organization also have different mechanisms to enhance construction industry competitiveness in different regions; there are different relationships between effectiveness and efficiency in different regions. We realize the innovation both in theory and method as to the industry competitiveness under the spatial dimension; and lay the foundations for further study on the regulation of the joint development of Chinese construction industry competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general-purpose model associated with vertically differentiated two-sided markets is established based on an abstract function. Using the general-purpose model, the paper discusses the features of market equilibriums in both a monopoly and a duopoly markets, and explores strategic effects of price change in the duopoly market. The paper further studies the impact of the parameters of network externality and the variable of quality gap on equilibrium prices and profits under the assumption of uniform distribution of consumer preference. The following conclusions are obtained by using the general-purpose model. Firstly, a monopoly platform can coordinate the price structure of the two sides more effectively than duopoly platforms. Secondly, a positive feedback exists in competition between duopoly platforms. Thirdly, prices have strategic complementary effect in duopoly competition, and this effect is stronger on the downstream side than on the upstream side. Under the assumption of uniform distribution, the paper finds that the low-quality platform should take the strategy of "divide and conquer", while the high-quality platform should exert the strategy of "act according to circumstances". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the dynamic evolution process of the remanufacturing entry decisions of manufacturers based on the evolutionary game model under duopoly competition. The results show that the evolutionary stable strategies are affected by the ratio of remanufactured products' added value to new products'. Moreover, the system will evolve to different equilibriums under different boundary conditions. Furthermore, appropriate government subsidy will promote the strategy equilibrium of both remanufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of competition strategies and decision rationality on airlines' price competition, the airlines' dynamic price competition model based on different competition strategies and heterogeneous players is established by using the theory of bifurcation of dynamical systems, and the existence and stability of equilibrium points of this model are discussed. The complex dynamics of this model in different market parameters are shown though numerical simulation. The simulation results show that in order to investigate the stability of economic systems with realistic significance, it needs a new judgment theorem which combined traditional theorem with individual rationality. And the competition strategies of airlines have an obvious impact on the complexity of price competition and competition performance. Finally, the chaos state of airlines' dynamic price competition model is controlled by the delayed feedback control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the more and more regular and fierce market competition and especially the tremendous development of shipping derivative market in recent years, a method of dynamic pricing decision-making of service contracts for international container ocean shipping based on option theory, with prices as external variables, was put forward. A model with American put/call options and complying with the current legal regime was built for dynamic pricing decision-making of service contracts for international container ocean shipping. On the basis of Ito Lemma and its properties concerned, the model was solved through transferring relevant differential equations. Based on certain numerical examples, the obtaining and estimation method of key parameters was described in detail. The affecting mechanism of relevant factors involved in service contracts with American call/put options was analyzed by solving the numerical examples; meanwhile, the effectiveness of the model was testified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays most countries, China included, use index system approach in industry test. However, because this approach can not distinguish the influence from that of many non-dumping factors on the concerned industry, it discounts the credibility of research results. Based on the COMPAS model, which developed fast in recent years, this paper explore theoretically how dumping affects the import-competitive industry's output, prices and income through price mechanism. Then based on the data of the China's anti-dumping case agaist chicken products form USA in 2009, this paper did an empirical test on how the dumping of chicken products imported from USA affects China's chicken industry. The empirical results show that China's chicken product's price fell by about 4%, output fell by 13%, industry-wide income fell by 17% because of the dumping of imported chicken products from USA from 2006 to 2009. The empirical results are in line with the results of the theoretical analysis and the reality of China's chicken industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of youth unemployment has led to a great demand for youth continuing education in Taiwan. While young people want continuing education to increase their competitiveness, the government also hopes that it will increase youth employment. This paper explores the strategies and trends in youth continuing education in Taiwan. First, it illustrates that there is a strong demand for youth continuing education when individuals face social change and difficulties in career development. Second, it introduces youth continuing education programmes that address these needs, and it explains the different strategies of continuing education. Finally, it summarizes recent trends in youth continuing education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While designing the issue of the discount card, stores need to strictly analyze the effect of factors such as the issue price and discount rate on the consumer's behavior. Using the theory of on-line algorithms and competitive analysis, this paper studied the on-line problem how consumers make decisions between two discount cards which are issued at the same time. On the one hand, the optimal deterministic strategy and its competitive ratio were obtained; on the other hand, a randomized strategy was constructed and an upper bound for the optimal randomized competitive ratio was obtained, and moreover, a lower bound for the optimal randomized competitive ratio was proved by Yao's Lemma. Thanks to numerical examples, the effect of the factors on the on-line strategies and their competitive ratios was analyzed. The results may instruct the stores in determining the issue price and discount rate of the discount card. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the development characteristics of automotive market in China, combining with the practice in the marketing management and ability evaluation of auto dealers, and based on the theory of enterprise ability and competitiveness evaluation method, a set of systematic, comprehensive and dynamic evaluation system of auto dealers' ability is established. The system evaluates the dealers' ability objectively in terms of basic ability and the abilities in marketing, sales service, customer management, personnel management and sustainable development. Based on the dealers' score in their capability assessment, the manufacturers can targetedly work out plans for effectively enhancing their dealers' ability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Enhancing competencies—Providing opportunities—Facilitating adaptation” are means to help alleviate the unemployment problems of young people. The Employees Retraining Board offers services to young people according to their age and educational attainment. For those aged 15 to 20 with an education level below Secondary 5, a special programme has been tailored to rekindle their interest in learning and to cultivate positive attitudes among them. For other young people, job-specific skills training courses in line with their career aspirations are offered in conjunction with training in personal attributes. Together with placement follow ups and other support services, the placement rate of young trainees is broadly on a par with the overall placement rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]