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Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Uranium Geology is the property of Uranium Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To explore the Synergistics principle and developmental dynamic mechanism of health-related behaviors. Methods By comprehensively applying the theoretical research methods such as canonical analysis and comparative analysis, taking the echinococcosis control behavior and the "Shiqu modeln in the Tibetan area of northwest Sichuan as an example, the principle of Synergistics was used to explore the dynamic mechanism of health -related behavior development. Results The development of health-related behavior accords with the principle of Synergistics, Psychological cognition, inter-personal-group environment, and crowd-social environment are the three subsystems of the behavior system, in which multiple variables/elements constantly compete to play a dominant role in behavior. Meanwhile, in the continuous coordination, a number of slow variables including cognitive attitude, motivation composition, self-efficacy; social network, group public opinion; policy support, environmental support, pilot/demonstration areas, health promotion actions) and order parameters (individual behavior belief, behavior social network-group public opinion, behavior social opinion) are formed. These slow variables / order parameters in turn dominate the development and change of behavior at the individual, interpersonal, and crowd levels. This paper puts fonvard the ideas and strategies of obtaining and analyzing slow variables and order parameters at different levels to qualitatively diagnose behavior development and implement behavior inteiTention. The scientific and rational nature of the theory are preliminarily tested through the changes in the prevention behavior of hydatid diseases such as dog tethering in the population and the formation of the "Shiqu modeF\ Conclusion This study proposes a synergetic dynamic mechanism for the development of health-related behaviors and develops a behavioral diagnosis and intervention strategy, which provides insight to explain and intervene in complex behaviors as well as theoretical support for the "Shiqu model" and the policy of taking multiple measures simultaneously to prevent and treat diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echinococcosis is a serious zoonotic parasitic disease caused by echinococcosis in humans and animals, which often causes space-occupying lesions in important organs such as liver and lung. The disease is widely distributed around the world, causing an annual disease burden of about 871 000 disability-adjusted life years and more than 3 billion dollars of e-conomic losses, China is one of the countries with the most severe prevalence of echinococcosis, and Tibet has the highest prevalence. At present, there are few reviews on the epidemic characteristics of echinococcosis in China, and the related literature is obsolete. To fill the gap, this paper systematically reviews the frontier progress in the field of echinococcosis epidemiological research at home and abroad in recent years. The epidemic situation, distribution, and spatial distribution characteristics of echinococcosis are reviewed from three levels: global，China, and Tibet, to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of echinococcosis in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine / Zhongguo Yufang Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the effect of exosomes derived from Echinococcus multilocularis on macrophage polarization after treatment for different durations and concentrations. Methods A total of 60 BALB/c mice were used for modeling, among which 4 mice were selected to observe the growth of abdominal lesions on 7.0T MRI. The mice for modeling were dissected, and the protoscoleces was taken from the abdominal lesion and cultured in vitro; ultracentrifugation was used to extract the exosomes from the supernatant, and transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting were used for the characterization of exosomes. The macrophages without exosome treatment were established as control group, and the macrophages co-cultured with different concentrations of exosomes derived from Echinococcus multilocularis were established as experimental group (10 μg/mL group and 50 μg/mL group) and were cultured for 48 and 72 hours. The morphological changes of macrophages were observed under a microscope, and flow cytometry and ELISA were used to observe polarization state. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results The results of 7.0T MRI showed the formation of diffuse lesions with different sizes in the abdominal cavity of mice, and the exosomes derived from Echinococcus multilocularis were approximately 100 nm in diameter and were cup-shaped or saucer-shaped, with the positive expression of the surface markers CD9, TSG101, and CD63. After co-culture, most of the cells in the experimental group were elongated with an irregular and polygonal shape. Flow cytometry showed that after 48 hours of co-culture, the positive rates of CD16/32, CD206, and CD369 in the control group were 99.53%±0.06%, 90.27%±0.21%, and 2.40%±0.20%, respectively; compared with the control group, except that the 10 μg/mL exosome group had a significant reduction in the positive rate of CD369 (0.80%±0.00%) (P < 0.05), all the other groups had a significant increase in the positive rates of CD16/32, CD206, and CD369 (all P < 0.000 1); after 72 hours of co-culture, the positive rates of CD16/32, CD206, and CD369 in the control group were 99.67%±0.06%, 85.47%±0.55%, and 6.60%±0.20%, respectively, and compared with the control group, the experimental group had significant increases in the positive rates of CD16/32, CD206, and CD369 (all P < 0.05). ELISA showed that after 48 hours of co-culture, the levels of IL-6 and TNFα in the control group were 58.53±15.52 pg/mL and 320.70±5.30 pg/mL, respectively, and when the exosome concentration was 50 μg/mL, the level of IL-6 in the experimental group was 98.81±15.55 pg/mL, which was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05); after 72 hours of co-culture, the levels of IL-6 and TNFα in the control group were 76.22±9.68 pg/mL and 323.90±87.37 pg/mL, respectively, and when the exosome concentration was 10 μg/mL, the level of TNFα was 164.20±14.17 pg/mL, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05); when the exosome concentration was 50 μg/mL, the level of IL-6 was 99.52±8.35 pg/mL, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Exosomes derived from Echinococcus multilocularis can regulate macrophage polarization and induce M2-like polarization of macrophages after co-culture at a concentration of 10 μg /mL for 72 hours, and further studies are needed to clarify the specific method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective To explore the clinical efficacy and application value of laparoscopic hepatic cystic hydatid excision or subtotal external resection +internal encapsulation for hepatic cystic hydatid in children. Methods From January 2010 to June 2021, clinical data were retrospectively reviewed for 35 children with hepatic hydatid disease undergoing laparoscopy.There were 21 boys and 14 girls with an average age of (8.9±3.0) years.The major manifestations were abdominal pain with vomiting or abdominal pain with signs of peritonitis.Surgical apparoach was laparoscopic hepatic echinococcosis cystic hydatid exocystectomy or subtotal resection plus internal capsule removal. Results All of them underwent 4-hole laparoscopy successfully.Laparoscopic hepatic echinococcosis cystectomy (n=26) and laparoscopic hepatic echinococcosis granulosus cystectomy (n=9) were performed with an average operative duration (132±14.2) min and an average hospital stay (16±1.9) days.Seven cases (20%) had surgery-related complications, including residual cavity infection (n=3) and residual cavity bile leakage (n=4).All cases were cured and discharged after conservative measures.There was no hepatic hydatid cyst fluid overflow and anaphylactic shock during operation. Conclusion Laparoscopic hepatic hydatid cyst excision or subtotal resection plus internal capsule excision is both safe and effective for hepatic hydatid cyst in children with hydatid cyst.For ruptured cystic echinococcosis of hepatic hydatid cyst, emergency laparoscopic subtotal external cystectomy plus internal cystectomy of hepatic hydatid cyst is equally feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the comorbidity of hepatic cystic echinococcosis with HBV/ HCV infection, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and to lay a foundation for further research on the influence of hepatic cystic echinococcosis on HBV/ HCV infection, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the data of 401 patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis who were admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University from 2003 to 2019, and the state of comorbidity of hepatic cystic echinococcosis with HBV/ HCV infection, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma was clarified. The patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis and chronic HBV/ HCV infection were selected as comorbidity group, and the patients with HBV/ HCV infection alone were matched as control group. The chisquare test and the Fisher's exact test were used to analyze the state of viral infection and the disease composition of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Results Of all 401 patients, 38(9. 5% )were included in the comorbidity group and 2(0. 5% )had liver cirrhosis after HBV/ HCV infection, while no patient had hepatocellular carcinoma after HBV/ HCV infection. Among the patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the comorbidity group, non - active HBsAg carriers accounted for 81%, HBeAg - positive chronic hepatitis B patients accounted for 9. 5%, and HBeAg - negative chronic hepatitis B patients accounted for 9. 5%; among the patients with hepatitis B virus infection in the control group, non - active HBsAg carriers accounted for 43%, HBeAg - positive chronic hepatitis B patients accounted for 33%, and HBeAg - negative chronic hepatitis B patients accounted for 19%, with a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0. 033). There was a significant difference in the HBV RNA clearance rate of the patients with HCV infection between the comorbidity group and the control group (2 = 4. 447, P = 0. 035). In the comorbidity group, the patients with liver cirrhosis accounted for 5. 2% and there were no patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, while in the control group, the patients with liver cirrhosis accounted for 18. 4% and those with hepatocellular carcinoma accounted for 5. 2% ;the comorbidity group had significantly lower proportions than the control group (P = 0. 048). Conclusion The proportion of liver cirrhosis patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis and HBV/ HCV infection is lower than that of liver cirrhosis patients with viral hepatitis alone, and there are no cases of hepatocellular carcinoma after HBV/ HCV infection. Further multicenter studies are needed to investigate the influence of hepatic cystic echinococcosis on chronic HBV/ HCV infection, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alveolar echinococcosis proliferates in the form of chronic infiltration and has no obvious symptoms and signs in the early stage, and when attending the hospital, some patients already have one or more complications and invasion of important intrahepatic vessels and bile ducts. The research on peripheral vascular invasion of alveolar echinococcosis may help to determine the best individualized treatment and thus improve the cure rate and prognosis of patients. This article reviews the pathological mechanism, clinical manifestations, imaging, clinical classification, and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of different concentrations of Echinococcus multilocularis secretion antigen (Em - sAg)on the phenotype and function of mouse bone marrow - derived dendritic cells (BMDCs)induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods The bone marrow precursor cells isolated from the mouse bone marrow cavity were stimulated by mouse recombinant granulocyte - macrophage colony - stimulating factor (GM - CSF)to form BMDCs,and then cell morphology was observed under an inverted microscope. After the purity of BMDCs was identified by flow cytometry,BMDCs were divided into control group,positive control group (LPS 1 µg / ml),LPS + 3 mg / ml Em - sAg group,LPS + 1. 5 mg / ml Em - sAg group,LPS + 0. 75 mg / ml Em - sAg group,and LPS + 0. 375 mg / ml Em - sAg group. Flow cytometry was used to measure the expression of BMDC surface molecules (CD80,CD86,and MHC - ? molecules)in each group, and ELISA was used to measure the expression level of the cytokine IL - 12p70. A one - way analysis of variance was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between multiple groups,and the least significant difference t - test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results Observation under an inverted microscope showed that after 8 - 10 days of culture,the cells had burr - like protrusions and were in a state of complete suspension. Flow cytometry showed that the positive rate of CD11c was above 70% and most of the cultured cells were identified as BMDCs based on this. Flow cytometry further showed that compared with the control group,the LPS group had significant increases in the cell molecules CD80,CD86,and MHC - ? on surface (all P < 0. 05);compared with the LPS group,the LPS + 3 mg / ml Em - sAg group,the LPS + 1. 5 mg / ml Em - sAg group,the LPS + 0. 75 mg / ml Em - sAg group,and the LPS + 0. 375 mg / ml Em - sAg group had a significant reduction in CD80 (F = 34. 870,P < 0. 001),while there were no significant reductions in CD86 and MHC - ?(P > 0. 05). ELISA showed that there was a significant difference in the level of IL - 12 p70 between groups (F = 73. 140, P < 0. 05);compared with the control group,the LPS group had a significant increase in the expression level of IL - 12p70 after stimulation (P < 0. 05);compared with the positive control group,the LPS + 3 mg / ml Em - sAg group,the LPS + 1. 5 mg / ml Em - sAg group,the LPS + 0. 75 mg / ml Em - sAg group,and the LPS + 0. 375 mg / ml Em - sAg group had a significant reduction in the expression level of IL - 12p70 (P < 0. 05),and the degree of reduction in the pro - inflammatory factor IL - 12p70 increased with the increase in the concentration of Em - sAg. Conclusion Different concentrations of Em - sAg can inhibit LPS - induced maturity of BMDCs and the expression of the pro - inflammatory cytokine IL - 12p70. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MAPK signaling pathway can mediate a variety of cytokines to participate in the processes of inflammation, cancer, immune disorder, and neurodegenerative diseases, and it also plays an important role in the development and progression of hepatic echinococcosis. This article reviews the structure and regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway and elaborates on the role of the MAPK signaling pathway in hepatic echinococcosis. It is pointed out that the MAPK signaling pathway can activate both the cyst and the host in hepatic echinococcosis, participate in the development and progression of the disease, and exert an impact on its treatment. Drug therapy targeting the MAPK signaling pathway is expected to become a new strategy for the treatment of hepatic echinococcosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of constructing the risk index of Echinococcus infection based on the classification of echinococcosis lesions, so as to provide insights into the management of echinococcosis., Methods: The imaging data of echinococcosis cases were collected from epidemiological surveys of echinococcosis in China from 2012 to 2016, and the detection of incident echinococcosis cases was captured from the annual echinococcosis prevention and control reports across provinces (autonomous regions) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in China from 2017 to 2022. After echinococcosis lesions were classified, a risk index of Echinococcus infection was constructed based on the principle of discrete distribution marginal probability and multi-group classification data tests. The correlation between the risk index of Echinococcus infection and the detection of incident echinococcosis cases was evaluated in the provinces (autonomous regions and corps) from 2017 to 2022, and the correlations between the short and medium-term risk indices and between the medium and long-term risk indices of Echinococcus infection were examined using a univariate linear regression model., Results: A total of 4 014 echinococcosis cases in China from 2012 to 2016 were included in this study. The short-, medium- and long-term risk indices of E. granulosus infection varied in echinococcosis-endemic provinces (autonomous regions and corps) of China (χ 2 = 4.12 to 708.65, all P values < 0.05), with high short- (0.058), medium- (0.137) and long-term risk indices (0.104) in Tibet Autonomous Region, and the short-, medium- and long-term risk indices of E. multilocularis infection varied in echinococcosis-endemic provinces (autonomous regions and corps) of China (χ 2 = 6.74 to 122.60, all P values < 0.05), with a high short-term risk index in Sichuan Province (0.016) and high medium- (0.009) and long-term risk indices in Qinghai Province (0.018). There were no significant correlations between the risk index of E. granulosus infection and the detection of incident cystic echinococcosis cases during the study period ( t = -0.518 to 2.265, all P values > 0.05), and strong correlations were found between the risk indices of E. multilocularis infection and the detection of incident alveolar echinococcosis cases (including mixed type) in 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022, during the period from 2017 through 2020, from 2017 through 2021, from 2017 through 2022 (all r values > 0.7, t = 2.521 to 3.692, all P values < 0.05). Linear regression models were established between the risk index of E. multilocular infection and the detection of alveolar echinococcosis cases (including mixed type), and the models were all statistically significant ( b = 0.214 to 2.168, t = 2.458 to 3.692, F = 6.044 to 13.629, all P values < 0.05). The regression coefficients for the correlations between the medium- and short-term, and between the long- and medium-term risk indices of E. granulosus infection were 2.339 and 0.765, and the regression coefficients for the correlations between the medium- and short-term, and between the long- and medium-term risk indices of E. multilocular infection were 0.280 and 1.842, with statistical significance seen in both the regression coefficients and regression models ( t = 16.479 to 197.304, F = 271.570 to 38 928.860, all P values < 0.05)., Conclusions: The risk index of Echinococcus infection has been successfully established based on the classification of echinococcosis lesions, which may provide insights into the prevention and control, prediction, diagnosis and treatment, and classified management of echinococcosis.

Objective To establish a nomogram for predicting the risk of post-hepatectomy complications (PHC) in hepatic echinococcosis by analyzing the risk factors for PHC in two types of hepatic echinococcosis, and to investigate its value in clinical practice. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 263 patients with two types of hepatic echinococcosis who underwent hepatectomy in Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital from January 2015 to August 2020, and among these patients, 93 were enrolled as PHC group and 170 were enrolled as control group. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the independent samples t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the chi-square test and the Fisher's exact test were used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to screen out independent risk factors for PHC, and a nomogram risk prediction model was established based on the weight of each independent risk factor. The Bootstrap resampling method was used for internal verification of the model; the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to evaluate the discriminatory ability of the model; calibration curve and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test were used to evaluate the consistency of the model; decision curve analysis (DCA) was performed to verify the clinical effectiveness of the model. Results Albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score (odds ratio [OR]=3.694, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.860-7.336, P < 0.05), time of operation (OR=2.848, 95%CI: 1.384-5.859, P < 0.05), intraoperative blood loss (OR=4.832, 95%CI: 2.384-9.793, P < 0.05), and hydatid diameter (OR=3.073, 95%CI: 1.528-6.177, P < 0.05) were independent risk factors for PHC in two types of hepatic echinococcosis. A nomogram risk prediction model was established based on the weight of the above four independent risk factors, and the model had an area under the ROC curve of 0.877 (95%CI: 0.831-0.923). The model had a consistency index of 0.871 after internal verification using the Bootstrap resampling method, suggesting that the model had good discriminatory ability. The fitting of the observed value and the actual value of the calibration curve and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (P=0.905) showed that the predicted value of the nomogram risk prediction model had good consistency with the actual observed value. When the threshold probability was 35.6%, DCA showed a net clinical benefit of 22%, and the model had good clinical applicability within the threshold probability ranging from 8% to 89%. Conclusion ALBI score, time of operation, intraoperative blood loss, and hydatid diameter are independent risk factors for PHC in patients with two types of hepatic echinococcosis, and the nomogram risk prediction model established based on these factors has good accuracy, consistency, and clinical practicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the value of prognostic nutritional index ( PNI) in predicting the prognosis of patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 242 patients who were admitted to Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, from January 2015 to December 2018 and underwent surgical treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. The results of routine blood test and liver function were collected at 1 week before surgery, and PNI was calculated . X -Tile software was used to determine the cut - off value of PNI, and according to this cut - off value, the patients were divided into high PNI group with 216 patients and low PNI group with 26 patients. The chi - square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups ; the Kaplan - Meier method was used to plot survival curves, and the log - rank test was used for comparison between groups; the Cox regression model was used to perform univariate and multivariate analyses, and hazard ratio ( HR ) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated . Results PNI was associated with treatment modality, intraoperative blood loss, stage of echinococcosis, number of lesions, Child - Pugh class, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP ), prothrombin time (PT), and lymphocyte count (all P < 0. 05). The low PNI group had 1 -, 3 -, and 5 - year survival rates of 92.1%, 30.5%, and 20. 3%, respectively, after surgery, while the high PNI group had 1 -, 3 -, and 5 - year survival rates of 95. 7%, 79. 5%, and 56. 9%, respectively. The mean survival time was 33 . 783 (95% CI: 26 . 450 - 5 1. 355) months in the low PNI group and 51. 355 ( 95% CI: 49. 044 - 53 . 666 ) months in the high PNI group, and the re was a significant difference between the two groups (X² = 24. 626, P < 0. 001 ) . The univariate Cox regression analysis showed that PNI, surgical procedure, intraoperative blood loss, stage of echinococcosis, Child - Pugh class, complication, ALP, PT, neutrophils, and platelets were associated with the prognosis of patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (all P < 0. 05 ), and the multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that treatment modality (HR= 1. 461, 95% Cl: 1. 132 -1. 890, P = 0. 004), intraoperative blood loss ( HR= 6. 078, 95 % Cl: 3. 412 - 10. 826, P < 0. 001 ), PNI (HR= 0. 367, 95% CI: 0. 192 -0. 701, P = 0. 002), complications (HR = 2. 007, 95% CI: I. 204 - 3. 346, P = 0. 008), and neutrophils (HR = 2. 772, 95 % CI: 1. 304 - 5. 891, P = 0. 008) were independent risk factors for the prognosis of patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Conclusion PNI can be used to predict the prognosis of patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. The higher the peripheral blood PNI before surgery, the better the prognosis of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echinococcosis is a wonotic disease with global distribution and has become an issue seriously affecting public health around the world. Imaging technology plays an important role in the early diagnosis, preoperative evaluation, and treatment outcome monitoring of hepatic echinococcosis. At present, no consensus has been reached on the imaging diagnosis of echinococcosis, which brings difficulties in the learning and training of imaging professionals and the standard diagnosis and treatment of echinococcosis in clinical practice. For this reason, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, and The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University organized the radiologists engaged in infection and inflammation from several hospitals to reach a consensus on the basis, principles, and criteria for the imaging diagnosis of echinococcosis and the differential diagnosis of echinococcosis, with reference to international guidelines, related articles, the latest research findings in China and globally, and the methodological requirements for the est ablishment of guidelines and standards in evidence - based medicine, so as to provide a clear diagnostic basis for clinicians in the clinical application of hepatic echinococcosis imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression by hepatic hydatid lesions may invade the portal vein and cause cavernous transformation of the portal vein ( CTPV), which has difficulties and high risks in surgery, and conventional hepatectomy cannot achieve radical treatment. This article reviews the etiology, classification, clinical manifestations, and auxiliary examinations of hepatic echinococcosis with CTPV and summarizes the treatment strategies for this disease. It is believed that the treatment of hepatic echinococcosis with CTPV should combine the resection of hydatid lesions with the effective relief of portal hypertension, and revascularization and ex - vivo liver resection with auto - transplantation play an important role in radical resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the feasibility of apical sodium - dependent bile salt transporter ( ASBT ) and asialoglycoprotein recep)tor (ASGPR) in the design of oral liver -targeting preparations for the treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis ( HAE) by measuring the expression of ASBT and ASGPR. Methods A total of 18 male Sprague - Dawley rats were selected, among which 10 were used to establish a model of HAE ( HAE group) and 8 were used as controls ( normal group) . Immunofluorescence assay, Western blotting, and quantitative real - time PCR were used to measure the expression distribution, protein expression level, and mRNA expression level of ASBT in the ileal tissue of HAE model rats and normal rats; the same methods were used to measure the expression level of ASGPR in the non - diseased liver tissue and the marginal zone of liver tissue lesion of HAE model rats and the liver tissue of normal rats. The t - test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups; a one - way analysis of variance was used for comparison between three groups, and the least significant difference t - test was used for comparison between two groups. Results The results of immunofluorescence assay, Western blotting, and quantitative real - time PCR showed that compared with the normal group, the HAE group had significantly upregulated expression of ASBT in the ileal tissue (t = 5. 309, 4. 110, and 28. 060, all P <0. 05) and a significantly higher expression level of ASGPR ( the closer to the lesion, the higher the expression) (F = 110. 666, 128. 201, and 143 . 879, all P <0. 001). Conclusion ASBT and ASGPR can be used as potential mediated receptors for oral liver - targeting preparations for HAE, which provides a theoretical basis for the design of oral liver - targeting preparations for the treatment of HAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in small rodents around human residential areas in Yushu City, Qinghai Province in 2023, so as to provide insights into precision echinococcosis control., Methods: One or two quadrats, each measuring 50 m × 50 m, were randomly assigned in Shanglaxiu Township and Longbao Township, Yushu City, Qinghai Province on June 2023, respectively, and 300 plate-type mouse traps, each measuring 12.0 cm × 6.5 cm, were assigned in each quadrat. Small rodents were captured during the period between 10 : 00 and 18 : 00 each day for 4 days. Then, all captured small rodents were identified and dissected, and liver specimens with suspected Echinococcus infections were subjected to pathological examinations. The Echinococcus cytochrome c oxidase 1 ( cox1 ) gene was amplified using PCR assay, and the sequence of the amplified product was aligned to that was recorded in the GenBank to characterize the parasite species. In addition, a phylogenetic tree of Echinococcus was generated based on the cox1 gene sequence using the neighbor-joining method., Results: A total of 236 small rodents were captured in Shanglaxiu and Longbao townships, Yushu City, including 65 Qinghai voles and 51 plateau pikas in Shanglaxiu Township, and 62 Qinghai voles and 58 plateau pikas in Longbao Township, and there was no significant difference in the constituent ratio of small rodents between the two townships (χ 2 = 0.294, P > 0.05). Seven plateau pikas and 12 Qinghai voles were suspected to be infected with Echinococcus by dissection, and pathological examinations showed unclear structure of hepatic lobules and disordered hepatocyte arrangement in livers of small rodents suspected of Echinococcus infections. PCR assay identified E. shiquicus DNA in 7 Qinghai voles, which were all captured from Shanglaxiu Township. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the cox1 gene sequence of Echinococcus in small rodents was highly homologous to the E. shiquicus cox1 gene sequence reported previously., Conclusions: Plateau pika and Qinghai vole were predominant small rodents around human residential areas in Yushu City, Qinghai Province in 2023, and E. shiquicus infection was detected in Qinghai voles.

Objective: To analyze the echinococcosis surveillance results in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of echinococcosis control measures in the prefecture., Methods: Villagers were randomly sampled using a multistage sampling method from class I and II echinococcosis endemic counties in Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022 for detection of human echinococcosis, while all patients undergoing ultrasound examinations in medical institutions in class III endemic counties received active echinococcosis screening. In addition, livestock in centralized slaughterhouses or slaughtering sites were screened for echinococcosis using the palpation and necropsy method, and fresh domestic dog feces samples were collected from randomly selected dog owners in each administrative village for detection of Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs. The trends in detection of human and livestock echinococcosis, detection of newly diagnosed human echinococcosis cases and detection of Echinococcus coproantigen in domestic dogs were analyzed in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022., Results: The mean detection rate of human echinococcosis was 0.13% (540/407 803) in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022, which appeared a tendency towards a decline over years (χ 2 trend < 0.001), and the highest detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases was seen in Hejing County (0.28%, 191/67 865). The detection of livestock echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 (χ P < 0.001), and the highest detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases was seen in Hejing County (0.28%, 191/67 865). The detection of livestock echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 (χ 2 trend = 147.02, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate seen in Hejing County (3.44%, 86/2 500), and the detection of Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 (χ 2 trend = 302.46, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate in Qiemo County (2.74%, 118/4 313)., Conclusions: The detection of human and livestock echinococcosis and dog feces antigens Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs all appeared a tendency towards a decline in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022; however, there is still a high echinococcosis transmission risk in local areas. Sustainable integrated echinococcosis control is required in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of surgery in the treatment of calcified hepatic cystic echinococcosis. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 16 patients with 20 calcified hepatic hydatid cysts who underwent surgical treatment( total pericystectomy,subtotal pericystectomy,and endocystectomy) in The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine from November 2015 to February 2019. Results Of all 16 patients,1 underwent total pericystectomy,5 underwent endocystectomy,and 10 underwent subtotal pericystectomy. One patient experienced bile leakage after surgery since the cyst ruptured and entered the bile duct and there was a biliary fistula in the outer wall of the cyst before surgery,and the other patients had no residual cavity complications including residual cavity effusion and infection,bile leakage,or jaundice. There was no death and recurrence after operation. Conclusion Surgical treatment is necessary for non-stationary calcified hepatic cystic echinococcosis. Total pericystectomy is not suitable,while subtotal pericystectomy may be the preferred surgical method,especially when the calcified hepatic hydatid cyst is located near the porta hepatis or the intrahepatic and extrahepatic vessels and there is no obvious lacunae between the adventitia and the outer cyst. Endocystectomy can be selected when hepatic hydatid cyst ruptures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of future control interventions., Methods: Data pertaining to comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source and echinococcosis surveillance in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2022 were collected. The effectiveness of comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source was evaluated with prevalence of human echinococcosis, detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis patients, prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs, prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock, prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals and awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge, and Spearman's rank correlation analysis., Results: The prevalence of human echinococcosis reduced from 1.08% in 2010 to 0.40% in 2022 in Sichuan Province (χ 2 = 1 482.97, P < 0.05), with a reduction from 0.30% to 0.02% in the detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases (χ 2 = 2 776.41, P < 0.05), a reduction from 15.87% to 0.46% in the prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs (χ 2 = 20 823.96, P < 0.05), a reduction from 8.05% to 1.07% in the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock (χ 2 = 1 296.02, P < 0.05), and the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge increased from 50.65% to 95.24% (χ 2 = 34 938.63, P < 0.05); in addition, there was a year-specific prevalence rate of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals (χ 2 = 164.07, P < 0.05). Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed that the detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases correlated positively with the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in domestic dogs ( r s < 0.05) and the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock ( P < 0.05) and the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock ( r < 0.05), and correlated negatively with the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge ( s = 0.795, P < 0.05), and correlated negatively with the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge ( r infection in domestic dogs correlated positively with the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock ( s = - 0.918, P < 0.05) and negatively with the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge ( Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs correlated positively with the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock ( r s infections in domestic dogs and the prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals ( P < 0.05) and negatively with the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge ( r s = -0.747, P < 0.05); however, there was no correlation between the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in domestic dogs and the prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals ( r s = -0.750, P > 0.05)., Conclusions: The comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source had achieved remarkable effectiveness in Sichuan Province; however, the transmission chain of echinococcosis has not been interrupted. Reinforced comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source and sustained tracking evaluation of the effectiveness are recommended in Sichuan Province.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the central government-funded echinococcosis control programme in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, so as to provide insights into echinococcosis control., Methods: Administrative villages were sampled using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method from Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, and all residents at ages of 12 years and older in the sampled villages were screened for echinococcosis, and schools were sampled using a cluster sampling method, and all children at ages of 12 years and older in the sampled schools were screened for echinococcosis. Domestic dogs were sampled using a systematic random sampling method, and one domestic dog stool sample was collected from each household. Stray dog stool samples were collected outside the villages, and Echinococcus coproantigens were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in domestic and stray dogs. In addition, echinococcosis was screened in sheep and cattle in designated slaughterhouses in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County. The trends in the prevalence of echinococcosis in humans and livestock and the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens in dogs were examined with the Cochran-Armitage trend test. In addition, individuals screened for echinococcosis were randomly sampled from 2007 to 2022 for survey on the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge., Results: A total of 290 356 person-times were screened for echinococcosis among residents at ages of 12 years and older in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, with 1 094 residents detected with cystic echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a gradual decline over years (χ 2 = 358.602, P < 0.001). A total of 32 931 person-times were screened for echinococcosis among children at ages of 12 years and older in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, with 296 children detected with echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a gradual decline over years (χ 2 = 267.673, P < 0.001). A total of 33 230 domestic dog stool samples were tested for Echinococcus coproantigens in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, with 1 777 Echinococcus coproantigens-positive samples tested, and the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens appeared a tendency towards a decline in domestic dogs over years (χ 2 = 2 210.428, P < 0.001), while the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens showed a tendency towards a rise in domestic animals from 2016 to 2022 (χ 2 = 37.745, P < 0.001). The positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens remained relatively stable in stray dogs in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2019 to 2022 (χ 2 = 0.315, P = 0.575). A total of 10 973 sheep were screened for echinococcosis in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County from 2007 to 2022, with 334 sheep detected with echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline in sheep over years (χ 2 = 53.579, P < 0.001); however, there was no significant change in the detection of echinococcosis during the period from 2015 through 2022 (χ 2 = 1.520, P = 0.218). A total of 2 400 cattle were screened for echinococcosis in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County from 2017 to 2022, with 231 cattle detected with echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis showed a tendency towards a decline over years (χ 2 = 5.579, P < 0.05). The awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge increased from 44.37% in 2007 to 94.00% in 2022 among residents at ages of 12 years and older and from 52.50% in 2007 to 92.50% in 2022 among children at ages of 12 years and older in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, respectively., Conclusions: There has been a reduction in the detection of echinococcosis in humans and domestic animals and the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens in dogs and a rise in the awareness of the echinococcosis control knowledge following the implementation of the central government-funded echinococcosis control programme in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province; however, integrated echinococcosis control measures are still required for further control of the prevalence of echinococcosis.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus infection and can involve the organs in the whole body. Surgery is the primary method for the treatment of CE. With the development of related techniques, precision operation, and no — tumor operation standards, more and more patients are able to receive surgical treatment, but there are still many patients who can only receive drug conservative treatment. However, there are limited drugs for the treatment of CE at present, and only benzimidazole has a definite therapeutic effect. This article reviews the research advances in the pharmacotherapy for CE in China and foreign countries, so as to provide a reference for drug research and development and clinical drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To report a rare case with chest and spinal canal communicating echinococcosis. Methods The clinical data of 1 rare case with chest and spinal canal communicating echinococcosis was analyzed retrospectively and the related literature was reviewed. Results The patient presented with symptoms of spinal cord compression. MRI examination showed that the thoracic vertebral canal was occupied and communicated with the right thoracic cavity which was largely occupied. Complete surgical resection of the lesion led his condition improved after the operation. Surgical treatment was the main treatment of the disease. The relevant literature reported that spinal echinococcosis was with bone destruction. Spinal canal compression of spinal cord led to corresponding spinal cord dysfunction. The spine bone full communication with the chest of intra-spinal canal echinococcosis was not reported before. Conclusion s If the spinal canal or nearby connected special placeholder lesions, such as chest, is found in the source region, hydatid should be considered. Patients with spinal cord compression symptoms are given surgical treatment. To remove and prevent intraoperative spinal cord compression pollution is the key to achieve good curative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by infection with Echinococcus species. As the drug of first choice for treatment of echinococcosis, albendazole suffers from problems of large doses and remarkable adverse reactions in clinical therapy. Development of novel drugs against echinococcosis is of urgent need. Recently, great advances have been achieved in the research on traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of echinococcosis. This review summarizes the progress of researches on traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of echinococcosis, aiming to provide insights into development of anti-echinococcosis drugs.

Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a parasitic disease characterized by invasive growth. Major treatment methods include pharmacotherapy and surgical treatment, and surgical treatment mainly includes radical hepatectomy and palliative surgery. Radical hepatec-tomy is the first choice, and palliative surgery is mainly used to alleviate disease conditions and complications. Pharmacotherapy also plays an important role in the delay and control of HAE. In recent years, autologous liver transplantation has been used in the treatment of HAE and has become an effective therapy for end - stage HAE patients who cannot be cured by routine surgery. This article introduces the indications and advantages/disadvantages of radical hepatectomy and palliative surgery., as well as the experience in the application of multidisciplinary. treatment, the concept of fast - track surgery, and autologous liver transplantation in the treatment of HAE patients, in order to provide a reference for the treatment of HAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a serious parasitic disease caused by the infection with the eggs of Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart. Research on the mechanism of the development and progression of HAE helps to explore new methods for its diagnosis and treatment, and the establishment of good animal models is the basis for further studies on HAE. With reference to the articles on the establishment of HAE animal models in China and foreign countries, this article reviews breed conservation, selection of experimental animals, and methods for model establishment, as well as evaluation methods and their own advantages and disadvantages, in order to provide a reference for studies on HAE animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a neglected tropical disease defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), echinococcosis causes a huge public health burden. Understanding the disease burden due to echinococcosis facilitates the progress towards elimination of the disease. This review analyzes the advances in disease and economic burdens of echinococcosis, describes the status quo disease burden due to echinococcosis in different areas of the world, compares the difference between international and national studies on disease and economic burdens of echinococcosis, and discusses the shortcomings of the current international and national studies on disease burden of echinococcosis. Currently, the studies on disease burden of echinococcosis suffer from problems of few field survey data and lack of authoritative disability weights for echinococcosis, while the studies on economic burden of echinococcosis suffer from problems of lack of comprehensive study populations and indicators.

ObjectiveTo investigate the safety and efficacy of splenectomy versus spleen-preservation surgery (endocystectomy or subtotal pericystectomy) in the treatment of primary splenic hydatid cysts, and to determine the optimal surgical procedure for this disease. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical and pathological data of 29 patients with primary splenic hydatid cysts who were admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from April 2002 to June 2017 and underwent surgical treatment. According to the surgical procedure, the patients were divided into group A (splenectomy) and group B (endocystectomy or subtotal pericystectomy). The two groups were compared in terms of time of operation, intraoperative blood loss, time to first flatus after surgery, catheter indwelling time after surgery, length of postoperative hospital stay, hospital costs, residual complications, and recurrence. The t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between the two groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between the two groups. ResultsCompared with group B, group A had a significantly longer time of operation (167.50±41.85 min vs 125.84±28.88 min, t=3.41, P=0.002) and a significantly higher intraoperative blood loss (189.00±50.65 ml vs 113.16±59.73 ml, t=3.15, P=0.004). Group A had significantly longer catheter indwelling time after surgery and length of postoperative hospital stay than group B (catheter indwelling time: 5.00±2.36 d vs 3.16±1.34 d, t=2.70, P=0.012; length of postoperative hospital stay: 7.90±1.91 d vs 5.47±1.61 d, t=3.42, P=0.004). There were no significant differences between the two groups in time to first flatus after surgery, hospital costs, and incidence rate of residual cavity effusion (all P>0.05). ConclusionSpleen-preserving surgery (endocystectomy and subtotal pericystectomy) is safer and more effective than splenectomy in the treatment of primary splenic hydatid cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analysize the temporal trends in the disease burden of major human parasitic diseases in China from 1990 to 2019, so as to provide the evidence for improving the parasitic disease control strategy in China., Methods: The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of malaria, intestinal nematode infections, schistosomiasis, food-borne trematodiases, cysticercosis and echinococcosis in China from 1990 to 2019 were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019), and age- and gender-specific DALYs of parasitic diseases were estimated. The temporal trends in DALYs of malaria, intestinal nematode infections, schistosomiasis, food-borne trematodiases, cysticercosis and echinococcosis were evaluated in China from 1990 to 2019 using average annual percent change (AAPC) with Joinpoint regression analysis., Results: The DALYs were 643 836.42 person-years due to food-borne trematodiases, 156 853.03 person-years due to cysticercosis, 79 764.62 person-years due to schistosomiasis, 70 989.73 person-years due to intestinal nematode infections, 4 258.61 person-years due to echinococcosis and 264.86 person-years due to malaria in China in 2019, respectively. The overall DALYs of six parasitic diseases were higher among men (546 441.93 person-years) than among women (409 525.33 person-years), and were greater among adults at ages of 14 to 65 years (684 780.84 person-years) than among children at 14 years and lower (35 437.38 person-years) and the elderly at ages of 65 years and older (235 749.04 person-years). During the period from 1990 to 2019, food-borne trematodiases were the leading cause of DALYs among the six parasitic diseases, and cysticercosis shifted from the fourth leading cause in 1990 to the second leading cause of DALYs in China in 2019, while intestinal nematode infections shifted from the second leading cause in 1990 to the fourth leading cause of DALYs in 2019. The DALYs of major human parasitic diseases appeared an overall tendency towards a decline in China from 1990 to 2019, with the fastest drop seen in DALYs due to malaria (AAPC = -19.6%, P = 0.003), followed by due to intestinal nematode infections (AAPC = -8.2%, P < 0.001) and schistosomiasis (AAPC = -3.1%, P < 0.001), and a slow decline was seen in the DALYs of food-borne trematodiases (AAPC = -1.0%, P < 0.001), while there were no significant decrease in the DALYs of echinococcosis (AAPC = -0.5%, P = 0.264) and the DALYs of cysticercosis appeared a tendency towards a rise (AAPC = 0.7%, P < 0.001)., Conclusions: The disease burden of major human parasitic diseases appeared an overall tendency towards a decline in China from 1990 to 2019, with a high disease burden seen due to food-borne parasitic diseases, no remarkable reduction seen in echinococcosis, and a tendency towards a rise seen in cysticercosis. It is recommended to focus on echinococcosis control, and continue to consolidate the control achievements of other major human parasitic diseases in China; meanwhile, the surveillance and prevention of food-borne parasitic diseases should be reinforced.

Objective To establish a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model of alveolar echinococcosis in nude mice, and to lay a foundation for further research on alveolar echinococcosis. Methods A total of 25 nude mice were given subcutaneous injection of 0. 1 ml 20% Echinococcus multilocularis protoscolex suspension at the back of the neck. The growth of lesions was observed and recorded, and trypan blue staining was performed at 6 months after injection to observe the cell viability of protoscolices. Results Subcutaneous lesions were observed at about 8 days after injection. At 3 months after the establishment of the model, the survival rate of the nude mice was 92% (23/25) , and the infection rate of Echinococcus multilocularis was 100% (23/23). A small number of protoscolices died and were blue on trypan blue staining, and the cell viability of protoscolices was 98%. Conclusion Echinococcus multilocularis can be successfully transplanted to the subcutaneous part of nude mice, which provides a reference for further studies on the establishment of animal models of alveolar echinococcosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic echinococcosis has become a major threat to human health. Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus mul-tilocularis infection has the features of slow and insidious onset, a high probability of surgery, slow postoperative recovery, and many complications and thus does great harm to humans. Most of the patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis also have varying degrees of malnutrition on admission, which is closely associated with surgical tolerance, postoperative rehabilitation, and the development of complications. However, the pathogenesis of malnutrition in patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis remains unknown. This article elaborates on possible mechanisms and points out that malnutrition in such patients is a result of various factors and complex mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of echinococcosis cases reported in the National Notifiable Disease Report System in Henan Province from 2010 to 2011, so as to provide insights into for echinococcosis control and surveillance., Methods: The data pertaining to reported echinococcosis cases in Henan Province from 2010 to 2021 were retrieved from the National Notifiable Disease Report System, and a descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed using the software SPSS 22.0., Results: A total of 150 echinococcosis cases were reported in Henan Province from 2010 to 2021, including 88 confirmed cases (58.67%) and 62 clinically diagnosed cases (41.33%), 77 cases reported by Henan Province (51.33%) and 73 cases reported by other provinces (48.67%). Echinococcosis cases were reported in each month, with 8 to 21 cases reported in each month, and the number of reported echinococcosis cases appeared no remarkable temporal changes. The echinococcosis cases were reported across 18 cities of Henan Province, with the highest number of cases reported in Zhoukou (17.33%) and Nanyang cities (17.33%) and the lowest number reported in Sanmenxia City (0.67%). The reported echinococcosis cases had a male to female ratio of 1.17:1, and the cases were found at each age group, with the the highest number of cases seen at ages of 20 to 59 years (73.33%). Farmer was the predominant occupation (63.33%), followed by housekeepers and the unemployed (12.67%). Of all reported echinococcosis cases, there were 25 local cases (16.67%) and 125 imported cases (83.33%), 144 cases reported by medical institutions (96.00%) and 6 cases reported by centers for disease control and prevention (4.00%)., Conclusions: Although imported echinococcosis cases were the predominant source of echinococcosis cases reported in the National Notifiable Disease Report System in Henan Province from 2010 to 2021, there were still sporadic local cases, and the emergence of local sources of infection cannot be excluded. Further expanded field surveys and surveillance of echinococcosis are required.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of establishment of ultrasound radiomics-based models for classification of hepatic echinococcosis, so as to provide insights into precision ultrasound diagnosis of hepatic echinococcosis., Methods: The ultrasonographic images were retrospectively collected from 200 patients with hepatic echinococcosis in Shiqu County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province in October 2014, and the regions of interest were plotted in ultrasonographic images of hepatic echinococcosis lesions. The ultrasound radiomics features of hepatic echinococcosis were extracted with 25 methods, and screened using pre-selection and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. Then, all ultrasonographic images were randomly assigned into the training and independent test sets according to the type of lesions at a ratio of 7:3. Machine learning models for classification of hepatic echinococcosis were created based on two classifiers, including kernel logistic regression (KLR) and medium Gaussian support vector machine (MGSVM). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted, and the sensitivity, specificity and areas under the curves (AUC) of the created machine learning models for classification of hepatic echinococcosis were calculated., Results: A total of 5 005 ultrasound radiomics features were extracted from 200 patients with hepatic echinococcosis using 25 methods, and 36 optimal radiomics features were screened through feature selection, based on which two machine learning models were created, including KLR and MGSVM. ROC curve analysis showed that MGS-VM presented a higher efficacy for hepatic echinococcosis classification than KLR in the training set, with a sensitivity of 0.82, a specificity of 0.78 and AUC of 0.88, while KLR presented a higher efficacy for hepatic echinococcosis classification than MGSVM in the independent test set, with a sensitivity of 0.82, a specificity of 0.72 and AUC of 0.86, respectively., Conclusions: Ultrasound radiomics-based machine learning models are feasible for hepatic echinococcosis classification.

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus infections, and this disorder may cause fibrosis of multiple vital organs, which may further progress into cirrhosis. Early-stage hepatic fibrosis is reversible, and unraveling the mechanisms underlying hepatic fibrosis induced by Echinococcus infections is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of early-stage hepatic fibrosis. Recently, the studies pertaining to hepatic fibrosis associated with Echinococcus infections focus on cytokines and immune cells. This review summarizes the advances in the mechanisms underlying host immune cells- and cytokines-mediated hepatic fibrosis in humans or mice following Echinococcus infections.

Objective: To perform prokaryotic expression and preliminary characterization of the recombinant poly-epitope vaccine EgG1Y162-2 (4) against cystic echinococcosis., Methods: The recombinant poly-epitope vaccine EgG1Y162-2 (4) against Echinococcus granulosus based on the linker GSGGSG was subjected to structural three-dimensional (3D) modeling using immunoinformatics to analyze the structural changes and evaluate the antigenicity of the vaccine. The pET30a-EgG1Y162-2 (4) recombinant plasmid was generated using double digestion with Eco R I and Sal I, and then transformed into competent cells. Following protein induction with isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG), the prokaryotic expression proteins were characterized using Western blotting, and the antigenicity of the recombinant protein was analyzed using sera from cystic echinococcosis patients and health volunteers., Results: The four EgG1Y162-2 proteins coupled by the 3D structure of the recombinant vaccine EgG1Y162-2 (4) presented independent and effective expression and good antigenicity. The highest protein expression was detected in the supernatant following induction of the recombinant plasmid pET30a-EgG1Y162-2 (4) by 0.2 mmol/L IPTG at 37 °C for 4 h, and a pure protein component was seen following elution with 60 mmol/L imidazole. Western blotting analysis of the recombinant multiepitope protein HIS-EgG1Y162-2 (4) showed a band at approximately 39 kDa, and this band was recognized by sera from cystic echinococcosis patients., Conclusions: A recombinant poly-epitope vaccine EgG1Y162-2 (4) against cystic echinococcosis has been successfully constructed, which provides a preliminary basis for researches on recombinant multi-epitope vaccine against cystic echinococcosis.

Echinococcosis is mainly prevalent in the agricultural and pastoral areas in the northwest of China, but it is relatively rare in Hunan Province. Here, we reported the clinical data of a case of echinococcosis in Hunan Province. The patient was an 11-year-old male, who sought treatment at the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University due to abdominal mass. According to the symptoms, signs, and laboratory examinations, he was initially diagnosed as "intra-abdominal mass" and "spleen cyst". Subsequently, he underwent abdominal massive occupying resection and splenectomy. Postoperative pathological examination revealed the cuticle and germinal layer of hydatid and protoscolex, which was consistent with characteristics of echinococcosis. In addition, the serological examination showed that the specific anti-hydatid IgG antibody was positive. Combined with the patient's condition, he was given praziquantel treatment. After a month of follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic.

Objective: To analyze the current status and evaluate the equity of health human resource allocation for echinococcosis control in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, so as to provide the empirical evidence for optimizing the health human resource allocation for echinococcosis control., Methods: A questionnaire survey was performed to collect the numbers of health human sources for echinococcosis control, including health workers, healthcare professionals, certified/assistant physicians and registered nurses, per 1 000 permanent residents, per 1 000 m 2 , per 1 000 residents screened using Bmode ultrasonography and per 1 000 echinococcosis patients in two highly endemic counties and three lowly endemic counties in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2019. The equity of health human resource allocation for echinococcosis control was evaluated by permanent residents and geographical areas using Lorenz curve and Gini index in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture from 2016 to 2019., Results: The numbers of health workers, healthcare professionals, certified/assistant physicians and registered nurses per 1 000 permanent residents, per 1 000 permanent residents, per 1 000 m 2 , per 1 000 residents screened using B-mode ultrasonography and per 1 000 echinococcosis patients were 0.99-, 1.06-, 1.78- and 1.88-fold; 3.38-, 3.67-, 6.00- and 6.00-fold; 1.64-, 1.74-, 3.22- and 3.18-fold; and 64.92-, 70.39-, 139.34- and 117.44-fold more in lowly endemic counties than in highly endemic countries in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, 2019. The Gini indexes of health human resource allocation for echinococcosis control were 0.371 to 0.397 by permanent residents and 0.477 to 0.591 by geographical areas in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture from 2016 to 2019, and the Gini indexes (0.469 to 0.730) for allocation of certified/assistant physicians and registered nurses were both higher than those of health workers and healthcare professionals (0.302 to 0.451) by both permanent residents and geographical areas., Conclusions: The health human resource allocation for echinococcosis control showed general equity by permanent residents and poor equity by geographical areas in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2019.

Corrosive sclerosing cholangitis is a rare postoperative complication of hepatic cystic echinococcosis. Although corrosive sclerosing cholangitis is rare, it progresses rapidly and lacks effective treatments, which usually results in a poor prognosis. This case report retrospectively analyzed the treatment and diagnosis of a case with corrosive sclerosing cholangitis following surgical treatment of hepatic cystic echinococcosis, so as to provide insights into the diagnosis and treatment of corrosive sclerosing cholangitis.