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In order to investigate the differences in volatile components and major aroma characteristics between tea made from tender and mature leaves of Eucommia ulmoides pre-treated by steam explosion (SE), an electronic nose (E-nose) and headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) were applied to analyze the effect of SE on the volatile components in tea made from tender and mature leaves of the Eucommia ulmoides cultivar ‘Huazhong 8’. The results showed that the principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) models fitted well the E-nose data, which suggested that the aroma characteristics of both tender and mature leaf tea were significantly different between with and without SE pretreatment. Altogether, 177 volatile components were identified by HS-SPME-GC-MS, among which 24 were selected as aroma active substances by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (variable importance in the projection (VIP) value ≥ 1) and Kruskal-Wallis H test (P < 0.05). The key aroma substance of tender leaf tea without SE was dihydroactinidiolide. The key aroma substances of tender leaf tea with SE were dihydroactinidiolide, nonanal, benzaldehyde and phenylacetaldehyde, contributing to citrus-like, flowery, caramelic, bitter almond-like, nutty, rose-like and chocolate-like aromas. No key aroma substances were found in mature leaf tea without SE, while dihydroactinidiolide and nonanal were identified the key aroma substances in mature leaf tea with SE, contributing to sweet peach-like, woody, citrus-like, flowery and caramelic aromas. The results of this study can provide a reference for the development of beverage products based on Eucommia ulmoides leaves.

Objective: To observe the expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in cervical cancer and to investigate its clinical significance., Methods: A total of 53 cases of cervical cancer with a large number of granular cell infiltration were collected in the last ten years, and 57 cases of cervical cancer with no cell infiltration were selected as controls. The infiltration of neutrophils in cancer tissues was observed, and the expression of G-CSF in cancer tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry at the same time. And the relationship between the expression of G-CSF and clinical pathological significance in cervical cancer was analyzed. All the patients were followed up, and the effect of G-CSF on the prognosis of the patients was analyzed., Results: Expression of G-CSF was observed in 53 cases out of the 110 cases cervical cancer. Among them, 48 (90.6%) cases were squamous cell carcinoma, 5(9.4%) cases were adenocarcinoma. The expression of G-CSF was closely related to granulocyte infiltration, histological type, necrosis, high grading and regional lymph node metastasis (P<0.01), but not related to size of tumor (P>0.05). G-CSF positive cases were 33.676 and 78.495 times more dangerous than those cases that were negative in high grading and regional lymph node metastasis (P<0.01). The difference in survival between the positive and the negative was also significant (P<0.01)., Conclusions: Certain cervical cancer can produce G-CSF, and the most common in non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. Cervical cancer tissue that excretes G-CSF tends to have low differentiation, obvious dysplasia, high degree of malignancy, extensive necrosis and granulocyte cell infiltration, and is often associated with lymph node metastasis, with low survival rate and poor prognosis.

Objective: To investigate the pathologic features of histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA) and its impact on newborns., Methods: From Jun.2012 to Dec.2014, 5 810 placentas delivered in our hospital were collected. There were 898 HCA cases and positive rate was 18.3%.Cases with complete clinical data were collected, including 308 cases of infected newbon infants (case group), and 120 cases of non-infected infants(control group). The correlation between pathologic results and neonatal outcome was analyzed., Results: Thirty nine cases were premature delivery (39/428, 9.1%). Twenty one cases were small for gestational age (21/428, 4.9%). One hundred and eleven cases were delivered by caesarean section (111/428, 25.9%). Three hundred and eight cases of neonatal infection included 104 cases of hematosepsis, 16 cases of purulent meningitis, 78 cases of infectious pneumonia, 34 cases of infective enteritis, 18 cases of urinary tract infection and 58 cases of skin infection.Placental pathological examination found out 40 cases showed mild HCA (18 cases of neonatal infection, and 22 non-neonatal infection cases), 104 cases showed moderate HCA (88 cases of neonatal infection, and 16 non-neonatal infection cases), and 183 cases showed severe HCA (172 cases of neonatal infection and 11 non-neonatal infection cases). Moderate to severe HCA were easily found in premature infants, with higher positive rate of both late pregnancy group B streptococcus (P<0.05) and afterbirth blood culture (P<0.05). Significantly higher serum C reaction protein (P<0.05) and white-cell count(P<0.05) were also found within moderate to severe HCA patients. Moderate to severe HCA, funisitis and syncytial nodular hyperplasia were associated with neonatal infections (P<0.05), while infarction, intervillous thrombosis and villi thrombus were not observed in the inflammation group (P>0.05)., Conclusions: HCA is often of few clinical symptoms and easily misdiagnosed by placental pathological assessment only. HCA is found associated with intrauterine infection and neonatal infection. Pathological assessment of placenta is valuable in diagnosis and treatment of intrauterine infection.