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Histone or transcription factors or their co-factors, which are able to carry out the process of some physiological and pathological processes. Dynamic balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination ensures healthy chromatic homeostasis. Histone ubiquitination and deubiquitination are involved in the maintenance of chromatin homeostasis through identification of DNA damage sites, conduction signals and recruitment of repair factors. Histone ubiquitination and deubiquitination affecting gene expression by inhibiting(majority) or promoting(minority) gene transcription. In this review we focus on the role of histone ubiquitination and deubiquitination in maintaining chromatic homeotasis and gene transcription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UCHL1 (ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1) is one of the deubiquitinases, which is specifically expressed in the brain and gonad. It has the function of deubiquitination, and can maintain a stable pool of monoubiquitin in cells.To determine whether UCHL1 is ubiquitous in vertebrates, and further select model animals with simpler body structure to study biological functions of UCHL1 accordingly. The molecular evolution of UCHL1 gene in 11 species of vertebrates is analyzed by bioinformatics methods. The analysis results show that the genomic length of UCHL1 gene is changed greatly in evolution, but the number of exons is changed little, and the number of amino acids is maintained at about 223. The above results indicate that mRNA has different splicing patterns, but the amino acid sequence is highly conserved in evolution, and the homology of UCHL1 active sites is as high as 90%. These results indicate that the function of UCHL1 is necessary for the survival of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BAP1 is a member of the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCH) subfamily of deubiquitylases with basic function of removing monoubiquitin or ubiquitin chains from the specific substrate proteins. As well, it is a key factor in regulating gene expression, cell cycle, cell differentiation, cell apoptosis and DNA damage response, dependent or independent of its deubiquitination function. Evidences have revealed that mutation or down-regulation of BAP1 can prominently increase the occurrence of cancers, including uveal melanoma, mesothelioma, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer and lung cancer. Currently, the tumor spectrum and the pathogenic mechanism on BAP1 have not been illustrated clearly, and need to be further researched, which might bring a new opportunity in treatment of cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ubiquitin is a small molecule protein consisting of 76 amino acids,widely found in eukaryotic cells. The process by which ubiquitin binding to a specific protein is called ubiquitination. Deubiquitination is the reversed process of ubiquitination. Ubiquitination stimulates downstream signal,including complex assembly,protein conformation and activity changes,proteolysis,autophagy,guilt,chromatin remodeling,and DNA repair. More than 80% of eukaryotic protein degradation is mediated by the ubiquitination system,and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is an extremely complex process involving many biomolecular processes. By regulating protein homeostasis,ubiquitination can also regulate a variety of biological processes including cell cycle,cell proliferation,and apoptosis,which are closely related to tumorigenesis and progression. Many abnormalities of androgen receptor (AR) including AR gene amplification,mutation,shear mutation,and AR activity enhancement are closely related to prostate cancer progression. In particular,prostate cancer progression is regulated by the ubiquitination/deubiquitination processes. This article summarizes the recent research advances in the roles of ubiquitination/deubiquitination in AR abnormalities and prostate cancer.