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The Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau is known as the Asian water tower.The change of its water resources has an important impact on the weather and climate in the lower reaches.Precipitation is a key role in the water cycle.Therefore， it is of great significance to accurately simulate plateau precipitation for water resources security in China.In recent years， some studies have found that the convection-permitting model （the cumulus parameterization scheme could be turned off when grid scale is less than 4 km） could improve the precipitation simulation over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau.However， the previous studies only selected 1~3 cumulus parameterization schemes for comparison.It is still unknown whether convection-permitting model is superior to any cumulus parameterization scheme.In this paper， the ability of nine cumulus parameterization schemes in WRF and convection-permitting model （CPM） in simulating the precipitation over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau in the summer of 2009 was evaluated.The results showed that the simulations overestimate the summer precipitation over Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau in 2009， and the error was about 0.4~2 mm·d-1.The over simulation of CAPE and latent heat flux in Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau may be one of the reasons for the overestimations.Among all simulations， the G3 cumulus parameterization scheme has the best simulation of the mean precipitation the mean precipitation and the dinural cycles precipitation and it can can better capture the precipitation intensity， spatial distribution， precipitation area and diurnal cycles of the mean precipitation.CPM showed overall the second best precipitation simulation following G3 cumulus parameterization scheme， which can not effectively improve the simulation of diurnal cycles of precipitation， but can improve the simulation of precipitation frequency.In different plateau ecological regions， all simulations cannot reasonably simulate the precipitation in the desert area and the southern foot of the Himalaya， but compared with the cumulus parameterization schemes， CPM can greatly reduce the error in the desert area.In other regions， CPM and Tiedtke cumulus parameterization scheme performed well.Considering the mean precipitation and precipitation frequency， the CPM， Tiedtke and G3 cumulus parameterization scheme have the minimum simulation error for precipitation in different regions and intensity.Therefore， we recommend to adopt G3 or Tiedtke cumulus parameterization schemes in simulating summer precipitation over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau， and when the computational resources are allowed， the high-resolution CPM can be considered to improve the precipitation frequency simulations.

Copyright of Advances in Earth Science (1001-8166) is the property of Advances in Earth Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Plateau Meteorology is the property of Plateau Meteorology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the best track data from the Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration for the period 1960-2019 and daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Information Center, this study investigated the characteristics of 221 historical typhoons affecting Yunnan province. Furthermore, the Dynamical-Statistical-Analog Ensemble Forecast Model for Landfalling Typhoon Precipitation was employed to simulate the precipitation of five target typhoons from 2016 to 2019. The results are as follows. (1) Over the past five decades, 3.7 typhoons have affected Yunnan every year, and typhoons have become less frequent. The peak typhoon season was from July to September, with the highest typhoon activities in July and August. The majority of typhoons that affected Yunnan were strong tropical storms and typhoons. Their tracks were mainly northwest and westbound, with landing locations mostly concentrated along the coast of Hainan Island, western Guangdong and Guangxi. (2) Out of the 221 historical typhoons, 119 produced daily precipitation at the rainstorm level, and the average daily precipitation during typhoon rainstorms exceeded that of ordinary rainstorms. Spatially, the frequency of typhoon-induced rainstorms was relatively higher in northern Yunnan, while extreme precipitation events were more likely to occur in southern Yunnan. (3) The DSAEF_LTP model demonstrated good overall performance, successfully simulating the precipitation center of these typhoons. The model' s results exhibited certain advantages over those of numerical models and may facilitate the prediction of strong precipitation associated with typhoons in Yunnan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plateau Meteorology is the property of Plateau Meteorology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tropical Meteorology (1004-4965) is the property of Guangzhou Institute of Tropical & Oceanic Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Probability forecast is an objective product derived from ensemble forecasts and contains information of uncertainty, which has important reference value for operational decision-making services. In the traditional neighborhood ensemble probability method (NEP), the neighborhood radius is always a constant and does not conform to the scale spectrum involved in the practical weather events. Therefore, the Neighborhood Ensemble Probability based on Ensemble Agreement Scale (EAS_NEP) was introduced, and comprehensive evaluations were conducted for two Meiyu frontal heavy rainfall events in southern China, in order to verify the applicability of this method in such events and promote its popularization in practical operation. The ensemble forecasts obtained by combining the initial condition, lateral boundary and physical process of perturbations can better represent the practical prediction uncertainty. Based on this, the Grid-to-grid Probability (GP), NEP with different radii and EAS_NEP were compared for accuracy, forecast skill and other aspects of performance. The results showed that EAS_NEP can adjust the neighborhood radius adaptively according to the agreement between ensemble members and its radii tend to be lager for concentrated precipitation than dispersed precipitation. These dynamically adjusted radii not only avoid excessive smoothing and key information loss when the neighborhood radius is too large, but also eliminate the singular points caused by small radius and possess stepped spatial distribution with better continuity. In addition, quantitative evaluation results such as BS, FSS and ROC curves also confirm that EAS_NEP has improved forecasting skills compared to traditional methods, especially in the case of dispersed precipitation and high threshold situation. The results suggest that EAS_NEP has a good application prospect in the Meiyu frontal heavy rainfall events and can effectively improve the quality of probability forecast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tropical Meteorology (1004-4965) is the property of Guangzhou Institute of Tropical & Oceanic Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Effective flood forecast periods are important for scheduling decisions making, flood prevention, and disaster mitigation in small and medium river basins. In this study, a WRF/WRF-Hydro meteorological-hydrological coupling model is established based on the WRF model and the WRF-Hydro model to explore the influence of WRF precipitation on runoff forecasting in Zhanghe River Basin under different forecast periods and the propagation of uncertainty from meteorological model to hydrological model. The results show that: (1) The more extended the forecast period, the more serious the overestimation of the rainfall peak predicted by the WRF model under different forecast periods. Under 06 h and 12 h forecast periods, the forecast error of rainfall amount and peak precipitation time is smaller, and the forecast of rainfall area is obviously better than that under longer forecast periods (24 h and 48 h). (2) The runoff forecast results of the meteorological-hydrological coupling model show that the longer the forecast period, the more serious the overestimation of runoff peak. The runoff forecast results under 06 h and 12 h forecast periods are better, and the average correlation coefficient and average Nash coefficient increase by 0.15 and 0.69 respectively. (3) The error propagation characteristics between models are different due to the length of forecast period and the effect of rainfall forecast. Under 06 h and 12 h forecast periods, the error of numerical weather forecast is magnified and reduced after propagation to the hydrological model. Under longer forecast period (24 h and 48 h), the longer the forecast period, the greater the hydrological model amplifies the error of numerical weather forecast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the problem of urban waterlogging has become more and more serious as the environment has changed through both climate change and urbanization. The fundamental assumption of stationarity in municipal engineering may be invalid because changing environments have changed the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall in urban areas. For this reason, analysis of the impacts of changing environments on extreme urban rainfall and drainage infrastructure is important to urban water resources management, municipal engineering design, and disaster prevention and mitigation. The present study summarizes the advances in future projection of short-duration (sub-daily) rainfall and design criteria for urban drainage system and also reviews both the evolution of laws concerning urban short-duration rainfall and current research into studies of the impacts of changing environments on drainage infrastructure. We also explored the physical mechanism underlying the impact of changing environments on urban short-duration extreme rainfall. Besides, we summarize the methods for analyzing of impacts of changing environments on urban region and emphasized what type of future research is required:(1) strengthening physical mechanisms research focusing on impacts of climate change and urbanization on short-duration extreme rainfall; (2) improving the capability of climate models to describe the interactions between urban land surface and local climate, and strengthen the applications of kilometer-scale convection-permitting models in urban areas; (3) strengthening the study of design criteria for urban drainage infrastructure in changing environments; and (4) comprehensively evaluating the impacts of changes in extreme rainfall and urbanization on urban drainage infrastructure including pipes' surcharges, pollution and water security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tropical Meteorology (1004-4965) is the property of Guangzhou Institute of Tropical & Oceanic Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tropical Meteorology (1004-4965) is the property of Guangzhou Institute of Tropical & Oceanic Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tropical Meteorology (1004-4965) is the property of Guangzhou Institute of Tropical & Oceanic Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tropical Meteorology (1004-4965) is the property of Guangzhou Institute of Tropical & Oceanic Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tropical Meteorology (1004-4965) is the property of Guangzhou Institute of Tropical & Oceanic Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)