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Objective To analyze the infection status of human papilloma virus (HPV),Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU),Chlamydia trachomatis (CT),and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) in clinical patients.Methods The laboratory specimens including urine,urethral swabs,and cervical swabs from 870 patients from January 1st 2014 to December 31st 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. HPV-DNA was detected by multiplex fluorescent PCR,and the UU-RNA,CT-RNA,and NG-RNA were determined by isothermal nucleic acid amplification. The positive rate of each pathogen and the distribution of positive rate between male and female patients were calculated. The samples were further divided into HPV-positive group and HPV-negative group,and the positive rates of UU-RNA,CT-RNA,and NG-RNA in these two groups were compared.Results The highest positive rate was 53.68%(467/870) for UU-RNA,followed by HPV-DNA [32.41%(282/870) ]and NG-RNA [2.18%(19/870)]. The total positive rate of high-risk (HR)-HPV(subtypes:16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59,and 68) [31.52%(209/663)]and UU in female patients [60.93%(404/663)] was significantly higher than that in male patients [17.39%(36/207),30.34%(63/207)](both P<0.001). The male patients had significantly higher CT positive rate in HR-HPV-positive group than in HR-HPV-negative group [22.58%(7/31) vs. 4.54%(8/176)](P<0.001). The female patients had significantly higher CT positive rate in HR-HPV-positive group than in HR-HPV-negative group [10.5%(21/200) vs. 5.61%(26/463)](P=0.024). The UU-RNA positive rate of females in the low-risk (LR)-HPV (subtypes:6 and 11) positive group was significantly higher than that in LR-HPV negative group [70.83%(34/48) vs.2.11%(13/615)](P<0.001).Conclusions Women are more susceptible to HR-HPV and UU infections. HR-HPV-positive patients are more likely to experience CT infection. In contrast,co-infection with UU is more common in LR-HPV-positive females.

Objective: To compare the positive rates of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in gynecological clinic and reproductive medicine clinic by detecting cervical samples from two clinics with three assays of different methodologies. To determine the performances of enzyme assay and immunochromatography (ICA) assay compared to the real-time PCR assay. Methods: Seven hundred and eleven samples of gynecological clinic from May 2014 to May 2015 and 711 samples of reproductive medicine clinic from June 2014 to April 2015 were collected in Henan Province People's Hospital. Three cervical swabs were collected from each participant. The three samples were eluted with saline water then mixed. The samples were detected with three methodologies respectively after dividing the mixture into three. Results: The positive rates of CT in gynecological clinic and reproductive medicine clinic were 9.98% (71/711) and 4.22% (30/711) by real-time PCR assay, 10.83% (77/711) and 5.06% (36/711) by enzyme assay, 4.78% (34/711) and 2.11% (15/711) by ICA assay. The sensitivity and specificity were 85.1% (86/101) and 98.0% (1 294/1 321) by enzyme assay. The sensitivity of ICA assay was 45.5% (46/101) and specificity was 99.8% (1 318/1 321) compared to the real-time PCR assay. Conclusion: The positive rate of CT in gynecological clinic was markedly higher than that in reproductive medicine clinic ( P <0.05). The ICA assay, while exhibiting a high specificity, had unacceptably low sensitivity compared to real-time PCR assay. The enzyme assay had higher sensitivity but slightly worse specificity.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis (GCT) infection and associated risk factors in male clients attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Guangdong and provide integrated intervention strategy for this group. Methods: Convenient sampling was used to recruit participants from April to June in 2015 in Guangdong province. The information about their socio-demographic characteristics and sexual behaviors were collected by using a questionnaire, and blood samples were taken from them to test the antibodies against HIV, syphilis and HCV. First pass urine was taken to test GCT and gonorrhea. Results: A total of 1 749 participants with the average age of 39.53 years were recruited. The majority of them were married (73.87%, 1 292/1 749), residents of Guangdong (92.28%, 1 614/1 749) and in Han ethnic group (99.49%, 1 740/1 749). The positive rates for GCT, HIV, syphilis, HCV, Neisseria gonorrhea , and WBC in urinalysis were 6.06% (106/1 749), 0.46% (8/1 749), 3.43% (60/1 749), 0.45% (7/1 550), 2.74% (48/1 749), 7.89% (138/1 749) respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that risk factors for GCT infection include IDUs ( OR =13.98, 95 %CI : 3.35-58.38), anal sex with men ( OR =3.11, 95 %CI : 1.45-6.71), Neisseria gonorrhea positive ( OR =9.64, 95 % CI : 5.09-18.24), and WBC positive ( OR =1.96, 95 %CI : 1.08-3.55). Conclusions: This study demonstrated the high prevalence of GCT infection in male clients attending STD clinics in Guangdong. Therefore precision intervention should target this population at high-risk.

Objective: To investigate the semen quality and its influencing factors in preconception males in Nanjing area so as to provide some evidence for working out effective intervention measures., Methods: Totally 687 men receiving preconceptional physical examination were enrolled in this study. A questionnaire survey was conducted among the subjects along with an analysis of their semen quality., Results: The median of sperm concentration was 63.3 x 10(6)/ml (95% CI [19.88-119] x 10(6)/ml). The median of grade a sperm was 33.03% (95% CI [19.38-55.05]%), that of grade a + b sperm was 52.08% (95% CI [39.53-69.37]%), and that of teratosperm was 91.75% (95% CI [69-100]%). The median concentration of seminal plasma PMN-elastase was 195.55 ng/ml (95% CI [76.16-3330.38] ng/ml) and that of seminal plasma zinc was 7.62 μmol/L (95% CI [1.5-23, 45] μmol/L). The positive rates of Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and Gardnerella vaginalis (GV) were 42.4%, 0.3%, and 2.4%, respectively. The median of sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) of those whose wives had a history of adverse pregnancy was 20.25% (95% CI [2.15-68.25]%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that mental stress (OR 1.567, 95% CI [1.081-2.27]) and sedentariness (OR 1.772, 95% CI [1.211-2.592]) were independent risk factors for asthenospermia., Conclusion: The sperm quality of preconception males in Nanjing area is not encouraging, and it can be improved by changing undesirable lifestyle and reducing mental stress.

Objective: To explore the serotypic distribution and ompA gene variations of Chlamydia trachomatis (C.trachomatis) of male reproductive tract at our hospital., Methods: A total of 399 samples of reproductive tract secretion were collected from urinary outpatient with suspected C.trachomatis infection of genital tract from December 2011 to March 2013 and screened by C.trachomatis detection kit. Amplificated by nested PCR and sequenced of C.trachomatis ompA gene after screening positive samples.Sequencing products were typed by BLAST of PubMed and MegAlign program of DNAstar software to compare the clinical isolates of C.trachomatis ompA gene with the standard sequence. And various serotypes of C.trachomatis ompA gene mutation were analyzed., Results: C.trachomatis was detected with a positive rate of 14.8% (59/399). All ompA genes of 59 C.trachomatis positive specimens were successfully amplified and serotyped. The types were E (n = 17, 28.8%), F (n = 16, 27.1%), D (n = 13, 22.0%),G (n = 5, 8.5%), H (n = 3, 5.1%), K (n = 3, 5.1%) and J (n = 2, 3.4%). The most mutations of ompA gene of C.trachomatis in clinical specimens were serotype D (n = 9) , followed by serotype G(n = 5)., Conclusions: The distribution of serotypes in male patients is serotypes E, F, D-type dominant. The serotype D of C.trachomatis is variation up.

Objective: To explore the relationship between the colonization of group B streptococci (GBS), mycoplasma,and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections and spontaneous abortion due to early embryonic death., Methods: Totally 74 patients (study group) who experienced the missed abortion during their first or second trimester and 62 women (control group) who underwent induced termination of normal pregnancy during the first or second trimester were enrolled in this study. The vaginal secretions, intrauterine aspirates, and amniotic fluids were collected for GBS culture. Cervical mycoplasma (UU+MH) and CT were detected at the same time., Results: Positive results of GBS culture of vaginal secretions were detected in 9 patients (12.16%) in the study group, but in only 6 patients (9.68%) in control group (P=0.662). The intrauterine aspirate samples (as well as the amniotic fluid samples) of all cases were negative in GBS culture. The positive rates of UU and MH were 32.43% (24/74) and 16.22% (12/74) in the study group, but were only 10.35% (12/62) (P=0.0103) and 6.45 (4/62) (P=0.042) in the control group. The positive rate of CT was 8.11% (6/74) in the study group and 8.06 % (5/62) in the control group (P=0.905). The rate of concurrent infection of GBS and mycoplasma was 4.05% (3/74) in the study group and 6.45% (4/62) in the control group (P=0.743). The rate of concurrent infection of GBS and CT was 0 in the study group and 1.61% (1/62) in the control group (P=0.475). The rate of concurrent mycoplasma and CT infection was 2.70% (2/74) in the study group and 0 in the control group (P=0.325). Furthermore, no one was positive for poly infection of all these three pathogens., Conclusions: GBS may be positive in the genital tract of some pregnant women but is not related with early abortion. The mycoplasma infection may be one of the reasons leading to arrested intrauterine pregnancy.

Objective: To investigate the nonbacterial pathogens in children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) in Nanjing., Methods: The presence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) was determined by quantitative PCR in the nasopharyngeal samples from 1 592 hospitalized children with ARI. Common respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV), influenza virus types A and B (IVA and IVB), parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, 3(PIV-1, 2, 3) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), were detected using direct immunofluorescence assay., Results: MP and CT were detected in 25.7% and 2.4% of the 1 592 samples respectively. The overall positive rate of respiratory viruses was 40.9%. Among the viruses, the top detected virus was RSV (61.3%), followed by PIV-3 (6.7%) and hMPV (4.9%). Mixed infection among MP, CT and viruses was observed in 107 cases (6.7%). The infants under 1 year old were susceptible to mix-infection (68/107, 63.6%)., Conclusions: Respiratory virus is the main pathogen responsible for ARI in children from Nanjing. RSV is the most commonly identified virus. MP is also the frequently identified pathogen for ARI in children. Mixed infection is common in infants under 1 year old.

Objective: To Investigate correlation between screening assay of human papillomavirus (HPV) and microbial pathogens in gynecology., Methods: Cervical samples were collected to search for HPV, bacteria and yeast infections in gynecologic outpatients. HPV typing was carried out by PCR and sequencing on cervical brush specimens. Chlamydia trachomatis was identified by strand displacement amplification (SDA) and the other microorganisms were detected by conventional methods. All data were analyzed to investigate the correlation among them., Results: In this cross-sectional study, among 857 enrolled outpatients, there were 266 cases with positive HPV DNA, and the rate of infection was 31.0% (266/857). HPV genotype showed that thirty-five different HPV types were identified, of which HPV16 was the most prevalent (14.5%, 38/262), followed by HPV58 (9.2%, 24/262), HPV53 (8.0%, 21/262) and HPV42 (6.1%, 16/262); while other genotypes were present in less than 5% of HPV positive women. According to the reclassification, the aggregated percentage (high-risk and probably high-risk) of detected HPV was 58.8% (154/262), 27.9% (73/262) for low-risk and 13.4% (35/262) for unknown-risk HPV types. Among HPV positive women, cervical brush specimens results showed that more than 60% cases with normal cytology, 3.8% (10/266) with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 29.7% (79/266) with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and 3.0% (8/266) with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), respectively. Statistical analyses revealed there was a significant association between the infected HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum (> 10,000 CCU/ml; all P < 0.01), while no correlation was found between HPV infection and bacterial vaginosis, streptococcus agalactiae, candida, Trichomonas vaginalis or Ureaplasma urealyticum (≤ 10 000 CCU/ml; all P > 0.05). Among the cases with bacterial vaginosis, the positive rate of HPV infected was 42.6%. Chlamydia trachomatis was one of the high-risk factors for the infection of HPV (OR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.74 - 4.57). Mycoplasma hominis was isolated only in 2 cases, no patient was infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae., Conclusions: Although bacterial vaginosis was not significantly associated with HPV, it was more common among the HPV positive women. There is the significant association between HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum which may be increase the infection of HPV. These data suggest that it may be important to screen for the simultaneous presence of different microorganisms which may have synergistic pathological effects.

Objective: To study the role of pathogenic microorganisms commonly associated with chronic eye disease, including Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2, and adenovirus type 8 and type 19, in the development of primary ocular adnexal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in Chinese patients., Methods: Sixty-eight archival cases of primary ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative lesions, including 38 cases of MALT lymphoma, 3 cases of non-MALT lymphoma and 27 cases of chronic inflammation, were enrolled into the study. DNA was extracted from the paraffin-embedded tissue samples. The presence of DNA of C. psittaci, C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, HSV type 1, HSV type 2, adenovirus type 8 and adenovirus type 19 were analyzed by multiplex touchdown enzyme time-release polymerase chain reaction (TETR-PCR)., Results: All of the specimens yielded PCR products of over 100 base pairs and were thus suitable for TETR-PCR screening of infectious agents. The prevalence of DNA of C. psittaci, C. trachomatis and adenovirus type 19 were 0 in MALT lymphoma, non-MALT lymphoma and chronic inflammation. There were 2 cases positive for C. pneumoniae DNA, amongst the 38 cases of MALT lymphoma studied (5.3%, 2/38). HSV type 1, HSV type 2 and adenovirus type 8 DNA was found in each of the 3 patients with chronic inflammation., Conclusion: The study indicates that C. psittaci, C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, HSV type 1, HSV type 2, adenovirus type 8 and adenovirus type 19 probably play little role in the pathogenesis of ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma in Chinese patients.

Objective: To investigate the infection and the drug resistance status of mycoplasma and chlamydiae in genitourinary tracts of children with suspected nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and provide information for clinical rational administration of antimicrobial agents., Methods: Samples of genitourinary tract secretion from 146 children who were suspected of having nongonococcal urethritis or colpitis were collected and tested for mycoplasma via culture and for chlamydia with antigen detection. Meanwhile, susceptibility test was carried out on the samples which were positive in mycoplasma cultivation. Chlamydia antigen was detected by the polymer conjugate-enhanced (PCE) indirect enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (IDEIA PCE Chlamydia; DAKO). The mycoplasma culture medium was produced by Nanjing Liming Biological Products Co,. Ltd. Antibiotics used for susceptibility test were erythromycin, roxithromycin, josamycin, leucomycin, meleumycin, rovamycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, cycloate erythromycin, and clindamycin., Results: Fifteen samples were positive for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) by antigen detection (10.3%), 82 samples were positive in mycoplasma cultivation (56.2%), and among the 82 samples, 58 were positive for Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu, 39.7%), 9 were positive for Mycoplasma hominis (Mh, 6.2%), and 15 were positive for Uu and Mh (10.3%). Of all the samples, 4 were positive for both Uu and Ct (2.7%). The rates of drug resistance of the 10 commonly used antibiotics were as follows: erythromycin 32.9%, roxithromycin 41.5%, josamycin 19.5%, leucomycin 22.0%, meleumycin 28.0%, rovamycin 30.5%, azithromycin 37.8%, clarithromycin 26.8%, davercin 24.4%, and clindamycin 26.8%, respectively. The results indicated that drug resistance rates of josamycin and leucomycin were the lowest, and the rates of roxithromycin and azithromycin were the highest., Conclusions: The infection rates of mycoplasma and chlamydia in children suspected NGU were high. Mycoplasma showed drug resistance to a different degree to 10 common antibiotics. The results of chemosensitivity showed that josamycin had the highest susceptibility rate.

Objective: To study the relationship between vulvovaginitis in pre-pubertal girls and pathogens as Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), N. gonorrhoeae (Ng), Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu), Mycoplasma hominis (Mh), M. genitalium (Mg), M. fermentans (Mf) and M. penetrans (Mpe), as well as to find out the proportion of mycoplasma which is correlated to sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and AIDS. METHODS Vulvae swab specimens from 285 pre-pubertal girls with vulvovaginitis (case group) and 128 healthy girls (control group) were collected and detected by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) to identify the existence of pathogens as Ct, Ng, Uu, Mh, Mg, Mf and Mpe. nPCR with both high specificity and sensitivity, would not be influenced by the amount of pathogens in specimens or inactivated during the process of storage or transportation., Results: The rate of detection on pathogens was 59.65% in the 285 specimens from case group including 'one kind of pathogen in one specimen' as 37.54% and 'two kinds' as 16.84% and 'three kinds' as 5.26%. However, in the 128 specimens from control group, the detectable rate of pathogen was 6.25%. Relationships were found between Ng (P < 0.01), Ct (P < 0.01), Uu (P < 0.01), Mg (P < 0.01), Mf (P < 0.05), Mpe (P < 0.01) and vulvovaginitis in pre-pubertal girls. In control group the pathogens were detected from 7 specimens including 5 Uu and 2 Mh., Conclusion: Some of the pathogens were correlated to STD and were important in causing vulvovaginitis in pre-pubertal girls. Vulvovaginitis might have been caused by more than one kind of pathogen in pre-pubertal girls. The locations of Mg, Mf and Ng in outer genital tracts were correlated to seasonal change. Macrolide seemed to be quite effective clinically in treating urogenital tract infection caused by mycoplasma and Ct.

Objective: To investigate the distribution and the antimicrobial resistance of the bacteria, mycoplasma and Chlamydia trachomatis isolated from the prostatic secretion of infertile men with chronic prostatitis, and to provide clinicians with grounds for choosing antibiotic agents., Methods: The bacteria obtained were isolated and identified, the Chlamydia trachomatis was detected by FLO-PCR, and the results were analysed statistically., Results: In 1 186 specimens of EPS, the total positive rate of isolates was 51.7%. Among them, there were 364 strains of gram-positive coccus, 20 gram-negative bacillus, 5 other strains and 157 mycoplasma, including 116 Ureaplasma urealyticum and 41 Mycoplasma hominis, and 67 Chlamydia trachomatis DNA. As for the isolated staphylococci, their antimicrobial resistance was the lowest against vancomycin (0.0%), but the highest against penicillins (76.9%-100%); for the Streptococcus agalactiae, it was the highest against erythromycin and clindamycin (100%), and the lowest against beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole, rifampin and vancomycin (0.0%); for the Ureaplasma urealyticum, it was the highest against ciprofloxacin (59.5%), and the lowest against josamycin, tetracycline and fosfomycin (1.7%); for the Mycoplasma hominis, it was the highest against erythromycin (100%), and the lowest against doxycycline and fosfomycin (0.0%)., Conclusion: Bacteria, mycoplasma and Chlamydia trachomatis are the possible etiological factors of male infertility. Isolated bacterial strains differ greatly in their resistance against different antibiotics.

A method for detection and genotyping of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections based on omp1 gene amplification and sequencing was developed, and the character of omp1 gene of Chlamydia trachomatis was analysed. Urethral or endocervical specimens were collected from 323 patients attending STD clinics in Hengyang, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Jiangmen from November, 2003 to May, 2004. DNA was extracted by usual method, and an approximately 980bp fragment from the major outer membrane protein (omp1) gene of Chlamydia trachomatis was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). The PCR products were purified by DNA agarose gel purification system and the sequence of the omp1 gene was determined by using an ABI PRISM 3700 Genetic Analyser, and genotyping was performed by BLAST similarity search. Multiple alignment was performed with CLUSTAL package (CLUSTAL X), and a phylogenetic tree was constructed by Mega3 software to illustrate the evolutionary relationships between clinical isolates and reference strains of C. trachomatis obtained from GenBank. All variable sequences were submitted to GenBank by Banklt programe. The overall prevalence of urogenital chlamydial infection was 29.7% (96 of 323). All the 96 C. trachomatis-positive cases were sequenced, and 10 genotypes and 28 genetic variants were detected. The most prevalent genotype was E(34.4%), followed by J(25.0%), D(12.5%), F(8.3%), G(7.3%), H(3.1%), Ba(3.1%), K(3.1%), Da (2.1% ), 1 (1.1%). The distribution of C. trachomatis genotypes in the four cities in sourth China was similar to other countries in the world. The omp1 gene was highly conserved for genotype E and F, but appeared slightly less conserved for other genotypes, where the sequences displayed one or several nucleotide substitutions relatived to the corresponding reference sequence. And a similar recombination was found between genotypes Ba and D in CD1. Phylogenetic tree showed that Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes were mainly divided into three clusters, according to previous grouping in the B, F-G, and C complexes. Clusters F-G and C were characterized by small genetic distances within each cluster, but clusters B displayed larger genetic distances. And the clinical isolates were highly related to the reference strains. It is concluded that the isolated Chlamydia trachomatis strains exhibit remarkable omp1 DNA sequence polymorphism, which can encourage for vaccine design and infection control.

Objective: To explore the inhibitory effects of Niaoluqing, an oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine, on the growth of urogenital chlamydia trachomatis (Ct)., Methods: Niaoluqing's applying concentration was 1 g/ml and 10 serologically untyped strains of Ct from the STD clinic were used. And the inhibitory effects of Niaoluqing on Ct was evaluated by McCoy cell microculture technique in vitro., Results: Niaoluqing had inhibitory activity for urogenital Ct, and was capable of reducing inclusion numbers notably in the concentrations of 50 to 200 mg/ml. The number and volume of Ct inclusions reduced gradually and disappeared finally with the rising of the medicinal concentration., Conclusion: The traditional Chinese medicine Niaoluqing has inhibitory effects on the growth of urogenital Ct.

Objective: To investigate the infectious distribution and resistant of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia trachomatis in the chronic prostatitis., Methods: The identification and susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeaes and Mycoplasmas were detected by a cultural method. The nitrocefin test was used to detect the beta-lactamase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains. Chlamydia trachomatis was identificated by a monoclonal gold labeled antibody method., Results: A total of 2,900 prostatic fluids were detected and the rates of isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia trachomatis were 3.3%, 12.8%, and 0.9%, respectively. The prevalence of beta-lactamase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains was 12.6%. The resistant percentages of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains were 73.7% to penicillin and 91.6% to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin respectively, but the susceptibility to spectinomycin, cephalosporin and cefoxitin was good. The resistant rates of Mycoplasma to tetracycline, acetylspiramycin, erythromycin, and ofloxacin were 50.0% or more, but the susceptibilities to roxithromycin, doxycyclin, levofloxacin, minocyclin, josamycin, and azithromycin were about 70.0%-80.0%., Conclusion: The isolation rate of Mycoplasma is higher than that of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in the chronic prostatitis. It is important to detect the susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma for the use of antibiotics in reason.

Objective: To investigate the influence of genital tract cytomegalovirus and chlamydia infection on the incidence of tubal pregnancy., Methods: Ninety-five women with tubal pregnancy (study group) and 42 women with ovarian cysts (control group) were selected for this study. Serum cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgM was identified by enzyme-link-immunosorbent-assay (ELISA). Cervical secretions, endometrium, and salpinx tissue were tested for CMV gH gene and chlamydia heat shock protein (HSP) gene by nest polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR respectively., Results: CMV IgM was positive in 14 (15%) women with tubal pregnancy, and 1 (2%) in the control group. CMV gH gene was detected in 18 women (19%) and chlamydia HSP gene in 25 (26%) of the tubal pregnancy group, and 2 (5%) and 2 (5%) in the control group respectively. There were significant differences between the study and the control group (P < 0.05) with respect to detection of CMV IgM, CMV gH gene and chlamydia HSP gene., Conclusions: CMVand chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection were more common in women with tubal pregnancy than that in the control group. Genital CMV and chlamydia trachomatis infection may associate with an increased incidence of tubal pregnancy.

Objective: To study the pathogenesis of pathogens of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)., Methods: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trchomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum were cutured respectively in 130 patients with acute PID., Results: The pathogens of STD had been found in 55 patients. The detective rate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was 6.9% (9/130), about half of them were mixed infection; the detective rate of chlamydia trachomatis was 4.6% (6/130), all of them were mixed infection; the positive percentage of ureaplasma urealyticum was 37.7% (49/130), one third of them were mixed infection., Conclusion: The pathogens of STD might cause acute PID or only play a synergetic role in it.

Objective: This study was to investigate the Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection rate in cervical secretion of early pregnant and secondary sterility women., Methods: CT-DNA in the cervical secretion of the early pregnant, the secondary sterility, and the control women was detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)., Results: The infection rates of CT in the early pregnant and secondary sterility women (14.28% and 13.33%) were higher than in the control women (3.33%, P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the former two groups (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: There are higher infection rates in the early pregnant and secondary sterility women. Detecting CT and treating in the perinatal period are needed in the early pregnant women who want to be pregnant again.

Objective: To detect the susceptibility of urogenital chlamydia trachomatis(CT) to 12 kinds of diuretic traditional Chinese medicines., Methods: The inhibitory activity of these medicines for CT was detected by microculture technique of McCoy cell in vitro., Results: All the 12 kinds of diuretic traditional Chinese medicines had inhibitory activities for urogenital CT, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) from 0.122 mg.ml-1 to 62.5 mg.ml-1. The activities of Dianthus superbus L., Poria cocos(Shcw.) Woft, Polyporus umbellatus and Artemissia capillaris were stronger. The number and volume of CT inclusions reduced gradually and disappeared finally with the rise of concentration., Conclusion: All the 12 kinds of diuretic traditional Chinese medicines possess some inhibitory activity for urogenital CT.

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in the diagnosis of trachoma., Methods: Direct amplication of 16S rRNA gene which is chlamydia-specific by PCR was used to detect chlamydia trachomatis (CT)., Results: Of 93 subjects who conformed to the diagnosis criteria of trachoma, 69 (74.2%) was PCR-Positive; Of 178 subjects who did not comform to the criteia, 6(3.4%) was PCR-positive. PCR had a sensitivity of 74.2% and a speciticity of 96.7% for the clinical diagnosis of trachoma. The difference between trachoma group and nontrachoma group is significant(P < 0.001)., Conclusion: The PCR may be a good method in the diagnosis of ocular chlamydia trachomatis infection because of its excellent sensitivity and specificity.

For the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae(NG), Chlamydia trachomat is(CT) and Ureaplasma urealyticum(UU) in urogenital infection in one specimen, multiple primer PCR was used in 156 sex transmitted disease patients, it was shown that in 156 specimens there were 40 NG positive and 31 CT positive and 27 UU positive, 10 NG + CT positive, 4 NG + UU positive, 3 CT + UU positive and 2 NG + CT + UU positive respectively. The results were in correspondence with each other. It is suggested that multiple primer PCR is a quick, sensitive, simple and specific technique which can be applied in clinical test.

One thousand one hundred and fifty-seven samples from urogenital tract were detected by isolating culture and immunofluorescence. The positive rates of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Ureaplasma Urealyticum (UU), Mycoplasma hominis (Mh), Candida (Cd), Staphylococcus aureus were 27.8%, 33.5%, 25.6%, 11.5%, 23% respectively. The rate of mixed infection caused by at least two pathogens was 19.8%. About 90% of the infected patients were from 20 to 40 years old. The related factors of pathogen detection were also studied.

Two hundred and eighty-eight samples of patients with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and prostatitis were detected by cell culture and immunofluorescence assay for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and the effects of ascorbic acid(vitC) on the formation rate of inclusion of CT in positive samples were also studied. The results showed that the formation rate of inclusion of CT was 29.5% when the concentration of vitC was 5 micrograms.ml-1. The difference between test group and control group which contained cycloheximide in the media was insignificant (P > 0.05). The results suggested that vitC was a kind of nutrient needed for CT. The proliferation of CT in the cell can be promoted by vitC. We can replace cycloheximide by vitC in McCoy cell culture to detect clinic samples with CT.

Samples taken from cervix and male urethra of 768 infertilitas patients were studied, and samples taken from 226 normal fertile males and females served as control. The fluorescent monoclonal antibody technique and cell culture method were used for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) and microbiological culture method was used for Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) detection. The positive rates of Ct and Uu infections were 28.64% (220/768) and 36.59% (281/768) in infertilitas group, 5.2% (14/266) and 14.28% (38/266) in control group respectively. There was significant difference between the 2 groups (P < 0.01). The results suggest that infection with Ct or Uu is one of the factors causing infertility.

We detected levels of interleukin-8(IL-8) and nitric oxide(NO) in 62 prostatic fluids. The results were that microbiologic exam, IL-8 content, and NO level in control group were all negative; there was not significant difference on the microbiologic exam and NO level between the chronic prostatitis group and non-prostatitis group; there was significant difference between two groups of IL-8 positive ratio. These results suggest that the IL-8 detected in the prostatic fluid of patients with prostatitis may be a diagnostic indicator of prostatic infection.

Prostatic fluid taken from 1038 cases of chronic prostatitis were detected by fluorescent monoclonal antibody technique and isolating cultural method for Chlamydia Trachomatis (CT) and Ureaplasma Urealyticum (UU). The control group consisted of 80 cases. CT and UU were not found in control group. The positive rates of CT and UU infection were 28.4% and 33.0% respectively in the tested group whose cases were abacterial prostatitis. The results suggested that CT and UU are pathogens causing chronic abacterial prostatitis.

To address the relationship between female infertility and genital inflammation of chlamydia trachomatis (CT), we took samples from the cervix and fallopian tube of 147 cases of female infertility and investigated the rate of CT infection by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. 60 cases of normal pregnant women were chosen as controls. The results showed that in the infertile group the CT positive rates for fallopian tubes and cervices were 15.66% and 22.45% respectively, whereas in the control group the tubal positive rate was 3.33%. There was significant difference between the two groups in tubal positive rate (P < 0.05). Youngsters and workers were the high risk population of genital infection of CT. These results indicate that genital infection of CT is an important factor causing infertility; in that disease, the tubal infection of CT is even more important. Besides the damage to tubal mucosa and smooth muscle, CT infection causes tubal adhesion and obstruction. As a result it impairs the function of the fimbriae and leads to infertility.

Objective: To study the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) infection in spontaneous abortion patients., Methods: CT and UU in aborted tissues were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in 45 spontaneous abortion patients (abortion group) and 25 artificial abortion cases (control group)., Results: The detective rate of CT and UU was 42.2% and 33.3% respectively in the abortion group. As compared with the control group significant difference (P < 0.01, P < 0.025) was shown. The detection rate of mixed CT and UU is 8.9%., Conclusion: CT and UU are important infection factors which may cause spontaneous abortion. PCR examination of the aborted tissue can submit an accurate, rapid microorganic diagnosis of CT and (or) UU infection.

Objective: To explore the relationship between genital infections with chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) and tubal pregnancy., Methods: 34 patients with tubal pregnancy (case group), 28 women undergoing tubal ligation (control group A) and 40 women with normal early intrauterine pregnancy (control group B) were investigated as a case-control study. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to detect CT DNA and UU DNA in samples from the secretion of cervix, fallopian tube and pelvic fluid., Results: Case group was more likely to have detectable CT DNA (47.1%) and UU DNA (55.9%) from cervical secretion than control group A and B (P < 0.05). CT DNA detective rate from fallopian tube was significantly higher in case group than the control group A (26.5% versus 3.6%, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the positive rates of UU DNA from fallopian tube, CT DNA and UU DNA from pelvic fluid between case group and control group A., Conclusion: There is a strong association between tubal pregnancy and genital infection with CT and UU.

Objective: To investigate the value of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for follow-up patients infected by Chlamydia trachomatis., Methods: Follow-up specimens were collected from 30 patients. Chlamydia trachomatis positive were detected by PCR and direct fluorescence assay test (DFA) in the 30 patients before therapy. 15 patients were treated with minocycline (100 mg twice daily) for 10 days, and 15 patients were treated with 1.0 g of azithromycine as a single oral dose., Results: After 1-2 weeks of antimicrobial therapy, all patients had negative DFA for Chlamydia trachomatis, but 9 had positive Chlamydia trachomatis DNA as detected by PCR., Conclusions: The 9 specimens were not confirmed to livae viable organisms of Chlamydia trachomatis. The debris of nonviable Chlamydia trachomatis DNA was excluded from urinogenital tract at about one month.

Objective: To explore the effects of chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) infections on male and female infertility., Methods: Samples from cervical canal or male urethra of 1198 infertile patients (599 couples) were studied and from 167 normal fertile men and women served as control. The fluorescent monoclonal antibody technique and the culture method were used for CT and UU assays respectively., Results: The positive rates of CT and UU infections in infertile group were 25.5% (306/1 198) and 35.9% (167/1 198) respectively, while 6.6% (11/167) and 15.6% (26/167) in the control group respectively. There were significant differences between the 2 groups (P < 0.01). After treatment of positive patients, the pregnancy rates were higher in those patients became negative than that in patients remained positive (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The CT and UU infections were one of the factors causing infertility.

Objective: To reveal the relationship between cervical carcinoma, dysplasia and infections of human papillomavirus (HPV) and/or chlamydia trachomatis (CT)., Methods: Indirect immunoperoxidase assay (IPA) was used in 99 patients with cervical lesions to test the specific antibody to CT in serum. At the same time, HPV in biopsies was determined from 40 patients with or without CT infection by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)., Results: (1) CT infection was found in a significantly greater proportion in women suffering from cervical carcinoma (61.5%) and dysplasia (83.3%) than in those of the control group (39.5%) (P < 0.01). (2) Under colposcopy, the incidence of white epithelium in patients suffering from dysplasia was 28.6% (12/42) in the CT positive group, while in the CT negative group the incidence was 6.5% (2/31). The incidence of white epithelium in patients with both CT and HPV infections was higher than that in patients with CT infection alone. (3) In CT positive group, the incidence of HPV in patients suffering from cervical cancer and from dysplasia (60%) was much higher than that in the CT negative group (10%)., Conclusions: CT and HPV-infections play a synergetic role in the etiology of cervical cancer.

Objective: To detect the incidence of chlamydial infection in female genital tract and it's relationship with tubal infertility., Methods: Fourty-eight infertile women underwent laparoscopies were divided into study group (n = 32) and control group (n = 16). Samples were taken from the upper genital tract (including endometrium, tubal fimbriae, peritoneal fluid and pelvic adhesion) and lower genital tract (cervix). The monoclonal direct immunofluorescent method was used to assay chlamydia trachomatis the results of these two groups were compared., Results: The positive percentage of cervical clamydial infections between the two groups were not significant lydifferent (P > 0.05). But there showed a significant difference between the two groups if compared by the incidence of the whole genital tract 32.5% and 10.2% (P < 0.01). The tubal positive percentage is 66.7% in the study group. Which is the highest among other locations such as cervix, endometrium, etc (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: This study indicates that fallopian tube is a high prevalent site of chlamydial infection, and chlamydial infection in female genital tract is a principal pathogenic factor of tubal infertility. Early laparoscopy for tubal infertility and chlamydia trachomatis sampling is the key method for early diagnosis and treatment of chlamydia trachomatis.

A group of 662 women in our gynecologic OPD were screened for Chlamydia trachomatis with direct immunofluorecence monoclonal antibody (DFA) staining technique. Their age distribution ranged from 16 to 60 years old. The overall positivity rate was 26.3%. Of the 269 pregnant women, 64 cases were found to have Chlamydia trachomatis infection, an infection rate of 23.74%. There was no statistically significant difference of infection rates among age groups. In the positive group, however, the rate of infertility was 25.43%, much higher than that in the negative group (12.88%, P < 0.01). And there was no statistical significance of infection rates between patients taking contraception and those did not. A positive correlation existed between the degree of cervicitis and the Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

We detected the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bacteriocidal concentrations (MBC) of 19 kinds of antibiotics against urogenital chlamydia trachomatis (CT) from sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients. The results were as follows: (1) The mean MICs of tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, erythromycin, josamycin, medimycin, lomexacin and ofloxacin were lower than 0.08 microgram/ml. Clindamycin was lightly inhibitant to CT. Steptomycin, cephaloradine, chloramiphonic, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethaxazole and trimethoprim showed no activitis to urogenital CT. (2) The values of the MICs and MBCs of the standard strains were among those of the isolated ones. Another the differences in drug susceptibility of different serovars were observed. (3) The MIC detected method is also discussed.

Direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody test was used for the examination of Chlamydia trachomatis at the cervices of 130 pregnant women and women after deliveries for 2-6 months with extragenital condyloma acuminatum and at the palpebral conjunctivae of their 102 newborns and infants. The results show that the rate of cervical infection in pregnant women is 4.92% and the rate of palpebral infection in the newborns 8.57%. After postnatal 2-6 months, the rates were markedly decreased both in the mothers and their infants, being 1.45% and 0%, respectively. Chlamydia trachomatis infection is a new topic in modern perinatal medicine. In the report, the prevention of maternal-infant transmission problem was discussed.

Four cases of Chlamydia infection of the urogenital tract were received-recently in our out-patient clinic for foreign patients. The 4 patients were two couples. Both male patients had histories of coitus with other partners: among these two, one had suffered gonorrhea and the other was suspected of having had gonorrhea. Urogenital tract symptoms or sustained abnormal urine analysis results are characteristic of this disease, but in females often no obvious symptoms present. Measurements with fluorescence-labeled Chlamydia trachomatis monoclonal antibody provided a simple and accurate method and was used in the diagnosis of this disease. All the 4 cases were cured by tetracycline. Finally, current epidemics, infectious features, diagnosis and treatment for this disease are discussed.

Chlamydia trachomatis infection, presumably sexually transmitted, has been implicated in the spread of tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy. In searching evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection as a possible cause of tubal ectopic pregnancy, we enrolled 40 consecutive pathologically proven tubal ectopic women and 37 normal early intrauterine pregnant women from our OPD and ward from Jan. 1989 to July 1989. All cases underwent a structured interview giving particular attention to past reproductive history, contraception history and past history of STD. The levels of serum antibody IgG to Chlamydia trachomatis in all cases were determined. Seven ectopic women with wearing IUD in situ (group A) and 33 ectopic women with no identical factor (group B) were compared with 37 normal early intrauterine pregnant women (control group). The result showed group B more often had IgG antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis than control group (P = 0.001). Group A had higher antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis than control group but the difference was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). We concluded that the above findings add to the evidence that Chlamydia trachomatis infection is a major cause of tubal ectopic pregnancy.

A study on the infections caused by HPV-16, HSV-2, CMV and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) on the uterine cervices were carried out among 188 normal cases and 544 patients with chronic cervicitis using ELISA, virus isolation and/or DNA hybridization methods. The detection rates of these four pathogens in erosive cervices were 23.9% (64/268), 26.5% (99/374), 14.0% (22/157) and 13.4% (18/134), respectively, which were significantly higher than that in normal cervices. The total detection rate of four pathogens was 48.5% in erosive cervices, 26.8% in normal cervices at fertile age and 44.1% in normal cervices during the menopausal period. Obtained results indicate a high incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in women in Beijing area. Based on above mentioned results and our experience, a simple procedure for the detection of HPV, HSV, CMV and CT on the uterine cervices was suggested.