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本文透過分析大法官釋字第 261 號出現的政治背景，重新檢視臺灣憲法法院在民主化過程中扮演的角色。釋字第 261 號長期以來被許多法律學者視為是推動臺灣民主化最重要的釋憲案。在這個釋憲案中，大法官為第一屆多年未被改選的中央民代設下了確切的退職期限，促成了國會全面改選。法律學者大多對此釋憲案有很高的評價，認為大法官展現了民主化的機能。本文挑戰這樣的觀點。我們透過分析憲法法院作成釋字第 261 號時的政治脈絡， 論證大法官在民主化過程並非扮演民主倡議者的角色，反之，他們的角色較接近於政治潮流的旁觀者。即使沒有 261 號解釋文，臺灣的民主化進程並沒有太大的影響。我們同時論證 261 號解釋文有下列三個政治功能：第一、為當時的執政者解決一個政治上的燙手山芋；第二、解決臺灣政治上的異常質；第三、合法化政治上的大趨勢。 Most Taiwan law scholars claimed that the Constitutional Court paved the way for Taiwan’s democratization and constitutional reforms. These legal studies consider the J.Y. Interpretation No. 261 as the most critical decision in Taiwan’s democratic transition as this decision provided the constitutional foundations for the retirement of the first-term national representatives and led to subsequent constitutional reforms. In this paper, we challenge this dominant view. We reexamine the political role of the Constitutional Court during the processes of Taiwanese democratization by citing J.Y. Interpretation No. 261 as a hard case. We argue that the Constitutional Court made little contribution to Taiwan’s democratization. This paper shows that the role of Taiwan’s Constitutional Court in the process of democratization has been far more complicated and far less promising than is commonly thought. We also argue that J.Y. Interpretation No. 261 provides at least three political functions for the dominant party: first, it solved a political dilemma for the political elites; second, it helped the political elites to remove the political outliners. Third, it legitimated the ruling party’s political agenda.

在本研究中，研究者以Bandura（1977, 1997, 2001）的自我效能觀理論為基礎，探討實習生自評學習成效、實習成就感、社會性支持、實習學校滿意度、以及對師資培育機構的滿意度等因素對實習生教師生涯自我效能感的預測力。本研究以中部地區某師資培育機構之126 位實習生為對象，以自編「實習生教育生涯自我效能量 表」為研究工具，在其實習最後一個月之返校座談時填寫。結果發現在所有預測變項中，自評學習成效以及社會性支持能顯著地預測教師生涯自我效能，而實習教育階段別與公立與私立學校間無顯著差異。研究者也據此提出相關的研究及實務建議。 In this study, the researchers applied the social learning model proposed by Bandura (1977, 1997, 2001) in exploring how the self-evaluated learning effects, perceived internship achievements, social support, satisfaction with internship schools, and satisfaction with teacher education institutes contribute to the self-efficacy of interns. A total of 126 interns participated in this study and completed questionnaires designed by the researchers. The results indicated that self-evaluated learning effects and social support significantly predict self-efficacy when all of the predictive factors were considered. No significant differences among the students interning at different school levels (kindergarten, elementary, and high school) or between the students interning at public and private schools were observed. Practical and theoretical suggestions are provided based on the results.

Most Taiwan law scholars claimed that the Constitutional Court paved the way for Taiwan's democratization and constitutional reforms. These legal studies consider the J.Y. Interpretation No. 261 as the most critical decision in Taiwan's democratic transition as this decision provided the constitutional foundations for the retirement of the first-term national representatives and led to subsequent constitutional reforms. In this paper, we challenge this dominant view. We reexamine the political role of the Constitutional Court during the processes of Taiwanese democratization by citing J.Y. Interpretation No. 261 as a hard case. We argue that the Constitutional Court made little contribution to Taiwan's democratization. This paper shows that the role of Taiwan's Constitutional Court in the process of democratization has been far more complicated and far less promising than is commonly thought. We also argue that J.Y. Interpretation No. 261 provides at least three political functions for the dominant party: first, it solved a political dilemma for the political elites; second, it helped the political elites to remove the political outliners. Third, it legitimated the ruling party's political agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the effect of implementing health information technology in an outpatient setting on reduction of duplicate prescriptions among patients with multiple chronic diseases. Methods: Adult patients with at least 2 refillable prescriptions for multiple chronic diseases at a medical center in southern Taiwan between 1 October 2012 and 30 June 2013 were enrolled in the current study. The key design principles in the ambulatory pharmaceutical care model included (1) using the SAS Enterprise Guide to systematically screen potential duplicate prescription orders using pre-specified criteria, (2) hospital pharmacists performed medication reviews and provided electronic alerts for duplicate medications to physicians, and (3) medical alerts and recommendations were integrated into the natural workflow of practice to correct duplicate medications. Patient characteristics and patterns of duplicate medications were assessed using descriptive statistical analyses. Results: Of 572 notifications (n=483), the most common duplicate prescriptions occurred in patients > 65 years of age, had > 3 outpatient specialist visits, and were treated with > 10 medications. The correction rate for duplicate prescriptions was high for cardiovascular diseases, endocrinopathies, and Parkinson disease. Among patients who had corrected duplicate medications (n=283), the average monthly medication cost decreased 47,325 TWD during the most recent 6 months when compared to the 6 months preceding the correction. Furthermore, the outpatient clinic, emergency room, and hospitalization person-visits decreased 5.8%, 18.3%, and 13.8%, respectively. Conclusions: Implementation of advancing health information technology in the outpatient setting for a group of patients with multiple chronic diseases revealed a high propensity to successfully reduce duplicate medications in a large population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety is a common issue among pre-surgery patients, and also popular explored among medical surgical patients. But for gynecologic laparotomy patients' pre-surgery anxiety and the effects of the nursing education for anxiety still rare. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of multimedia education program on pre-surgery anxiety in gynecologic laparotomy patients. Methods: Using a two groups compared study design. All participants were over 20 years of age and will receiving gynecologic laparotomy. Participants were distributed into with a multimedia education group (experimental group, n = 100) or with pamphlet group (control group, n = 100). Outcome measurements included state-trait anxiety inventory, disease related data, and personal demographics. We examined outcome indicators before nursing intervention and follow up at one hour after nursing intervention. Results: A post-test comparison of the two groups showed a statistically significant intergroup difference in terms of both state-trait anxiety and breathing (p < .05). In addition, a mean differential comparison showed statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of state-trait anxiety, blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate (p < .05). Conclusions / Implications for Practice: This study demonstrates the efficacy of multimedia education in decreasing pre-surgery anxiety in gynecologic laparotomy patients. Findings may be referenced in the development of multimedia nursing instructions. The authors suggest that these instructions may be disseminated via hospital websites to allow patients to read prior to admission in order to increase readiness and reduce surgery-related anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the association of Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with the risk for diabetes, and to examine the ability of these measures to predict new cases of diabetes in ⩾50-year old Taiwanese. Methods: We utilized the 2003 and 2007 "Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan" datasets. We analyzed the cross-sectional associations in 4987 subjects (⩾50 years old) and the ability of BMI and WC to predict new cases of diabetes in these subjects four years later. We also analyzed the cutoffs with Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC). Results: Both indicators were associated with a risk for diabetes but WC showed a stronger association. Both indicators significantly predicted the risk for new diabetes, but WC was a stronger predictor. For each 1 cm increment in WC, there was a 6% increase in the risk for new diabetes in men (p=0.001) and a 4% increase in women (p=0.005). The cutoffs for the risk of new onset diabetes differed by age and gender. The BMI cutoff was reduced from 24.52 to 21.82 kg/m2 for men and 24.27 to 22.88 kg/m2 for women, whereas the WC cutoff was increased from 84.5 to 89.5 cm for men and 82.5 to 91.5 cm for women. Conclusions: Both BMI and WC were significantly associated with the risk for diabetes or the risk for new diabetes, but the association was stronger with WC for both. The predicted cutoffs for diabetes varied according to age and gender and were different from the current Bureau of Health Promotion recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]