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ObjectiveTo understand the vaccination situation of non-national immunization program （non-NIP） vaccines in Changning District， and to provide evidence for further strengthening the management of vaccination services and guiding community health service centers to construct vaccination clinics for children and adults.MethodsNumber of non-NIP vaccine doses in community health service centers， Changning District， was collected from Shanghai Immunization Information System from 2016 to 2020. Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted.ResultsIn 2020， the overall number of non-NIP vaccine doses， proportion of non-NIP vaccine doses and average number of non-NIP vaccine doses in the community health service centers， Changning District， reached up to 115 361 doses， 63.41% and 1 664.54 per 10 000 persons， respectively. Furthermore， the proportion of non-NIP vaccine doses showed a significantly upward trend （χtrend2=131.110， P18 years. Human papillomavirus vaccines （HPV） and influenza vaccines （InfV） had the highest increase in vaccine doses. Additionally， non-NIP vaccination peaked from September to December in adults.ConclusionAlong with the number of non-NIP vaccine doses increase， it is necessary to strengthen the management of non-NIP vaccination and explore effective measures for construction of adult vaccination clinics to meet the public demand for vaccination.

ObjectiveTo assess the coverage and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in the elderly.MethodsThis study was conducted in Changning District of Shanghai， targeting people aged 60 years and above. Vaccination data between 21 December 2020 and 28 February 2022 was retrieved from the Shanghai Collective Immunization System. Information on confirmed cases of COVID-19 from March 2022 through May 2022 was collected from the National Notifiable Diseases Reporting System. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated using the screening method.ResultsAs of 28 February 2022， 69.89% of people aged ≥60 years had received ≥1-dose vaccine， 63.80% had received full primary vaccination and 31.91% had received a booster dose. Vaccination coverage declined over age， with the lowest coverage in the elderly aged ≥80 years. Moreover， COVID-19 vaccination provided the highest protection against severe/critical illness and death due to the Omicron variants in the elderly aged ≥60 years. Full primary vaccination showed 96.15%（95%CI：84.15‒99.06）of vaccine effectiveness and booster vaccination showed 100% of the effectiveness against severe/critical COVID-19 and death.ConclusionsFull primary and booster vaccination coverage in the elderly is low， especially in those aged 80 and above. Our study finds high protection against COVID-19 associated severe/critical illness and death from both full primary and booster vaccination of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in the elderly aged ≥60 years.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of paeoniflorin on dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) mice. Methods C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, 600 mg/(kg.d) mesalazine treatment group, (12.5, 25, 50) mg/(kg.d) paeoniflorin treatment group, with 10 mice in each. All mice were treated with 30 g/L DSS for 5 days except the control group. Meanwhile, the mice in the other groups were orally administrated corresponding drugs for 10 days, while the mice in the control and model groups were given equivalent volumes of distilled water. Body mass, fecal characteristics and hematochezia of the mice were observed and recorded daily, and then disease activity index (DAI) was evaluated and calculated. Pathological changes in the colon were observed by HE staining. The levels of anti-flagellin antibody, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the serum were measured by ELISA. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor kappa-Bp65 (NF-κBp65) in the colon tissues were evaluated by Western blot analysis and the activation of lymphocytes in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) was detected by flow cytometry. Results Compared with the control group, DAI scores in the model group were significantly raised, the colon length was significantly shortened, and the epithelium and intestinal gland disappeared. In addition, the serum levels of anti-flagellin antibody, IL-6, TNF-α and the protein levels of TLR5, MyD88, NF-κBp65 in the colon significantly increased, and the activation of T lymphocytes in MLN went up in the model group. All symptoms above were alleviated in the mesalazine and paeoniflorin groups compared with the model group. Conclusion Paeoniflorin can attenuate UC in mice by inhibiting the expression of flagellin and TLR5, and the activation of T cells.