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Phosphoric acid, as a vital chemical raw material, holds an important position in the chemical industry. Its applications span across various sectors, determined largely by its purity. Low-purity phosphoric acid can be used in industrial and agricultural sectors, while high-purity phosphoric acid is essential for pharmaceuticals, food, electronics and other industries. The rising demand for batteries and semiconductors in recent years has led to increased requirements for phosphoric acid purity. There are two main methods for manufacturing phosphoric acid. The thermal method, while effective, is energy-intensive and environmentally unfriendly, conflicting with China’s green chemistry development goals. On the other hand, the phosphoric acid process, characterized by lower energy consumption, is more adept at handling China’s low-grade phosphate rock despite resulting in bulk and complex product impurities. Among various purification technologies, such as chemical precipitation, crystallization, electrodialysis, and ion exchange resin, the extraction method stands out. It offers environmental benefits, simple operation, and the capacity for large-scale production, marking it as a promising technique for phosphoric acid purification. This article summarizes in detail the research status of various extraction methods in recent years. It focuses on solvent extraction, aqueous two-phase extraction, reverse micelle extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. It sorts out the solvent extraction method along with various extractants. The research on single extractants such as tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), and n-octanol (NOA) has been primarily focused on identifying the optimal extraction conditions, including the O/A phase ratio, temperature, and air pressure. However, these single extractants typically target a single impurity, which limits their effectiveness in purifying phosphoric acid when multiple impurities are present. This limitation underscores the significant advantages of composite extractants in the purification process. Current research on composite extractants emphasizes determining the ideal proportion of extractants, often based on volume ratio, and establishing the optimal conditions for effective extraction. In addition to composite extractants, the development of new extractants offers promising solutions to the challenges posed by the low extraction efficiency of single extractants. Looking forward, the future of phosphoric acid extraction technology is poised for exciting developments: (1) The development of green composite extractants, alongside new extractants and materials combined with extractants, aims to achieve more efficient separation of impurities from phosphoric acid; (2) There is a growing interest in expanding research into the application of aqueous two-phase extraction and reverse micelle extraction for ion extraction, including the exploration of new aqueous phase systems; (3) The use of ultrasonic technology to accelerate the extraction process, coupled with studies on how supercritical fluids can improve the solubility and extraction efficiency of ions, represents another avenue for innovation. These advancements seek to reduce costs and explore specific application areas.

The nano TiO2 powders were prepared by an epoxide epoxy-driven sol-gel method with TiCl4 solution as titanium source. Then, the self-made nano TiO2 powders were mixed with potassium acetate to prepare K2Ti6O13 whisker. The effects of sintering temperature and holding time on the crystal structure and morphology of potassium titanate were investigated in detail. The phase composition and morphology of the prepared whiskers were analyzed by XRD and SEM and the photochemical reaction apparatus was utilized to analyze the photocatalytic activity of whiskers. The results indicated that high quality of potassium hexatitanate whiskers with a better yield could be obtained under the calcining condition of 900 °C for 3 h. The average diameter of prepared whisker with uniform thickness and good dispersion is in the range of 0.3 µm, the ratio of length to diameter (L/D) can approach as 12. Furthermore, TC modeling molecular can be decomposed completely by the whiskers irradiated for 1 h with a 500 W mercury lamp, which shows that the prepared potassium titanate whiskers are a good type of materials for the pollution management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]Antioxidant activities of sugarcane wine and sugarcane vinegar, which were two new kinds of fermented products of sugarcane juice, were investigated and tested using several antioxidant systems in order to provide technical references for developing new sugarcane health products. [Method]With Vc, gallic acid and KDTA as the control, scavenging activities of sugarcane wine and sugarcane vinegar against DPPH free radical, hydroxyl radical ( ·OH), superoxide radical (O2-) and nitrite (NO2-) were measured and their chelation activity against metal ions was evaluated. [Result]The results showed that sugarcane wine and sugarcane vinegar had strong scavenging activity against DPPI 1 free radical, hydroxyl radical (·OH) .superoxide radical (O2- ) and nitrite (NO2-), and more volume meant stronger scavenging activity. The scavenging rate was higher than those of Vc and gallic acid. Sugarcane wine and sugarcane vinegar also exhibited good chelation on metal ions. Sugarcane vinegar had better antioxidant ability than sugarcane wine. [Conclusion]Due to their good antioxidant and scavenging activity, sugarcane wine and sugarcane vinegar are beneficial for human health and their large-scale production is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To quantificationally evaluating the capability of Sky-wave Over-The-Horizon-Radar (SWO-THR) countering jamming under active blanket jamming, types of active blanket jamming and countermeasures of SWOTHR are analyzed. Two evaluation indexes including detection probability loss and detection area loss are put forward to quantify the SWOTHR's countering jamming capability. Equation of comprehensive signal to jamming ratio is deduced based on quantificational models of countermeasures including time domain processing, digital beamforming and changing working frequency. And then calculation models of e-valuation indexes are established based on above equation, signal to noise ratio equation, detection probability calculation equation and effective detection area calculation equation. Capability of SWOTHR countering jamming under representative countermeasure condition is simulated and analyzed. Simulation results show that SWOTHR has strong capability of countering active blanket jamming and the capability of countering main lobe jamming is stronger than that of countering side lobe jamming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)