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Summarizes Weissiella spp. including the isolation and identification, biological properties, acid tolerance, bacterial inhibition, extracellular polysaccharide production, probiotic properties, histological studies, and food and pharmaceutical applications, and provides suggestions for the development and utilization of Weissiella spp.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of soothing the liver and regulating the mind in the treatment of primary breast cancer complicated with generalized anxiety disorder, and to explore its immune mechanism. Methods A randomized controlled study was conducted to include patients who met the inclusion criteria in Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences from August 2022 to February 2023. According to the 1: 1: 1 random principle, patients were divided into three groups: the traditional Chinese medicine group(n=30), the auricular acupuncture group(n=30), and the control group (n=28). The three groups all received Western medicine standard treatment. On the basis of Western medicine standard treatment, the traditional Chinese medicine group received modified prescriptions for soothing the liver and regulating the mind, and the auricular acupuncture group received auricular acupuncture therapy for soothing the liver and regulating the mind. The course of treatment was 8 weeks. The scores of Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF), and the contents of interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-10, IL-6, IL-2, IL-4, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were evaluated before and after treatment among the three groups. The HAMA score reduction rates of the three groups after treatment were calculated, and the total effective rates were compared. Results After treatment, the HAMA, SAS, and WHOQOL-BREF family friction scores in the traditional Chinese medicine group and the auricular acupuncture group were all lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the WHOQOL-BREF physiology dimension, social dimension, environment dimension, and self-assessment scores were higher than those before treatment (P<0.05). There were significant differences in HAMA, SAS, and WHOQOL-BREF physiology dimension, social dimension, environment dimension, self-assessment, and family friction scores among the three groups after treatment (P<0.05). The scores of HAMA, SAS and WHOQOL-BREF family friction in the traditional Chinese medicine group were lower than those in the control group, while the scores of WHOQOL-BREF physiology dimension, social dimension, environment dimension, and self-assessment score in the traditional Chinese medicine group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The scores of HAMA and SAS in the auricular acupuncture group were lower than those in the control group, and the scores of WHOQOL-BREF physiology dimension, social dimension, and environment dimension in the auricular acupuncture group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the traditional Chinese medicine group and the auricular acupuncture group in the scale score after treatment. After treatment, the contents of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in the traditional Chinese medicine group were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the auricular acupuncture group before and after treatment. The total effective rate of HAMA in the traditional Chinese medicine group was 83.3%, in the auricular acupuncture group it was 76.7%, and in the control group it was 10.7%. There was a statistical difference among the three groups (P<0.05), while there was no statistical difference between the traditional Chinese medicine group and the auricular acupuncture group. Conclusion Traditional Chinese medicine therapy of soothing the liver and regulating the mind, including prescriptions and auricular acupuncture, can effectively relieve the anxiety of breast cancer patients, improve the quality of life, and is safe without side effects, so it has a certain clinical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frozen soil permeability is one of the key issues in the process of frozen soil water properties research due to special hydrological phenomenon caused by the change of frozen soil water properties． In order to study the effect of ice content and dry density on non － closed porosity and permeability of unsaturated frozen soils， choose ice content ( 2% ，4% ，6% ，8% ，10% ，12% ，14% ，16% ，18% ，20% ) and dry sample density ( 1． 4 × 103 kg /m3 ，1． 5 × 103 kg /m3 and 1． 6 × 103 kg /m3 ) as a single variable factor to measure frozen soil permeability coefficient． The water level test method was used to determine the permeability coefficient of frozen soil，and the experimental study on the permeability coefficient of unsaturated frozen soil was carried out． The results show that the permeability coefficient and the unclosed porosity of the unsaturated frozen soil are smaller with the increase of the ice content and dry sample density，and the range is 0． 19 － 0． 714 and 8． 55 － 19． 18 m / d． When the ice content is 20% and the dry density of the sample is 1． 6 × 103 kg /m3 ，the minimum unsaturated permafrost permeability coefficient is 8． 55 m / d and the minimum unclosed porosity is 0． 19．

Objective To observe the effects of Yiqi Huoxue Jiedu Fang (Qi-Benefiting, Blood-Activating, and Toxin-Eliminating Formula, YQHXJDF) on progression-free survival (PSF), quality of life and pattern changes of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, and its mechanism through regulating IL-6 level and macrophage phenotype. Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 75 patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer with qi deficiency and blood stasis pattern. Both groups received standardized treatment of western medicine, on the basis of which the control group was given Chinese patent medicine-Xihuang Jiedu Jiaonang (Toxin-Eliminating Capsule with American Ginseng and Cow Bezoar, XHJDJN) orally, while the treatment group, YQHXJDF. The intervention was finished with end of the study or progression of the disease followed by death. The peripheral blood of the participants was collected, and the levels of IL-6 and M2 in macrophage percentage were detected at enrollment and 2 months after intervention with Pearson coefficient analysis. There was follow-up once every 2 months to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) and the changes of TCM pattern scores. Cox regression analysis was conducted to identify PFS risk factors. Results There was no statistically significant difference in TCM pattern scores, age, stage, M2 macrophage percentage and IL-6 level between the two groups. The median progression-free survival (mPFS) of the treatment group was 6 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.77-7.23], and the mPFS of the control group was 5 months (95% CI, 3.06-6.94). There was significant difference between the two groups. QoL and TCM pattern score were improved in both groups with no statistical significance between two groups. When IL-6 is lower than 5.5 ng/L, IL-6 level was negatively correlated with M2 macrophage percentage. IL-6 in the treatment group was increased after treatment, but there was no statistically significant difference in the control group before and after treatment; when IL-6 is higher than 5. 5 ng/L, the level of IL-6 was positively correlated with M2 macrophage percentage, and the levels of IL-6 in both groups were decreased after treatment. The quality of life in the treatment group was better after intervention than that before intervention. There was no statistically significant difference in the control group before and after treatment. Besides, the quality of life in the treatment group was better than that in the control group. The number of chemotherapy lines and M2 macrophage percentage were risk factors of PFS. Conclusion YQHXJDF could prolong the PFS of patients with advanced platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, improve the quality of life and TCM patterns. It could also improve the level of IL-6 to a certain extent and thus improve immune function. When IL-6 is too high, both YQHXJDF and XHJDJN can reduce the level of IL-6 in peripheral blood and alleviate immunosuppression. The changes of macrophage phenotype seems to influence the PFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effects of straw belt-covering on soil temperature and yield of winter wheat in rain-fed semiarid region in Northwest China, five mulching modes, including flat field planting without any mulching (CK), whole plastic film mulching (PM), straw mulching by 30 cm covering belt with an interval of 30 cm planting belt with three-row sowing (SM1), straw mulching by 40 cm covering belt with an interval of 40 cm planting belt with four-row sowing (SM2), and straw mulching by 50 cm covering belt with an interval of 50 cm planting belt with five-row sowing (SM3), were set by two-year fixed-site trails in 2013-2015. The results showed that soil temperature significantly varied among different growth stages and soil layers in all treatments. SM1, SM2 and SM3 significantly decreased soil temperature by 1.0-1.3 °C, 0.7-0.9 °C and 0.7-1.1 °C in the 0-25 cm soil layer, respectively. The mulching had double effects with increasing and decreasing soil temperatures. The straw mulching significantly increased soil temperature in the duration of seedling to overwintering stage, but greatly decreased soil temperature in the duration of reviving to mature stage. The temperature-increasing effect of film mulching was stronger than that of straw mulching, which was opposite to the temperature-decreasing effect. Straw mulching significantly reduced in the effective accumulated temperature and the daily temperature variations during the whole growth stages. The effective accumulated temperature under straw mulching decreased by 3.433.5 °C, d, and the soil temperature difference decreased by 0.6-2.0 T. During over-wintering stage, the straw mulching showed a higher average soil temperature (0.2-0.3 °C,) and negative accumulated temperature (0.4-17.0 °C, d) than those under the CK. The straw mulching significantly increased grain yield by 11.9%-19.5%. The variations of spikes per unit area were the main factor responsible for yield difference. The findings indicated that that straw mulching method is suitable for winter wheat production in rain-fed region of Northwest China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great significance to online assess the safety of a dynamic system by taking into account historical records, current state, and degradation trend. This paper proposes a new safety assessment method based on the evidential reasoning (ER) approach. To obtain the integrated safety level, multiple safety indicators are fused at first and the "history", "current" and "future" safety states are then integrated. Firstly, a forecasting model based on a third-order Volterra filter is proposed to online predict the safety indicators' information. Secondly, an optimal adaptive fusion weighting model is developed to calculate and automatically update the weighing coefficient. Finally, a safety assessment aggregation scheme based on the ER approach is presented to fuse the "history", "current" and "future" safety information synthetically to obtain a comprehensive safety assessment result of the dynamic system. A practical example of the inertial platform is studied to validate the effectiveness of the proposed ER-based safety assessment method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A structure learning approach is proposed using the principal component analysis (PCA) in order to downsize the belief rule base (BRB). First, we select the principal components (PCs) from the attributes, and then identify the attributes with bigger contributions to the PCs using the loading matrix. A numerical case study to evaluate the comprehensive capability for an armored system of systems is analyzed under both single input and multiple inputs scenarios. The efficiency of the proposed approach is validated by the results of the case study: the BRB is significantly downsized and the consistency between the proposed approach and RIMER is preserved. Besides, the robustness of the structure learning approach is further verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the effects of different mulching modes on the soil moisture in a semi-arid rainfed area of Loess Plateau, Northwest China. Seven treatments were installed, i. e. , mulching plastic film in summer (T1 ), mulching plastic film in autumn (T2 ), mulching 5 cm long wheat straw in summer (T3), mulching whole wheat straw in summer (T4), mulching plastic film in summer plus wheat straw (T5), mulching used plastic film after harvest (T6), and un-mulching (CK). In T6, the soil moisture in different layers at different crop growth stages was all higher than that in CK. In the other five mulching treatments, the soil moisture in 0-90 cm layer before flowering stage was obviously higher, but that in 0-90 cm layer after flowering stage and in 90-200 cm layer during the whole growth season was lower than that of CK. The soil moisture in 0-200 cm layer in T6 during the whole growth period was significantly higher than that in CK, with a difference of 0. 9%, but the soil moisture in 0-200 cm layer in other mulching treatments was lower. As compared with plastic film mulching, straw mulching increased the soil moisture in 0-200 cm layer. The soil moisture under mulching with used plastic film after harvest was higher than that under mulching with new plastic film. As compared to CK, the grain yield of winter wheat with plastic film mulching was increased by 20. 3% -29. 0%, and that with straw mulching was increased by 5.0% -16. 7%. There was a significant positive correlation between the crop productivity and the soil water consumption during the growth period (r =0.77*). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two winter wheat cultivars with different drought tolerance were selected to investigate the effects of source-sink regulation on the vegetative organs water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) content and 1000-grain mass (TGM) of wheat under drought stress (DS) and well watered (WW) conditions. Sink-cutting increased the WSC content of different vegetative organs significantly, and promoted the relative transportation of the WSC positively; while source-cutting caused opposite responses. The effects of source-sink regulation on the WSC content and its relative transportation amount (TA) and transportation rate (TR) were significantly higher under DS and sink-cutting than under WW and source-cutting, for drought-resistant cultivar (Longjian 19) than for drought-sensitive Q9086, and for peduncle internode and PedI than for penultimate internode and PenI. Under source-cutting, the superior organs of Longjian 19 in the TR of total WSC were sheath, PedI, and PenI, which also contributed to the fructan TR of the two cultivars, while those of Q9086 were the PenI and the third internode from top (ThiI). Source-cutting decreased the TGM of Longjian 19 and Q9086 significantly, with the decrement being 27. 3% and 31. 7% under DS and 25. 3% and 12. 1% under WW, respectively. The correlation coefficients of the WSC content and its TA and TR and the TGM were significantly higher under sink-cutting than under source-cutting, and also, under DS than under WW. There existed a higher correlation coefficient (r²> 0. 900) of the TGM and the total WSC and fructan contents in different vegetative organs. The vegetative organs with closer correlation between their WSC content and its TA and TR and the TGM were mainly sheath and PedI. Under DS, the traits associated with the total WSC content had a higher correlation with TGM; under WW, the traits associated with sucrose and glucan contents generally showed a higher correlation with TGM. It was suggested that the effects of source-sink regulation on the WSC content of vegetative organs and the TGM were significantly affected by soil water environment, wheat genotype, and vegetative organs location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the grain yield data of spring wheat from the 2002-2005 regional trials with 13 cultivars (lines) on the rainfed farmlands at 18 locations of China, and by using variance analysis and GGE ( genotype main effect plus genotype-by-environment interaction) biplot, this paper studied the effects of genotype, environment, and genotype × environment interaction (GEI) on the yield variation of spring wheat and the yield stability of different cultivars (lines). Comparing with genotype and GEI, the environment had much more contribution on the yield variation, accounting for 87.5% -92.0% of the total. In the GEI items, genotype × location had the greatest effect, whereas genotype × year had the smallest one. The average yield of modern spring wheat genotypes across years and locations in China was 2550 kg·hm-2. Among the three yield components, thousand kernel weight (TKW) had the least variation under environmental change. The main environment factors affecting the yield variation were annual accumulated temperature (⩾10 °C), precipitation in growth season, mean air temperature, altitude, annual precipitation, and frost-free period. The grain yield had significant positive correlations with spike number per unit area (SPU) (r = 0.675**), TKW (r =0.456**), and kernels per spike (KPS) (r =0.581**), and the SPU, KPS and TKW also had positive correlations (r =0.244-0.480**) with each other, implying that these three yield components might be increased or improved synchronously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tested in a sample of 498 pupils and their fathers and mothers drawn from urban China, the results confirm the multidimentionality of parental warmth and its relations to different child self-concept measures. Mothers showed higher levels of psychological parental warmth than fathers. Maternal psychological warmth was positively related to mothers' education level, whereas paternal parental was not related to paternal education levels. Maternal and paternal psychological warmth all showed positive relation with pupil's self-concept. As for the physical warmth, Maternal physical warmth was positively associated with child academic self-concept, social self-concept, whereas paternal physical warmth was positively associated with pupil's physical self-concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global metabolic disease with potentially life- threatening complications. Liver metabolism plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of diabetes mellitus. It has been reported that the Chinese medicinal Anemarrhenae rhizoma (AR) can relieve insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. However, the effect on abnormal liver metabolism in diabetes mellitus is still unclear. Therefore, we extracted liver proteins of T2DM rats induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ), T2DM rats treated with AR extract (ARE), obesity rats (fed with HFD), and normal control rats (fed with normal diet). Then, through tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling combined with mass spectrometry (MS), we obtained the quantitative proteomic data. Bioinformatics software was used for hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis of the data in each group. The volcano map for differentially expressed proteins ( P < 0.05, fold change > 1.5) was plotted. It was found that the treatment group was closer to the normal control group, indicating that the quantitative proteomic data of liver tissue can reflect the therapeutic effect of ARE on T2DM rats. Key protein clusters closely related to the treatment of ARE were screened out. The Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of the protein clusters were analyzed by David, and the result showed that AR's alleviation of abnormal fatty acid metabolism in livers of T2DM rats may be related to the regulation of the expression of key proteins Ndufa6 and Prkar2b.

Ubiquitination is one of the reversible protein post-translational modifications, in which ubiquitin molecules bind to the target protein in a cascade reaction of ubiquitin activating enzymes, ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, and ubiquitin ligases. The deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) remove ubiquitin residues from the substrates, which play key roles in the formation of mature ubiquitin, the removal and trimming of ubiquitin chains, as well as the recycling of free ubiquitin chains. Ubp14, a member of the ubiquitin specific proteases family in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , is mainly responsible for the recycling of intracellular free ubiquitin chains. To investigate its global biological function, a ubp14 ∆ mutant was constructed by homologous recombination technique. The growth rate of ubp14 ∆ mutant was lower than that of the wild-type (WT) strain. Using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) combined with deep coverage proteomics analysis, the differentially expressed proteins of ubp14 ∆ mutant relative to the wild-type strain were systematically analyzed. A total of 3 685 proteins were identified in this study, and 109 differentially expressed proteins were filtered out by statistical analysis. Gene ontology analysis found that differentially expressed proteins caused by Ubp14 loss were mainly involved in amino acid metabolism, REDOX, heat shock stress and etc, which shed light on the broad biological function of this DUB. This study provides highly reliable proteomic data for further exploring the biological functions of the deubiquitination enzyme Ubp14, and further understanding the relationship between the free ubiquitin homeostasis and biological process regulation.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to detect and analyze the existence of differential metabolites from saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) by metabonomics method, and to evaluate its application value on clinical diagnosis or screening of OSCC., Methods: The collected saliva samples for OSCC patients, oral leukoplakiac(OLK) patients who were pathologically diagnosed and met the inclusion criteria were analyzed using metabonomics methods (GC-TOF-MS). The results were analyzed by principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis using SIMCA software., Results: The metabolic profiles of OSCC, OLK and healthy control group showed significant differences (P<0.05). In total, 15 typical differential metabolites among the three groups were detected. Further study focusing on metabolic pathway revealed imbalance of protein, energy and lipid metabolism between OSCC and OLK patients. Abnormal tricarboxylic acid cycle was detected as well., Conclusions: Metabonomics methods is feasible for differential metabolites analysis,15 differential metabolites were detected in OSCC,OLK patients and healthy people. These findings will contribute to the early screening of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Purpose: To study the relationship between atrophic glossitis and anemia, anemia types and other related factors(oral candida infection, xerostomia) in 124 consecutive cases., Methods: One hundred and twenty-four cases with atrophic glossitis and 53 healthy controls were collected from Qingdao local population. The main indexes including general status, oral examination findings, hemoglobin (Hb), mean red blood cell volume (MCV), vitamin B12, ferritin, folic acid, anemia and anemia type, xerostomia and candida infection were statistically analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software package for Student's t test., Results: Among 124 cases of glossitis group, 48.39% were found with anemia, 41.94% with xerostomia, 79.03% with Candida infection, 29.03% with Vitamin B12 deficiency, 22.58% with ferritin deficiency, 11.29% with folic acid deficiency. The contents of hemoglobin, ferritin and vitamin B12 in glossitis group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05), and the number of glossitis patients with anemia, xerostomia and candida infection were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in folic acid content between the two groups(P<0.05)., Conclusions: Occurrence of atrophic glossitis is closely related to anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, ferritin deficiency, xerostomia, oral candida infection. There is no correlation with folic acid deficiency. Patients with atrophic glossitis accompanied by anemia have a higher proportion of macrocytic anemia.

To explore a new technique of planting wheat with high yield and efficiency by mulching technology in rain-fed semiarid regions in Northwest China, a two-year fixed-site trail was conducted during 2013-2015. There were five mulching modes: (1) three sowing rows by bundled straw mul-ching with alternating 30-cm-wide mulching belt and planting belt (SM 1 ), (2) four sowing rows by bundled straw mulching with alternating 40-cm-wide mulching belt and planting belt with (SM 2 ), (3) five sowing rows by bundled straw mulching with alternating 50-cm-wide mulching belt and planting belt (SM 3 ), (4) whole plastic film mulching with dibbling (PMF), (5) bare field planting without any mulching (CK). We examined the effects of different mulching modes on water consumption, water use efficiency (WUE), and yield of winter wheat in rain-fed region in Northwest China. The results showed that bundled straw mulching significantly increased soil water storage. Soil water storage with bundled straw mulching was remarkably higher than that with the whole plastic mul-ching with SM 1 ＞SM 2 ＞SM 3 . Soil water storage at 0-200 cm soil layer in flowering period was increased by 15.4%-20.8%,11.2%-14.7%and 10.1%-14.5% respectively over that in the bare field. Bundled straw mulching significantly increased water consumption during the whole growing period while reduced water consumption from sowing and flowering periods. Further, it increased water consumption from flowering to maturity periods and the ratio of water consumption during this period to the total water consumption during the whole growing periods. The results showed that mulching could increase the consumption ratio of deep water storage from the soil layer below 120 cm. Compared with CK, PMF and SM significantly increased grain yield and water use efficiency by 11.9%-19.5%, 26.9%-27.1%, respectively, and increased water use efficiency by 9.8%-13.9%, 18.4%-22.0% respectively. In all, bundled straw mulching could reduce water consumption ratio in the early growing periods, improve moisture condition, increase grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Therefore, we concluded that bundled straw mulching is an environment-friendly cultivation technology suitable for the winter wheat in semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau in Northwest China.

Rv2742 is a novel gene identified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by the proteogenomics strategy. The aim of this study was to establish a system of soluble expression and purification of the missing protein Rv2742 in M. tuberculosis H37Rv, to provide reference for further research on the biological function of Rv2742. The soluble protein was not successfully induced by prokaryotic expression vectors pGEX-4T-2-Rv2742, pET-32a-Rv2742, pET-28a-Rv2742 and pMAL-c2X-Rv2742. After the codon of novel gene Rv2742 was optimized according to E. coli codon usage frequency, only the recombinant strain containing plasmid pMAL-c2X-Rv2742 could produce soluble products of Rv2742 encoding gene. In addition, the expression effects of the desired fusion protein were also analyzed under different conditions including hosts, culture temperatures and IPTG concentrations. The optimum expression conditions were as follows: Rosetta (DE3) host, 16 °C culture temperature and 0.5 mmol/L IPTG. After being purified by affinity chromatography with amylose resin, the fusion protein sequence was confirmed by LC-MS/MS. These results indicated that the novel gene Rv2742 product could be successfully induced and expressed in a soluble form by the expression system pMAL-c2X with MBP tag. Our findings provide reference for studies on potential interaction and immunogenicity.

Objective: To understand the malaria epidemiological characteristics of Shandong Province in 2017, so as to provide the evidences for formulating targeted prevention and control strategy and measures., Methods: The data of malaria cases of Shandong Province in 2017 were collected from the Information Management System for Infectious Diseases Report and Information Management System for Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention. The epidemiological characteristics of malaria situation and the diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases were analyzed., Results: There were 209 malaria cases reported in 2017, all of them were imported cases, and 205 cases (98.09%) were imported from African countries. Among them, 155 cases (74.16%) were falciparum malaria cases. Totally 16 cities had cases reported in 2017, and 154 cases (73.68%) were reported in 6 cities (Yantai, Jining, Weihai, Dezhou, Qingdao, and Tai'an). The malaria cases distributed in 17 cities, and there were 110 cases distributed in 4 cities, namely Yantai, Tai'an, Weihai, and Qingdao, which accounted for 56.41% of the total cases in Shandong Province. Both the median time from onset to seeing a doctor and the median time from seeing a doctor to being diagnosed were one day. Totally 12.92% of the cases went to visit a doctor 7 days later after they had symptoms and 10.53% of the cases were diagnosed 7 days later after the first visit to a doctor., Conclusions: At present, the prevention and control of the imported malaria is the focus of malaria control in Shandong Province. According to the central tendency of the malaria situation, the health education and propaganda among the high risk groups and the training on the diagnosis and treatment among medical workers should be strengthened, so as to prevent the risk of reappearance of local cases in the past malaria endemic regions, and to ensure the goal of malaria elimination been achieved on schedule.

To evaluate the effects of straw belt-covering on soil temperature and yield of winter wheat in rain-fed semiarid region in Northwest China, five mulching modes, including flat field planting without any mulching (CK), whole plastic film mulching (PM), straw mulching by 30 cm covering belt with an interval of 30 cm planting belt with three-row sowing (SM 1 ), straw mulching by 40 cm covering belt with an interval of 40 cm planting belt with four-row sowing (SM 2 ), and straw mulching by 50 cm covering belt with an interval of 50 cm planting belt with five-row sowing (SM 3 ), were set by two-year fixed-site trails in 2013-2015. The results showed that soil temperature significantly varied among different growth stages and soil layers in all treatments. SM 1 , SM 2 and SM 3 significantly decreased soil temperature by 1.0-1.3 ℃, 0.7-0.9 ℃ and 0.7-1.1 ℃ in the 0-25 cm soil layer, respectively. The mulching had double effects with increasing and decreasing soil temperatures. The straw mulching significantly increased soil temperature in the duration of seedling to overwintering stage, but greatly decreased soil temperature in the duration of reviving to mature stage. The temperature-increasing effect of film mulching was stronger than that of straw mulching, which was opposite to the temperature-decreasing effect. Straw mulching significantly reduced in the effective accumulated temperature and the daily temperature variations during the whole growth stages. The effective accumulated temperature under straw mulching decreased by 3.4-33.5 ℃·d, and the soil temperature difference decreased by 0.6-2.0 ℃. During over-wintering stage, the straw mulching showed a higher average soil temperature (0.2-0.3 ℃) and negative accumulated temperature (0.4-17.0 ℃·d) than those under the CK. The straw mulching significantly increased grain yield by 11.9%-19.5%. The variations of spikes per unit area were the main factor responsible for yield difference. The findings indicated that that straw mulching method is suitable for winter wheat production in rain-fed region of Northwest China.

Objective: To explore the effect and mechanism of hyperoside on high glucose-induced oxidative stress injury of myocardial cells., Methods: Oxidative stress injury of myocardial cells was simulated by treating with high glucose. Cells were divided into five groups: control group (5.5 mmol/L glucose); high glucose model group (35 mmol/L glucose); hyperoside protection groups (35 mmol/L glucose +4, 8, 20 nmol/L hyperoside). Cells were incubated for 48 h. The cell viability was detected by CCK-8. Apoptosis was measured through flow cytometry. The level of ROS was tested by Reactive Oxygen Species Assay Kit DCFH-DA with flow cytometer. The level of SOD and MDA was detected by SOD Assay Kit and MDA Assay Kit respectively. The protein levels of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), p-AKT, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and p-Nrf2 were detected by Western blot. The activation of AKT was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining., Results: Compared with control group, the cell viability, the levels of SOD, the expression of PI3K, the ratio of p-AKT/AKT and p-Nrf2/Nrf2 and the percentage of AKT positive cells in high glucose group were decreased with enhancive apoptosis and levels of ROS and MDA ( P <0.05). Compared with high glucose group, the cell viability, the levels of SOD, the expression of PI3K, the ratio of p-AKT/AKT and p-Nrf2/Nrf2 and the percentage of AKT positive cells in hyperoside group (4, 8, 20 nmol/L) were increased with reduced apoptosis and levels of ROS and MDA ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: Hyperoside protects myocardial cells against oxidative stress injury via activation of PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 signal pathway., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Science Edition).)

Objective: To observe the effect of acupuncture on the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and the level of serum interleukin 10 (IL-10) in rats with depression, so as to explore its mechanism underlying improvement of depression., Methods: Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, model, acupuncture, and medication (Fluoxetine, Flu) ( n =8 rats in each). The depression model was established by using chronic restraint stress (constraint, fasting, water deprivation, etc.) combined with solitary raising for 28 days. Acupuncture was applied to "Baihui" (GV 20) and "Yintang" (GV 29), and bilateral "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) for 20 min, once daily for 28 days. Fluoxetine (1.8 mg/kg) was given to rats of the medication group by gavage once every day for 28 days. Sucrose consumption test and open field test (crossing and rearing locomotion) were carried out to evaluate the behavioral changes. Western blot was used to detect the expression of GFAP in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and the content of serum IL-10 was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)., Results: After modeling, the sucrose consumption, the crossing numbers and rearing times, hippocampal GFAP protein expression and serum IL-10 content were significantly decreased and prefrontal GFAP protein expression was up-regulated markedly in the model group relevant to the control group ( P <0.01). After the treatment, the decreased levels of sucrose consumption and crossing numbers, hippocampal GFAP protein expression and serum IL-10 content and the increased prefrontal GFAP protein expression were considerably suppressed in both medication and acupuncture groups compared with the model group ( P <0.05, P <0.01). No significant differences were found between the acupuncture and medication groups in increasing the rats' locomotion, sucrose consumption, hippocampal GFAP protein expression ( P >0.05) and in down-regulating prefrontal GFAP protein expression ( P >0.05 ) except up-regulation of IL-10 level., Conclusion: Acupuncture intervention plays a positive role in anti-depression in rats, which may be related to its effects in regulating the expression of GFAP in the hippocampal and prefrontal astrocytes, and in increasing the content of serum anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.

The development of science and technology has fundamentally changed people's lives and the way that medical systems function. Increasingly, mobile technologies are being introduced and integrated into classroom teaching and clinical applications, resulting in healthcare providers introducing innovative applications into health education. These applications enhance the clinical, education, and research expertise of medical staffs and nurses, while improving quality of care and providing new experiences for patients. In order to understand the current situation and trends in nursing education, the present study adopted literature analysis to explore the influence and effect of mobile technologies that have been introduced into nursing education from the school and clinical environments. The results found that students hold positive attitudes toward introducing these technologies into their curricula. Although these technologies may increase the work efficiency of nurses in the workplace, questions remain user perceptions and professional expression. Therefore, securing patient agreement and healthcare system approval were major turning points in the introduction of mobile technologies into nursing education. In the future, adapting mobile technologies for use in teaching materials and courses may be further developed. Moreover, empirical studies may be used in future research in order to facilitate the increasingly successful integration of relevant technologies into nursing education.

Objective: To explore the association between malaria epidemic situation and some natural and social factors in high-incidence areas of Shandong Province, so as to provide evidences for malaria elimination in these areas., Methods: Twenty towns of 10 counties (cities, districts,) in the high incidence areas of malaria in Shandong Province were selected as the study sites, and the residents in the study sites were investigated by questionnaires with one household as a unit, so as to understand the related natural and social factors. In addition, the malaria epidemic data in the study sites from 2006 to 2010 were collected, and the correlation between these factors and the epidemic situation of malaria was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation and multiple stepwise regression., Results: The square root of malaria incidence rate ( Y ) was negatively related to the rate of households using insecticide ( X 3 ), and the rate of households using screen doors and windows ( X 4 ) (both P < 0.05), but was positively related to the rate of housing surrounding water environment and exposure ratio ( X 6 ) (both P < 0.05). The regression equation established was Y = 0.032 X 5 + 0.048 X 6 -0.495, R 2 = 0.973., Conclusions: Malaria incidence is obviously associated with some natural and social factors. The measures such as clearing the breeding place of mosquito, protecting the exposure population at nightfall, as well as using door-window screen and repellents correctly, can effectively control malaria.

Objective: To identify the genetic variation of Oncomelania hupensis between Weishan Lake population and Yangtze River population., Methods: O. hupensis snails were collected from Jiangdu District of Yangzhou City, Yizheng City, Danyang City, and Liuhe District of Nanjing City in Jiangsu Province, as well as Weishan Lake of Jining City in Shandong Province. Four polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci（A18, C22, T4-33 and T6-17） were amplified by using microsatellite PCR to analyze the number of alleles （Na）, the expected heterozygosity （He）, the observed heterozygosity （Ho） and the average number of pairwise differences between populations. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) and cluster analysis were performed to find the genetic variation between O. hupensis snail populations. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） and neighbour joining (NJ) method were used to construct the phylogenetic tree to describe genetic variation and clustering among populations. Mantel test was carried out to detect the correlation between the genetic distance and geographical distance., Results: A total of 103 snails were collected. The snail populations of Jiangdu, Yizheng, Danyang, Liuhe, and Weishan Lake had Na of 7.50, 12.50, 10.00, 11.50; Ho of 0.16, 0.27, 0.17, 0.30, 0.22; and He of 0.81, 0.91, 0.84, 0.90, 0.92, respectively. The Weishan Lake population showed relatively higher levels of the three indicators, indicating a higher genetic diversity, but with no significant difference with the other four populations. The average number of pairwise differences was lowest between the Weishan Lake and Jiangdu populations（0.79）, and it was higher between Danyang population and the others（0.87-0.97）. AMOVA result showed the inter-individual genetic variation accounted for 92.50% of the total variations. NJ and UPGMA analysis showed Jiangdu and Weishan Lake populations gathered together in one branch, Yizheng and Liuhe populations formed another relatively independent branch, and then was Danyang population. Genetic distance and geographical distance showed no correlation by Mantel test., Conclusion: There is a high genetic diversity of O. hupensis in Weishan Lake and Yangtze River populations, and no significant genetic divergence between Weishan Lake snail population and its original Yangtze River population.

Objective: To explore the relationship between the soil components along the areas of the east route of the Southto-North Water Diversion Project and the survival situation of Oncomelania hupensis snails., Methods: Four study sites were selected along the project, and soil samples were collected to analyze the components. The amounts of components among the different study sites were compared statistically., Results: Except zinc, sodium, and phosphorus, the contents of the soil components where the snails survived were different from those where snails were dead ( t = -19.150 to 12.810, all P < 0.01). However, the logistic regression analysis did not obtain a model with statistical significance., Conclusions: O. hupensis snails live in the soil with adequate organic matter and neutral pH value. Along with the global warming and the operation of the South-toNorth Water Diversion Project, O. hupensis snails may survive in the northern area, and therefore, the surveillance work should be strengthened.

Objective: To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Shandong Province in 2014, so as to provide evidences for taking targeted strategies and measures for malaria elimination., Methods: The data of malaria epidemic and malaria cases of Shandong Province in 2014 were collected from Information Management System for Infectious Diseases Report and Information Management System for Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention. The epidemiological characteristics of malaria situation and the diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases were analyzed by Microsoft Excel 2007., Results: A total of 150 malaria cases were reported in Shandong Province in 2014, which increased by 14.50% compared with that in 2013 (131 cases). All the cases were imported from other countries except one imported from Yunnan Province in China, and most of the imported cases were from Africa (142 cases, 95.30%). All the cases were confirmed in Shandong Provincial Reference Laboratory and there were 121 cases (80.67%) infected with Plasmodium falciparum, 16 cases (10.67%) infected with P. vivax, 9 cases (6.00%) infected with P. ovale and 4 cases (2.67%) infected with P. malariae. The cases were mainly distributed in Tai'an (40 cases, 26.67%), Yantai (17 cases, 11.33%), Weihai (13 cases, 8.67%), Jining (11 cases, 7.33%) and Heze (11 cases, 7.33%) cities., Conclusions: There have been no local malaria cases reported in Shandong Province in the continuous 3 years. However, the reported number of imported malaria cases shows an increasing trend in the province in recent years, and the species of infected Plasmodium are diverse. Imported malaria from other countries is the key of malaria control in Shandong Province at present.

Vanadium dioxide (VO₂) film will be phase-transitioned from insulator into metal, accompanied with dramatic change on conductivity, which is named as photo-induced insulator-metal phase transition. Such phase transition of VO₂ film has important application potentials in modulators or other functional devices for terahertz waves. In this paper, the transmission spectrum variations before and after the photo-induced insulator-metal phase transition of vanadium dioxide film are investigated, and the phase transition properties in terahertz(THz) region are analyzed. In the experiment, the phase transition of the VO₂ film was induced by a continuous wave (CW) laser source and a femtosecond (fs) laser source, respectively. Obvious changes on the THz waveforms were observed for the both mentioned means of excitation, and the amplitude attenuation, as well as the signal distortion, was intensified with the increase of the impinging optical power. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectra of the transmitted THz time-domain signals were analyzed and it was found that the amplitude of the transmitted spectrum decreased synchronously with the increase of the optical power, accompanied with deformation of the spectrum line shape at the same time. The reason was that the macroscopic dielectric properties of the VO₂ film approached gradually to that of a metal as laser power was increased. A parameter, transmission modulation function, was defined in the paper as the amplitude difference between the transmission spectra of the VO₂ film before and after the laser excitation, to describe the dispersivity of the photo-induced phase transition more clearly. From the curve of the transmission modulation function, strong frequency-dependent properties at THz frequencies were found to vary regularly with the incident light power. After furthermore comparison, it was found that, though the insulator-metal phase transition could be trigged by both CW laser source and fs laser source, the corresponding impinging optical power values were obviously alternative for the equivalent transmission modulation function. At the end of the paper, the difference of the phase transition efficiency between the two excitation methods was analyzed and discussed.

Objective: To understand the current situation of infections of intestinal parasites of rural residents in four cities namely Dongying, Weifang, Jining and Heze of Shandong Province., Methods: Twenty-four villages were randomly selected as study areas. The Kato-Katz technique was applied to test the stool samples of adult residents and the cellophane tape anus method was applied to test the infection of Enterobius vermicularis of children aged 12 years or below. Fifty families were randomly selected from each village and surveyed with questionnaires for the general situation of the family, and the knowledge of prevention and control of parasites, and healthy behaviors of the family members., Results: Totally 8,227 adult residents and 1,313 children were investigated and the total infection rate of intestinal parasites was 0.55% (45 cases). The infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichura, E. vermicularis and Clonorchis sinensis were 0.15% (12 cases), 0.06% (5 cases), 0.09% (7 cases), 1.37% (18 cases) and 0.04% (3 cases), respectively. Totally 3,767 residents were surveyed with questionnaires, and the awareness rate of the knowledge of prevention and control of parasites was 28.72% (1,082 cases), the formation rates of washing hands before meal, washing hands after toilet, washing fruit and vegetables before eating, and never drinking unboiled water were 60.66% (2,285 cases), 50.17% (1,890 cases), 48.71% (1,835 cases), and 87.07% (3,280 cases), respectively., Conclusion: In the plain area of Shandong Province, the infection rates of A. lumbricoides, hookworm, T. trichura and C. sinensis are low but the infection rate of E. vermicularis of children is relatively high; the awareness rates of the knowledge of parasites as well as the formation rates of healthy behaviors are low. Therefore, the health education and promotion should be strengthened.

Objective: To identity Plasmodium ovale infection by 18S rRNA gene nested PCR., Methods: Whole blood and filter paper blood samples of malaria patients in Shandong Province were collected during 2012-2013. The parasites were observed under a microscope with Giemsa staining. The genome DNA of blood samples were extracted as PCR templates. Genus- and species-specific primers were designed according to the Plasmodium 18S rRNA gene sequences. Plasmodium ovale-positive specimens were identified by nested PCR as well as verified by sequencing., Results: There were 7 imported cases of P. ovale infection in the province during 2012-2013. Nested PCR results showed that the P. ovale specific band (800 bp) was amplified in all the 7 specimens. Blast results indicated that the PCR products were consistent with the Plasmodium ovale reference sequence in GenBank., Conclusion: Seven imported cases of ovale malaria in Shandong Province in 2012-2013 are confirmed by nested PCR.

Unlabelled: OBJECTIVE To investigate an operative method of combined resection of preseptal fat: and partial retro-orbicularis oculus fat (ROOF) for correction of upper eyelid heaviness, and evaluate the efficacy and safety of the method., Methods: Preseptal fat lies widely under the orbicularis oculi in the upper eyelid, and retro-orbicularis oculus fat (ROOF) lies in the lateral supraorbital area. Combined resection of preseptal fat and partial ROOF was performed in patients selected by examination. The efficacy and safety were evaluated by follow-up study., Results: From May 2011 to July 2013, 38 selected patients received the treatment with 3 months to 28 months follow up. The heaviness of upper eyelid improved in all cases. One patient developed postoperative hematoma, and another patient had a transient numbness over the lateral upper brow region. 37 patients were satisfied with the result., Conclusions: Combined resection of preseptal fat and partial ROOF was effective in reducing the heaviness of upper eyelid, without major complications. The operative method should be an important adjunct for selected patients undergoing blepharoplasty.

Objective: To understand the infection status of intestinal parasites and related knowledge and behavior factors of the residents in north-west Shandong Province, so as to provide the evidence for taking targeted preventive measures., Methods: Eighteen villages were randomly selected as survey spots by the stratified multi-stage sample method. The Kato-Katz technique was used to detect intestinal parasite eggs among the residents and the cellophane tape anus test was used to detect Enterobius vermicularis eggs among 3-12 years old children. Questionnaires were applied to investigate related knowledge and behavior factors about the intestinal parasite infections in the residents., Results: Totally 6 366 residents were detected for intestinal parasites and the infection rate was 0.28% (18 cases). Totally 895 children were detected for E. vermicularis and the infection rate was 5.70% (51 cases). Totally 2 915 residents were investigated by questionnaires and the awareness rate of knowledge about preventing parasitic diseases was 26.72%. The formation rates of washing hands before meal and after WC, washing fruit and vegetable before eating, never drinking unboiled water were 55.42%, 42.87%, 43.54% and 83.04% respectively. The awareness rate of knowledge about preventing parasitic diseases of 3-12 years old children was 12.24%; and the formation rates of washing hands before meal and after WC were 47.04% and 30.44% respectively., Conclusions: The total infection rate of intestinal parasites is low but the E. vermicularis infection rate is high among children in north-west Shandong Province. The awareness rate of knowledge about preventing parasitic diseases and the formation rates of healthy behaviors are all low. Therefore, the targeted health education should be taken to increase the awareness rate and guide the residents to develop their healthy behaviors.

Objective: To understand the status of intestinal parasitic infections and the related knowledge and behavior in residents of Jiaodong area of Shandong Province, so as to provide the evidence for making an appropriate preventive and control strategy., Methods: A total of 18 villages from 6 counties in Jiaodong area were selected as investigation sites according to the stratified sampling method. The feces samples of the permanent residents aged above 3 years were collected and examined by Kato-Katz technique to find the intestinal parasite eggs, and the children under 12 years old were examined by the method of cellophane anal swab to detect the Enterobius vennrmicularis eggs. In addition, 50 households in each survey sites were randomly selected to investigate the basic family situation and the condition of awareness on prevention knowledge and formation of correct behavior of residents by using a structured questionnaire., Results: Totally 6 163 residents involved in the feces examinations, and the total infection rate of intestinal parasites was 6.91%. The infection rates of Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm were 6.56%, 0.62% and 0.21%, respectively. The infection rate of E. vermicularis in children under 12 years old was 0.51%. The eggs of Clonorchis sinensis and Taenia solium were not found in this survey. The awareness rate of knowledge about preventing parasitic diseases was 49.54%. The formation rates of washing hands before eating, washing hands after using the toilet, never eating raw fruit and vegetable without washing clean, never working in the field with bare feet, and never drinking unboiled water were 97.78%, 91.95%, 88.81%, 92.42% and 86.48% respectively., Conclusions: The infection rate of intestinal parasites is low in Jiaodong area, but there is a significant difference among different counties. The awareness rate of knowledge about preventing parasitic diseases is low, but the formation rate of healthy behavior is high. In the future, the health education and the strategy of taking medicine among the key population should be enhanced, and the project of reconstructing safe water supply and lavatory should be advanced.

Objective: To understand the malaria situation of Shandong Province in 2013, so as to provide the evidence for formulating targeted prevention and control strategy and measures., Methods: The data of malaria cases of Shandong Province in 2013 were collected from the Information Management System for Infectious Diseases Report and Information Management System for Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention. The data of epidemiological characteristics of malaria situation and the diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases were analyzed by Microsoft Excel 2007., Results: There were 131 malaria cases reported in 2013, all of them were imported cases, and 127 cases (96.95%) were imported from African countries. A total of 116 cases (88.55% ) were falciparum malaria cases. Totally 97.71% of the cases were male and the average age of malaria cases was 39 years. A total of 61.83% of the cases were peasants and 65.65% of the cases only received junior high school education. The distribution of malaria cases was concentrated in Tai'an City (32 cases), Yantai City (19 cases) and Weihai City (17 cases),totally acounting for 53.13%. There was no significant seasonal variation in the reporting time of the cases. The median time from on- set to seeing doctor was four days and the median time from seeing doctor to being diagnosed was one day. Totally 35.88% of the cases were misdiagnosed when the first visit to a doctor. All of the cases were laboratory confirmed and 100% of them received the standard treatment after diagnosis., Conclusions: All of the malaria cases were imported cases in Shandong Province in 2013. To control the imported malaria in Shandong Province, it is necessary to further strengthen the multi-sectoral cooperation, health education, malaria screening and professional training.

This paper reports one case of atypical falciparum malaria imported from Africa, whose blood smear contains many large trophozoites, with punctiform or massive brown pigment granules, the body shape of the plasmodium is similar to that of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. After the gene detection by PCR, the case was diagnosed as falciparum malaria. As large trophozoites were rarely seen in the peripheral blood of non-severe falciparum malaria cases, much attention should be paid to the identification of Plasmodium falciparum and other plasmodia in microscopic examinations.

Objective: To understand the capacity of Plasmodium detection and helminth detection and the mastery degree of basic knowledge of parasitic diseases., Methods: Three professionals from each city were selected as contestants. The content of the competition contained three parts. The first part included making blood slides and Giemsa staining of Plasmodium, and identification of species and number with microscopy, the second part included making stool slides with Kato-Katz technique and identification of common helminth eggs with microscopy, and the third part was basic knowledge of parasitic diseases., Results: Totally 51 contestants took part in the competition. The average score of the test of making blood slides was 14.8 +/- 3.3, and the passing rate was 82.4%. The average score of the identification of species and number of Plasmodium with microscopy was 19.2 +/- 9.3, and the passing rate was 29.4%. The average score of the test of making stool slides was 9.3 +/- 0.7, and the passing rate was 100%. The average score of the identification of common helminth eggs with microscopy was 28.0 +/- 2.6, and the passing rate was 100%. The average score of basic knowledge of parasitic diseases was 76.3 +/- 11.9, and the passing rate was 88.2%. The average score of the test of making blood slides in the female was higher than that in the male (15.7vs.13.5, P < 0.05), and the average score of the test of making blood slides in the intermediate title contestants was higher than that in the junior title contestants (16.1 vs.14.1, P < 0.05). The average score of the basic knowledge of parasitic diseases in the contestants from cities was higher than that in the contestants from towns (83.2 vs. 72.6, P < 0.05), and the average score of basic knowledge of parasitic diseases in the contestants from high economic level cities was higher than that in the contestants from low economic level cities (82.4 vs. 71.5, P < 0.01)., Conclusions: For professionals in Shandong Province, the capacity of helminth detection was strong and the basic knowledge of parasitic diseases was mastered well, while the capacity of Plasmodium detection was weak.

Objective: To understand the awareness status of malaria control knowledge of primary and secondary school students in malaria endemic areas of Shandong Province, so as to provide the baseline information for formulating the malaria control strategy., Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 5 Type II malaria-endemic counties in Shandong Province. A structured questionnaire survey was administrated to students in primary and secondary schools., Results: A total of 1 884 students were completed with the questionnaires and all were effective. The total awareness rate of malaria control knowledge was 65.9%, and 54.7% of the students knew the transmission route of malaria and only 31.5% of the students were aware of the preventive methods of malaria. There were significant differences of the awareness scores of malaria control knowledge among different malaria endemic areas but there were no significant differences between the awareness rates of male and female students and between two different education levels., Conclusions: The awareness of malaria control knowledge of primary and secondary school students in Shandong Province is poor; therefore, the health education of malaria control knowledge for primary and secondary school students should be strengthened.

Objective: To understand the characteristics of malaria prevalence and epidemic in Shandong Province in 2012 so as to provide the evidence for improving the work of the elimination of malaria., Methods: The epidemiological data of malaria cases collected from the Disease Surveillance Information Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention were analyzed with the descriptive epidemiological method for epidemiological characteristics of malaria., Results: A total of 93 malaria cases were reported in Shandong Province in 2012 with the incidence of 0.097 per 100 thousand, with a reduction of 19.83% as compared to 2011. There were 93 imported cases which decreased by 4.12% compared with 97 cases in 2011 and it was the first year that there was no local infection. Jining, Qingdao and Weihai cities reported more cases, with 62.37% (58/93) of the total number of the whole province. Totally 93.55% of malaria cases were imported from Africa, most from Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria and Angola. There were 3 cases of imported ovale malaria firstly reported., Conclusions: There were no local malaria cases reported in Shandong Province in 2012, but the imported malaria prevention and control was still not optimistic. In order to achieve the goal of malaria elimination in Shandong Province, it needs to continue to strengthen epidemic management, professional training and work supervision, strengthen management, advocacy and detection on the floating population, and explore multisectoral coordination mechanisms.

Objective: To investigate the allergens distribution of 576 allergic rhinitis patients in Qingyang, and to provide basic epidemiologic information for the prevention and treatment of allergic rhinitis., Method: Skin prick test was done to all the 576 patients with allergic rhinitis with 28 kinds of allergens., Result: Four hundred and eighty cases (83.3%) showed positive reaction to at least one allergen of 28 allergens. The most common allergens were Magwort (73.3%), Giant Ragweed (55.0%) Tree II (51.7%), Tree I (48.3%) Dermatophagoides farinae (43.3%) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (36.7%). Moreover. the positivity decreased with age. There was no difference between male and female., Conclusion: The study shows that Magwort. Giant ragweed and tree II are the most important allergens on Qingyang district.

This paper studied the effects of different mulching modes on the soil moisture in a semi-arid rainfed area of Loess Plateau, Northwest China. Seven treatments were installed, i. e., mulching plastic film in summer (T1), mulching plastic film in autumn (T2), mulching 5 cm long wheat straw in summer (T3), mulching whole wheat straw in summer (T4), mulching plastic film in summer plus wheat straw (T5), mulching used plastic film after harvest (T6), and un-mulching (CK). In T6, the soil moisture in different layers at different crop growth stages was all higher than that in CK. In the other five mulching treatments, the soil moisture in 0-90 cm layer before flowering stage was obviously higher, but that in 0-90 cm layer after flowering stage and in 90-200 cm layer during the whole growth season was lower than that of CK. The soil moisture in 0-200 cm layer in T6 during the whole growth period was significantly higher than that in CK, with a difference of 0.9%, but the soil moisture in 0-200 cm layer in other mulching treatments was lower. As compared with plastic film mulching, straw mulching increased the soil moisture in 0-200 cm layer. The soil moisture under mulching with used plastic film after harvest was higher than that under mulching with new plastic film. As compared to CK, the grain yield of winter wheat with plastic film mulching was increased by 20.3%-29.0%, and that With straw mulching was increased by 5.0%-16.7%. There was a significant positive correlation between the crop productivity and the soil water consumption during the growth period (r = 0.77*).