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Sludge biochar(BC), which was prepared by the pyrolysis of waste-activated sludge at 450℃, was applied for peroxymonosulfate(PMS) activation to construct a BC/PMS system for ciprofloxacin(CIP) degradation. The physical and chemical properties of BC were studied using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), an energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS), a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), a Zeta potential analyzer, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy(EPR). The effects of BC dosage, PMS dosage, initial pH value, and inorganic anions on CIP removal in the BC/PMS system were investigated. Further, the degradation mechanism of the BC/PMS system was speculated through the free radical quenching experiment and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis. The results showed that the CIP degradation rate was 49.09% at a BC dosage of 1.0 g·L -1 , PMS of 3.0 mmol·L -1 , CIP of 20 mg·L -1 , and pH of 6.0 in 120 min. SO 4 2- and NO 3 - had no obvious effect on the removal of CIP in the BC/PMS system, whereas HCO 3 - and Cl - could inhibit CIP degradation significantly. The CIP removal in the BC/PMS system was attributed to the common function of the radical pathway dominated by ·OH and SO 4 - · and the non-radical pathway dominated by 1 O 2 . The CIP degradation pathway mainly included piperazine ring opening and hydroxylation reaction.

The geographical detector is a new statistical method to detect spatial stratified heterogeneity and reveal the driving factors behind it. It can not only reveal the influence of a single factor on dependent variables but also evaluate the influence of two-factor interactions and does not need to consider linearity, while also avoiding the influence of multivariate collinearity. Without strong model assumptions, it solves the limitations of traditional methods in analyzing category variables. The research on the spatial differentiation of heavy metals in soil is increasingly widely used. This study collected 40 research reports on the spatial differentiation of soil heavy metals via geographical detector, combed the discrete methods of independent variables, research scale, dependent variables and types of independent variables, factor detection, exchange detection, risk detection, and ecological detection and put forward the problems that need to be clarified in the future application of this research. It is expected to provide support for the deep application of geo-detector in the field of spatial differentiation of soil heavy metals.

Geographic detectors can quickly detect spatial stratified heterogeneity and quantitatively reveal the intensity of driving factors of heavy metal content, which is of great significance for the prevention, control, and remediation of soil heavy metal pollution. In order to reveal the spatial differentiation and influencing factors of soil heavy metal content on the town-scale, 788 topsoil samples were collected from a town in the hinterland of Chengdu Plain. Soil heavy metal (Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Ni) pollution risk assessments were carried out by using the geo-accumulation index method. Additionally, based on the geographic detector model, 15 factors such as soil properties, topography, soil forming factors, and distance were taken as independent variables, and the contents of each heavy metal element were taken as dependent variables to explore the spatial differentiation and influencing factors of heavy metal content in soils. The results showed that:the average contents of Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the study area were 1.06-1.93 times the background value of Chengdu, and the content of Cd was lower than the background value; among them, Hg reached the light pollution level, and the other seven heavy metals were at the non-pollution level. The spatial distribution of eight heavy metals was significantly different, the correlation among the elements was significant, and a significant correlation was found between most heavy meals with soil properties; however, the correlation with distance factor and topographic factor was relatively weak. The factor detection showed that TP, TK, pH, TOC, elevation, and distance from the railway had the most significant explanatory power for the heavy metal contents. Interaction detection showed that the interaction between soil properties and other factors was the dominant factor for the spatial variation in heavy metals, and elevation, distance from residential area, distance from railways, and distance from industrial areas were also important factors. Risk detection showed that Hg had the most significant difference in the subregion of elevation and distance from railway, whereas the other seven heavy metals had the most significant difference in the sub-regions of influencing factors of soil properties. The spatial distribution of heavy metals varied significantly in soil at the town-scale, which was closely related to soil properties, topography, and human activities in the study area.

Water and nitrogen are two important factors controlling rice growth and development. Suitable water-nitrogen interaction can alter nitrogen forms and oxygen environmental factors via regulating water content in the rhizosphere of paddy soil, promote the construction of root morphology, improve leaf photosynthesis and the allocation equilibrium of the photosynthetic products between the source and sink organs, and consequently increase rice population quality and grain yield. The microbial regulation mechanisms driven by the environmental factors ( e.g. water, nitrogen and oxygen) also play an important role in improving nitrogen utilization efficiency in rice-soil system. Here, we reviewed the research progress in water-nitrogen interaction, and briefly discussed the effects of water, nitrogen form, and dissolved oxygen on rice growth, photosynthesis, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen conversion and the underlying microbiological mechanism. We proposed several key directions for future researches: 1) to quantitatively investigate the spatial and temporal variations of dissolved oxygen in rhizosphere and their dominant environmental drivers under different water and nitrogen regimes; 2) to evaluate the responses of root-sourced signal to rhizosphere dissolved oxygen in different rice genotypes, and uncover its intrinsic mechanisms involved in rice growth and development; 3) to investigate the effects of key microbial process driven by the rhizosphere oxygen environment on the soil nitrogen conversion and rice nitrogen utilization.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Xiao-Ai-Ping injection on cancer angiogenesis. CCK8 assay and Brd U incorporation immunofluorescence assay were used to detect the effect of Xiao-Ai-Ping injection on HUVECs proliferation; wound healing assay and transwell assay were employed to test the effect of Xiao-Ai-Ping injection on HUVECs migration. The anti-angiogenic effect of Xiao-Ai-Ping injection was examined by tube formation assay, rat aortic ring assay and chicken chorioallantoic membrane(CAM) assay. ELISA assay was used to measure the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF); and the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2(VEGFR2) protein and its downstream signaling pathways were examined by Western blot. Our data demonstrated that Xiao-Ai-Ping injection inhibited HUVECs proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and the IC(50) (mg·m L(-1)) values for 24, 48 and 72 h were 48.7 ± 7.14, 29.1 ±2.25 and 22.0 ± 4.53, individually. Xiao-Ai-Ping injection inhibited HUVECs DNA synthesis and migration. Xiao-Ai-Ping injection suppressed HUVECs tube formation, and reduced microvessel sprouting from rat aortic rings and vessel growth in CAMs. Furthermore, Xiao-Ai-Ping injection attenuated the secretion of VEGF, and inhibited the expression of p-VEGFR2 and phosphorylation of protein kinase B(p-AKT). We conclude that Xiao-Ai-Ping injection inhibits angiogenesis by down-regulation of VEGF signaling and AKT pathway.

Conducting polymers have stable long-chain structure and good electrical conductivity. They have been used in various types of biosensors because of their excellent characteristics of the immobilization and electrical signal transmission. In recent years, researchers mainly study on improving its micro-nano structures and its signal conductivity to enhance its effect on the enzyme immobilization and signal conductive properties. This paper reviews firstly the application of conducting polymer on enzyme-immobilized glucose biosensor and the new technologies and methods in this field. This paper also points out the future application of conducting polymers in enzyme immobilization and biosensor preparation areas.

Three tropical forest soils were collected from Haikou, Qionghai and Tunchang in Hainan Island. Soil particle size fractionations were conducted using the standard dry-sieving procedure. Distribution of heavy metals in bulk samples and particle size fractions was determined by ICP-MS. The distribution characteristics and the response to organic carbon and iron were discussed. The results showed that the distribution of heavy metals was highly associated with the particle size fractions and variable patterns were found, which decreased with the increasing size. The accumulation of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Cd was predominantly contributed by the particles finer than < 53 microm in diameter, whereas As mainly accumulated in particle size of 53-1 000 microm. Generally, the microaggregate (< 250 microm) contributed 14.38%-65.04% of heavy metals to the contents in bulk soil and the silt-clay aggregates (< 53 microm) contributed 2.61% -32.01%. The content of heavy metals except for As and Cd and Pb in Haikou soil in these different size fractions were controlled by the organic carbon and iron contents, which increased with the decreasing particle size.

Objective: To establish a HPLC-ELSD fingerprint of Marsdenia tenacissima from different habitats, in order to provide a reliable method for scientific assessment and effective quality control., Method: HPLC-ELSD was adopted to determine 25 baches of M. tenacissima herbs from different habitats. Traditional Chinese medicine chromatographic fingerprint similarity software assessment system 2004 developed by China Pharmacopoeia Committee was adopted to establish a common mode chart and assess chromatographic similarity based on the degree of correlation., Result: The common mode for M. tenacissima herb C21 steroidal fingerprint was established, including 11 common characteristic peaks. Among them, 10 were identified. According to the assessment on the similarity of 25 batches of samples, 80% of them showed a similarity of over 0.80 in steroidal HPLC-ELSD fingerprint., Conclusion: The method can be used to assess the quality of M. tenacissima.

With the development of the wireless communication technology, implantable biosensor technology, and embedded system technology, Body Sensor Network (BSN) as one branch of wireless sensor networks and important part of the Internet of things has caught more attention of researchers and enterprises. This paper offers the basic concept of the BSN and analyses the related research. We focus on sensor node and wireless communication technology from perspectives of technology challenges, research advance and development trend in the paper. Besides, we also present a relative overview of domestic and overseas projects for the BSN.

Based on geographic information system (GIS) and geostatistical analysis, this paper studied the spatial structure of Aphis gossipii Glover population in Xiangshan District of Zhongwei City, Ningxia Province, with the spatial distribution of the population simulated by ordinary Kriging interpretation. The spatial structure of A. gossipii population varied with its occurrence stage (initial, blossom, and final stage). The semivariograms of A. gossipii could be described by exponential or Gaussian model, indicating that A. gossipii had an aggregated spatial arrangement. The aggregation degrees at different occurrence stages were all beyond 45%, and the spatial correlation ranged from 10.37 km to 29.11 km. The spatial variance was greatly affected by spatial autocorrelation. The population dynamics of A. gossipii at its different occurrence stages could be easily analyzed and intuitively simulated from the two aspects of time and space by spatial distribution simulation, and thus, the occurrence position and degree of A. gossipii could be easily determined.

Objective: To discuss the clinical features and surgical tactics of neurogenic tumors external spinal canal., Methods: The investigators retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 56 cases with neurogenic tumors external spinal canal as confirmed by pathology at our department from January 2000 to June 2010. And the follow-up results were tracked. Among the patients, 51 cases underwent microsurgery and 5 cases routine retro-peritoneal operation., Results: Fifty cases received total resection and 5 cases subtotal resection. Partial tumor removal was performed in 1 case with multiple Schwannoma only because nerve roots were densely distributed around the tumor. Postoperative complications included declining myodynamia (n = 3), extremity pain (n = 2), topical sensory disturbance (n = 7), hoarseness (n = 5), ipsilateral facioplegia & hypophysis (n = 1) and Horner's syndrome (n = 2). Thirty-six cases had a follow-up period of 0.5 year to 10 years. No in situ recurrence was found in 34 cases. Two cases with in situ recurrence were re-operated. There was no operative death., Conclusion: The surgery of neurogenic tumors external spinal canal can improve the symptoms and quality of life for the patients. A better outcome is based on anatomic familiarity and skilled micromanipulation. The key aspects of tumor resection are a maximal protection of proximal important vessels and nerves and thorough tumor dissection.

Dry-weather flow quantity and quality of three representative separate storm sewer systems in Shanghai-H, G, N were studied. Based on survey of operating status of the pumping stations as well as characteristics of the drainage systems, it was obtained that the interception sewage volumes per unit area in the three systems were 3610 m3/(km2 x d), 1550 m3/(km2 x d), 2970 m3/(km2 x d) respectively; the sanitary wastewater included accounted for 25%, 85% and 71% respectively; the interception volume of H was mainly composed of infiltrated underground water, so the dry-weather flow pollution was slighter, and the interception volumes of G, N were both mainly composed of sanitary wastewater, so the dry-weather which were flow pollution was relatively serious. The water characteristics of potential illicit discharge sources of dry-weather which were flow-grey water, black water and underground water were preliminarily explored, so that treating three parameters-LAS/ NH4+ -N, NH4+ -N/K, Mg/K as tracer parameters of grey water, black water and underground water was put forward. Moreover, the water characteristics of grey water and sanitary wastewater including black water were summarized: the feature of grey water was LAS/NH4+ -N > 0.2, NH4+ -N/K <1, and sanitary wastewater was LAS/NH4+ -N < 0.2, NH4+ -N/K >1. Based on the above, the applications of flow chart method and CMBM method in dry-weather flow detection of monitored storm systems were preliminarily discussed, and the results were basically same as that obtained in flow quantity and quality comprehensive analysis. The research results and methods can provide guidance for analysis and diagnosis of dry-weather flow sources and subsequent reconstruction projects in similar separate storm sewer systems at home.

Objective: To investigate and compare the efficacy and safety of two kinds of Qinbai ointment prepared conventionally and finely (C-QBO and F-QBO) in treating psoriasis in the active stage of blood-heat syndrome type, and to observe their influences on vaginal epithelial cell mitosis, also on keratinization of caudal flakes in mice., Clinical Observation: Adopting randomized, single-blinded, controlled design, 93 patients administered orally with Liangxue Huoxue Decoction were randomized into three groups treated externally with C-QBO, F-QBO and white vaseline respectively, applied twice a day for 8 weeks. The safety was checked and the changes of modified psoriasis area severity index (PASI), as well as the conditions of skin lesions (size, erythema, infiltration, squama, and itching) and symptom improving time were compared. Experimental study 1: Mice were randomized into the model group, the C-QBO group, the F-QBO group and the blank group, 7 in each group. Their vaginal epithelial cell mitosis indices were compared after 3 days of treatment with corresponding remedies. Experimental study 2: Mice were randomized into the C-QBO group, the F-QBO group and the blank group, 7 in each group. After the mice had been treated with corresponding remedies for 28 days, the granular layer formation in their caudal scales was compared., Clinical Observation: The markedly effective rate was 63.3% (25/30) in the C-QBO group, 66.7% (20/30) in the F-QBO group, and 36.7% (11/30) in the control group. No statistical difference was showen between the two QBO treated groups (P > 0.05), but that in both of them was significantly different from that in the control group (P < 0.05). PASI scores lowered after treatment in all the three groups (P < 0.01), but the improvement in the two QBO groups was better than that in the control group (P < 0.05); the conditions of skin lesion were improved in all groups, but the improvements were more significant in the two QBO groups in terms of squama, infiltration and itching (P < 0.05), in aspects of improving time on erythema, infiltration and itching, especially the itching, F-QBO was superior to the C-QBO. Experimental study 1: The mitosis index in both QBO groups was lower than that in the blank group and the model group (P < 0.01). Experimental study 2: Number of scales with granular layer formation was higher in the two QBO groups than in the blank group (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: C-QBO and F-QBO can effectively relieve the skin lesion of psoriasis patients in the active stage of blood-heat type, and they could also promote the formation of epithelial granular layer in the caudal scales of mice.

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of minimal invasive neurosurgery in treatment of intervertebral foraminal lesions., Method: Fifty-six patients with intervertebral foraminal lesions were divided into 2 groups: minimal invasive neurosurgery group (MG group, n=31) and traditional neurosurgery group (TG group, n=25). Their pre-operational clinical conditions, methods of surgery, duration and effectiveness of operation were analyzed retrospectively. Follow-up was conducted for 3-48 months., Results: Twenty-three of the 25 patients in the TG group (92%) had their lesions resected completely and 2 of the 31 patients (8%) underwent subtotal resection. In the MG group 28 of the 31 patients (90.32%) had their lesions resected completely, 2 (6.45%) underwent subtotal resection, and 1 patient (3.23%) showed epidural remains and did not receive further treatment. There was no significant difference in the effective rate between these 2 groups. The operation time of the TG group was (188 +/- 35) minutes, significantly longer than that of the MG group [(140 +/- 26) minutes, P < 0.01]. Follow-up showed that all patients resumed their normal life except the patient with epidural remains in the MG group, and no recurrent patient was found., Conclusion: The minimal invasive neurosurgery is convenient, effective, and cheaper to treat intervertebral foraminal lesions. However, precise localization and intimate knowledge of the anatomy are important.

Objective: To investigate the gene expression of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) in lung tissues of silica-treated mice., Methods: The experimental mice were divided into control and silica group. 0.2 g/kg body weight of silica was injected intratracheally in silica group. Samples of lung tissue were collected 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 28 d after injection. RT-PCR method was used to analyze the gene expression of TGF-beta(1) in lung tissue of silica-treated mice., Results: The expression of TGF-beta(1) gene in lung tissue elevated from the 3rd day (1.20 +/- 0.15) and the peak value was on the 7th day (1.74 +/- 0.19). Then the expression decreased from the 14th to 28th day. But there was still higher than control until the 28th day., Conclusion: TGF-beta(1) may play an important role in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Objective: To investigate the protein expression of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) in lung tissues of silica-treated mice., Methods: The experimental mice were divided into control and silica groups. 0.2 g/kg body weight of silica was injected intratracheally in mice of silica group. Samples of lung tissue were collected 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 28 d after injection. The immunohistochemical method was used to analyze the protein expression of TGF-beta(1)., Results: In control mice, the expression of TGF-beta(1) in lung tissue was slightly positive while it was markedly increased in silica-treated mice. The expression was significantly elevated from the 7th day to 14th day. The expression in alveolar macrophages reached the peak on the 5th day [(93.4% +/- 2.8%) vs (42.2% +/- 12.0%), P < 0.01]., Conclusion: TGF-beta(1) may play an important role in early development of silicosis.