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Abstract: Objective To explore the distribution of genetic structure of Y-SNP and Y-STR genetic markers in different ethnic groups and its application in forensic science. Methods SNaPshot minisequencing was used to detect the polymorphisms of 12 Y-SNP loci in 439 males from 6 ethnic groups, including Guangxi Han, Guangxi Jing, Guangxi Miao, Guangxi Yao, Guangxi Zhuang and Guangxi Dong. DNATyperTM Y26 kit was used to multiplex-amplify 26 Y-STR loci. The PCR products were analyzed by 3130xl genetic analyzer. The network analysis of Y-STR haplotype under the same Y-SNP haplogroup was analyzed by Network 5.0 software. Results Six haplogroups defined by 12 Y-SNP loci were detected in 6 ethnic groups, and 362 haplotypes were detected in 26 Y-STR loci. The haplotype diversity was 0.996 6. In the C haplogroup, the samples from Guangxi Yao, Guangxi Zhuang and Guangxi Dong were clustered on different branches; in the O1 haplogroup, those from Guangxi Zhuang, Guangxi Miao and Guangxi Jing were relatively independent and clustered separately; in the O2 haplogroup, some samples from Guangxi Miao and Guangxi Yao were gathered in a cluster. Conclusion Based on the Y-STR network analysis of samples with identical haplogroup of Y-SNP, some ethnic groups can be preliminarily distinguished, which could be used to infer male suspects' ethnic group through detecting their genetic markers left in the crime scene., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.)

Leiomyosarcoma is an uncommon tumor that rarely occurred in extremity. Multiple leiomyosarcomas in different extremities is even rarer. We report a 90 year-old male veteran who was found to have four leiomyosarcomas, one in right arm and the other three in right thigh. The patient sustained gunshot injuries over right thigh and right arm about 60 years ago in a war with severe wound sepsis due to open communited fracture of the femur. These tumors happened to distribute in the vicinity of the old scars. It was speculated that these multicentric tumors were due to decreased immune surveillance caused by aging and induced by the previous trauma. The literatures were reviewed and the diagnostic methods, surgical treatment and the adjuvant therapy were discussed.

The rectus abdominis muscle, due to its strategic location in the abdomen with its dual blood supply and wide arc of transposition, is ideally suited to repair defects over the chest, abdomen, groin and perineum. The muscle is generally based on the superior epigastric artery, deep inferior epigastric artery and their associated capillary communications. From September 1989 to September 1990, at Taichung Veterans General Hospital, seven cases were presented utilizing unilateral rectus abdominis muscle or myocutaneous flap for local or free tissue transfer. The recipient areas included abdomen, groin, perineum, lower leg and a penis reconstruction. Of all flaps that survived, one developed minor skin necrosis causing urethral orifice stricture and urethrocutaneous fistula that later required repair. All cases achieved the surgical goals. There was no donor site infection, nor abdominal wall herniation but persisted wound pain in 2 cases was noted during the follow-up period. All patients resumed daily activity without limitation about six weeks postoperatively. The large skin territory with abundant soft tissue offers versatile flap design. The dissection is simple, speedy and straight foreward. The deep inferior epigastric vessels are long and their calibers are suitable for vascular anastomosis. Usually, the donor sites are primary closed. We recommend this flap as one to be considered in reconstruction planning and as a donor material for free tissue transfer.

An Abbe flap with lateral vermilion extension (Fleur-de-lis flap) was used in four cases of secondary deformity of lip and palate with tightness and thinness of upper lip following primary cleft lip and palate surgery. The Abbe island flap was converted into fleur-de-lis flap with extensive mucosal wings to improve the fullness of the upper lip. The results were considered to be superior to those obtained by using an Abbe flap only. The balance between the lips was also improved. The technique is recommended in patients of secondary deformity of cleft lip with severe shortage and thinness of the lip vermilion.

The lateral calcaneal artery flap provides a simple and reliable option for reconstructing the posterior heel defect. In our 10 cases including 3 diabetic patients, there was no flap necrosis, but one had the problem of wound healing. In another case, the skin graft over the flap donor site failed to take. All patients have protective sensation on the flap area, and 7 ambulatory patients can engage in a normal daily activity. Numbness over the lateral foot does not cause any trouble. There are a lot of spoke injuries in our 6-million-motorcycle country. When the conservative treatments do not achieve a satisfactory result, the lateral calcaneal artery flap should be the best surgical intervention for the defect less than 5 cm in diameter with bone or tendon exposure.