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Background Early neurological deterioration (END) is common after acute ischemic stroke, which contributes to increased functional impairment and mortality in patients. Triglyceride glucose index (TyG index) is an independent predictor of the severity of neurological deficits in patients with acute ischemic stroke and is also associated with early recurrent ischemic lesions, however, its correlation with the incidence of END in single subcortical infarction (SSI) has been rarely reported and the correlation remains unclear. Objective To investigate the correlation between TyG index and the incidence of END in patients with SSI. Methods A total of 197 patients diagnosed with SSI and admitted within 72 h after symptom onset in the Department of Neurology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from 2020 to 2021 were included in the study and divided into the END group (n=45) and non-END group (n=152) based on whether END was developed. The clinical data of the patients were collected and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the correlation between TyG index and the incidence of END in patients with SSI. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to assess the predictive value of TyG index for END in patients with SSI. Results The proportion of patients with diabetes, FBG, TG and TyG index were higher in the END group than the non-END group (P0.05). The ROC area under the curve (AUC) of TyG index for predicting END in patients with SSI was 0.66〔95%CI (0.57, 0.75), P=0.001〕, with an optimal cut-off value of 8.61, sensitivity of 0.689 and specificity of 0.638. Patients were divided into those with TyG index≥8.61 (n=86) and those with TyG index

Objective To investigate the relationship between triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and the total load of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and its different imaging markers. Methods A total of 202 patients with CSVD admitted to The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2020 to May 2022 were selected. The clinical data of all patients were collected and TyG index was calculated. The lacunes, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and enlarged perivascular space (EPVS) were evaluated by MRI, and total load of CSVD score was calculated. Results 1) TyG index and total load of CSVD score: Logistic regression analysis showed the male (OR = 2.245, 95%CI: 1.017-4.957; P = 0.045), increase of age (OR = 1.084, 95%CI: 1.046-1.124; P = 0.000), hypertension (OR = 2.457, 95%CI: 1.189-5.078; P = 0.015) and increase of TyG index (OR = 2.657, 95%CI: 1.353-5.216; P = 0.005) were risk factors for moderate and severe total load of CSVD. 2) TyG index and imaging markers of CSVD: Logistic regression analysis showed the increase of TyG index was the risk factor of moderate and severe WMH (OR = 2.313, 95%CI: 1.095-4.885; P = 0.028), CMBs (OR = 1.690, 95%CI: 1.011-2.824; P = 0.045), lacunes (OR = 2.087, 95%CI: 1.235-3.525; P = 0.006), moderate and severe EPVS in basal ganglia (OR = 2.005, 95%CI: 1.190-3.378; P = 0.009). Conclusions TyG index is associated with the total load and various imaging markers of CSVD, which can be used as a valuable biomarker to evaluate CSVD and its severity.

The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of different types of woody forages for fattening Liaoning cashmere goats. 24 both cashmere and meat strain of Liaoning cashmere female goats [2.5 years old and average body weight (43.41±1.76 kg)] were randomly divided into four groups, with six goats in each group. Group 1 was the control, and the others were feeding with 10% Vitex, Caragana microphylla and oak leaves. The experimental period was 75 d. The results showed that the crude protein content of Vitex was significantly lower than that of Caragana microphylla and oak leaves (P<0.05), the crude fat content of Vitex was extremely lower than that of Caragana microphylla and oak leaves (P<0.01), the crude fiber and acid detergent fiber content of Vitex was significantly higher than that of oak leaves ( P<0.05), the calcium content in the oak leaves was extremely higher than that of Vitex and Caragana microphylla (P<0.01), and the content of phosphorus in the oak leaves was significantly higher than that of Vitex (P<0.05). The daily weight gain in group 2~4 was extremely higher than that of group 1 (P<0.01), the feed to gain ratio in group 4 was significantly lower than that of group 1 (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of crude protein in group 4 was significantly higher than that in group 1 (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of crude fat was significantly higher than that in group 2 (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of crude fiber in group 4 was significantly higher than that in group 1 ( P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was significantly higher than that in group 2 (P<0.05). Using 10% Vitex, Caragana microphyllaand oak leaves could decrease the cost of ration and increase profiting of ?0.37~0.66 each goat in one day. The study indicates that Vitex, Caragana microphyllaand oak leaves could be used substituting other herbage to get better growth performance, digestibility and economic benefit, and in which oak leave was the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of science and technology, more and more attention has been paid to perioperative microcirculation management. In anesthesia, with the influence of anesthetics, non-anesthetic drugs, surgery, fluid therapy and other factors, microcirculation disorder exists in humans. The benefits of fluid therapy for microcirculation have been more popular than other factors. Anesthesiologists or experts in intensive medical all have ever put forward the concept of microcirculation-oriented fluid therapy or fluid resuscitation, which lacks a large number of clinical studies. At present, the sidestream dark field technology can realize the bedside, non-invasive and real-time monitoring of body microcirculation, and it safely comes into practice in clinical background. It helps monitor the state of microcirculation timely, and thus it's believed that the microcirculation and prognosis of patients can be improved by adjusting the category of fluid and controlling the infusion speed and fluid volume. Microcirculation-oriented fluid therapy will undoubtedly become an important direction of anesthesia management in the future. This article reviews the relative research progress in perioperative microcirculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the active components/ingredients of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid based on the network pharmacology technology, and analyze the network data of its potential targets and mechanisms. The active ingredient screening, protein interaction analysis and pathway annotation were used to further optimize its active components and potential targets, and clarify the pharmacodynamic substance basis and mechanism of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid. Through this technique, we screened out 41 active ingredients in Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid, mainly including 16 alkaloid components, 13 organic acid components, 11 flavonoid components and 1 coumarin component such as chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid, oroxindin, rutin, corynoline, and esculetin. In addition, 6 targets for parotitis, 48 targets for tonsillitis, and 22 targets for pharyngitis were screened. A total of 22 disease signaling pathways are involved, including 4 pathways closely related to inflammation. The IL-17 signaling pathway had the highest D(degree) value and may be most closely related to inflammatory diseases. Through network data excavating, we initially explored the main active components/ingredients of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid, clarified the pharmacodynamic basis of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid treatment-related diseases and its key mechanism of action in this study, hoping to provide a theoretical basis for clinical research, and at the same time, lay the foundation for deep research and promotion of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid product.

Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid has been widely used in the clinical treatment of inflammatory diseases such as upper respiratory tract infections. Taraxaci Herba, as the monarch medicine in Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid, due to its multi-source, multi-origin characteristics, and the difference in the content of active ingredients in different medicinal parts, has become a potential factor for the unstable quality among different batches of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid. In this paper, Thermo Scientific Vanquish ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC) system was used, and the Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System(2012 Edition) issued by National Pharmacopoeia Commission was used for processing and analysis. The main common peaks were identified and contents were determined by comparison with reference substances. Fingerprints of Taraxaci Herba medicinal materials from different origins were established. 13 common peaks were identified, and 29 batches of samples from five origins had similarities above 0.90. At the same time, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the determination of monocaffeoyl tartaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, chicoic acid, and luteolin in Taraxaci Herba. The quantitative analysis conditions were verified by methodology, and the average sample recovery was 97.30%-101.8%. The results showed that the content of the same ingredient in Taraxaci Herba from different origins and different medicinal parts was obviously different, and the fluctua-tion range was also different for different ingredients. The establishment of UPLC fingerprints for Taraxaci Herba from different regions combined with multi-component content determination methods provides a reference for improving the quality control of Taraxaci Herba medicinal materials, and also provides a source guarantee for the quality improvement of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid.

On the basis of anti-inflammatory activity, combined with multiple indicators, the quality markers of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid were screened and determined for quality control. Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) was used to induce normal human bronchial epithelial cell(NHBE) inflammation model. The anti-inflammatory effects of the main chemical components in Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid were examined one by one, and the pharmacodynamic basis for the overall anti-inflammatory efficacy of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid was clarified to identify the quality markers of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid and the contents of the quality markers were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The results showed that adenosine, epigoitrin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cichoric acid, corynoline, baicalin, wogonoside, wogonin and oroxylin A had a certain regulatory effect on inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α), interleukin(IL-1β) and IL-6 at specific concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Considering the factors such as the IC&#95;(50) value of each monomer component and the comprehensiveness of the quality control components, we proposed to use adenosine, cichoric acid, corynoline, baicalin and wogonin as quality markers of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid. The contents of the five components were determined by HPLC, and the results showed that they were relatively stable in three batches of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid. In this study, the quality control components selected by the anti-inflammatory activity test have a clear material basis, covering all four active pharmaceutical ingredients, which can fully reflect the quality of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid, and effectively improve the quality control standard of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid.

Acupuncture therapy is effective in the treatment of quite a lot of clinical conditions. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that acupuncture therapy not only has specific therapeutic effects, but also in a large part has non-specific effects such as the patient's and/or acupuncture practitioner's "unity of form and spirit", "treatment experience and environment" and "expectations and trust", etc. In the present article, we make a review about progresses of recent researches on the non-specific effect of acupuncture therapy and its influencing factors from 1) placebo acupuncture, 2) expectancy effect, 3) Hawthorne effect, and 4) Pygmalion effect. The placebo acupuncture intervention may enhance the therapeutic effect by triggering the cutaneous somatosensory afferents, brainstem, hypothalamus, limbic system, etc. to produce cognitive and emotional responses. The patient's expectancy and belief about acupuncture analgesia are associated with activities of the spino-thalamo-cortical pathway, cingulate gyrus, endogenous opioid system, emotional and reward circuits, etc. Regarding the Hawthorne effect and Pygmalion effect, it is supposed that the patients' behavioral tendency changes and higher expectations for acupuncture treatment may produce a positive impact on the outcomes of treatment. In-depth exploration of the influencing factors and the therapeutic targets of acupuncture treatment will further improve clinical effect, and serve the patients better.

The preferred conformations of the ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in Ephedra sinica Stapf and rat urine were analyzed by the hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and their extraction mechanisms were illuminated. The method of the separation of the ephedrine and pseudoephedrine and the determination of their concentrations with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were established. The optimal experimental conditions were as follows: the organic phase carrier was the hollow fiber of polyvinylidene fluoride (MOF-503), organic solvent was n-hexanol, the extraction time was 35 min, the stirring rate was 1200 r/min, the sample phase was the NaOH solution (5 mol/L) of the analyte, the acceptor was 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 solution. The extracts were analyzed by HPLC. Under the optimal conditions, the method is convenient and highly sensitive. In Ephedra sinica Stapf, the linear ranges of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine were 5-100 microg/L, the detection limits were 1.9 microg/L and 1.2 microg/L and the enrichment factors were 38 and 61, respectively. The average recoveries of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine were 100.6% +/- 1.2% and 103.2% +/- 3.5%, respectively. In rat urine, their linear ranges were 100 - 5 x 10(4) microg/L, the detection limits were 30 microg/L and 42 microg/L and the enrichment factors were 20 and 17, respectively. In rat urine, their average recoveries were 108.4% +/- 4.4% and 106. 1% +/- 5.4%, respectively. The obtained results indicated that the method can be successfully applied for the extraction and determination of the ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in Ephedra sinica Stapf and rat urine.

Objective: To investigate the effects of propofol on the three kinds of brain injuries induced by metabolic disorder, neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acid, and oxygen-derived free radicals in rat cerebral cortical and hippocampal slices., Methods: Slices of rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus were made and incubated in normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid (nACSF). Then the rat cerebral cortical and hippocampal slices were divided into 2 categories: propofol group, the slices in which were co-incubated with 5, 50, or 100 micro mol/L propofol for 3 hours, and 3 experimental injury groups. Each experimental injury group was further subdivided into 3 subgroups including the slices of 4 rats. Two hours after normal incubation the slices were co-incubated with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Formazan, the red crystal product were extracted, and ELISA reader was used to read the absorbance at 490 nm (A(490)) so as to quantitatively evaluate the degree of injury., Results: The values of A(490) of the slices co-incubated with propofol of different concentrations were not significantly different. Compared with those of the control subgroups, the values A490 were significantly decreased in the cerebral cortical and hippocampus slices damaged by OGD, glutamate, and H(2)O(2) injuries (all P < 0.01). The values of A(490) in the subgroups of low and middle concentrations (5 and 50 micro mol/L) of propofol plus OGD or glutamate injury were not significantly different from those of the subgroups of OGD or glutamate injury alone, both in cerebral cortical and hippocampal slices. However, the values of A(490) in the subgroups of high concentration of propofol (100 micro mol/L) plus OGD or glutamate injury was further decreased (P < 0.01). The values of A(490) in the subgroups of low and middle concentrations of propofol plus H(2)O(2) injury were significantly higher than those of the injury subgroup (all P < 0.01), however, however, the values of A490 in the high concentration propofol plus H(2)O(2) injury subgroup were significantly lower than those of the control group (all P < 0.01), even lower than that of the subgroup of H(2)O(2) injury alone., Conclusion: Propofol has a neuroprotective effect against hydrogen peroxide injury at low and middle concentrations. Propofol of low and middle concentrations does not improve the decrease of the value of A(490). however, propofol of high concentration augments the oxygen-glucose deprivation and glutamate injuries both in the rat cerebral cortical slices and hippocampal slices.

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nnAChRs) are members of the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily, and widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems with many subunits. NnAChRs have been represented novel targets for a wide variety of therapeutic agents based on their complex functions. It is known that both central and peripheral nnAChRs are sensitive to various types of general anesthetics, among those, barbiturates, ketamine, volatile and gaseous anesthetics depress nnAChRs at or below clinical concentrations. It is possible that inhibition of nnAChRs is one of factors involved in the mechanisms of general anesthesia.