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Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To explore the effect of nitrogen deposition on evergreen conifers in the mid-subtropical zone, we conducted simulated atmospheric nitrogen deposition experiments in Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Fujian Province. We devised three treatment conditions, namely control(CK, 0 kg·hm-2·a-1), low nitrogen(LN, 40 kg·hm-2·a-1), and high nitrogen(HN, 80 kg·hm-2·a-1). The response of plant biomass and its distribution to nitrogen deposition were analyzed in Chinese fir saplings. No significant differences in the leaf, bark, trunk, branch, root, aboveground part, and total biomass were observed between the CK and LN treatment groups（P＞0.05), nor between the CK and HN treatment groups（P＞0.05). However, the root biomass in the HN treatment was significantly greater than that in the CK treatment（P＜0.05). No significant differences in the leaf, branch, bark, and trunk mass ratios were observed between the LN and CK treatments（P＞0.05). Moreover, the mass, root leaf, and root shoot ratios increased significantly in the LN treatment（P＜0.05), while the aboveground part mass ratio decreased（P＜0.05). The leaf, branch, bark, trunk, aboveground part, and root mass ratios as well as the root shoot ratio did not differ significantly between the HN and CK treatments（P＞0.05); however, the root leaf ratio increased significantly relative to that in the CK treatment（P＜0.05). Leaf and branch biomass as well as leaf, branch, trunk, and aboveground part biomass exhibited a significant positive correlation under different nitrogen deposition treatments（P＜0.01). Branch and trunk biomass were positively correlated under both CK and HN treatments, while showing a significant negative correlation under LN treatment（P＜0.01). Aboveground part biomass and root biomass were positively correlated under CK treatment, but negatively correlated under LN and HN treatments（P＜0.01). In conclusion, nitrogen deposition generally promoted the growth of Chinese fir saplings and increased biomass accumulation. The growth of Chinese fir saplings was maintained through the greater allocation of biomass to roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Forest Products Industry is the property of China Forest Products Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The experiment was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of total flavonoids of stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus. The in vitro antioxidant assay and the establishment of a chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) oxidative damage model were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of total flavonoids from stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus. The results showed that total flavonoids of Acanthopanax stoloniferum had strong ability to scavenge oxidative free radicals in vitro, and had protective effect on oxidatively damaged CEF cells, regulating the changes of T-AOC, SOD, GSH-Px activity and MDA content caused by oxidative damage. The study indicates that the total flavonoids of stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus has strong antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] The transfer and accumulation characteristics of heavy metal cadmium in soil mulberry system after reclamation in abandoned lead-zinc mining area were revealed. [Method] The mulberry orchard used as the research object in the 14 years of recultivation in the mining area was determined by measuring the leaves, branch bark, branch wood, stem bark, stem wood thick root bark, thick root wood and all fine roots of mulberry trees and total cadmium and available cadmium in soil in mulberry garden. [Result] (i) The distribution ratio of the cadmium accumulation of the whole mulberry plant on the roots, branches and leaves was about 12: 5: 3. (ii) Differences in cadmium content in various tissues and organs of mulberry trees were shown as follows : fine roots > branch bark > stem bark > rough root bark > leaf > rough root wood > stem wood > branch wood. There was significant difference in cadmium concentration between fine roots and stem wood of mulberry, but there was no significant difference among other tissues and organs. The cadmium contents were 0. 21, 0. 13, 0. 11, 0. 10, 0. 09, 0. 04, 0. 03 and 0. 01 mg/kg. (iii) The cadmium enrichment ability of various tissues and organs of mulberry tree was as follows: fine root > branch bark > stem bark > leaf > rough root bark > rough root wood > stem wood > branch wood. The coefficients were 1. 04, 0. 87, 0. 70, 0. 5 6, 0. 53, 0. 23, 0. 16 and 0. 08. (iv) The ability of cadmium to be transported from fine roots to various organs was asfollows: shoot bark section > stem bark section > leaf > stem wood section > branch wood section, and the transfer coefficients were 0. 62, 0. 54, 0. 41, 0.13 and 0. 07. ( v) Low soil available cadmium content was beneficial to the enrichment and transport of cadmium by mulberry trees. [Conclusion] Fine roots are the main part for mulberry to absorb and accumulate cadmium, and the skin is the main way for cadmium migration in mulberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine function and expression patterns of the sucrose phosphate synthase（SPS） gene in Masson pine（Pinus massoniana Lamb.),four sucrose phosphate synthase genes（PmSPS1 to PmSPS4） were studied. The four SPS genes were identified using Masson pine transcriptome data and were cloned from Masson pine. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted and the relative expressions of the genes were detected by qRT-PCR in different tissues, different-yield oleoresin germplasm, and following stress caused by low levels of phosphorus. The open reading frames of the genes ranged from 1 701 to 3 243 bp, encoding 566 to 1 080 amino acids. Phylogenetic tree analysis confirmed that PmSPS1 and PmSPS3 belonged to subfamily A, with PmSPS2 and PmSPS4 in subfamily B. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that PmSPS2 and PmSPS4 were most highly expressed in needles, with PmSPS1 and PmSPS3 obviously expressed in bark. The expression of PmSPS1 and PmSPS3 did not highly differ between young and mature tissues. The expressions of PmSPS2 and PmSPS4 were significantly higher（P<0.05） in mature needles than in young needles, while there were no significant changes between young and mature stems. In addition, the expression levels of PmSPS1 and PmSPS3 were not significantly different between high and low-yield oleoresin germplasm, while the expression levels of PmSPS2 and PmSPS4 in needle of high-yield oleoresin germplasm were higher than those of low-yield oleoresin germplasm and lower in high-yield oleoresin xylem than in low-yield. The expression levels of all four PmSPS genes were up-regulated in needles in the presence of low phosphorus. PmSPS2 expression was the highest, being 3.18 times higher than that of the control. The collective results showed that the four SPS genes obtained by cloning were distributed in subfamilies A and B. The genes of different subfamilies showed different expression characteristics. The results provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent in-depth study of the functions of SPS family genes in Masson pine [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Collective antioxidant effect of different concentrations of grap skin extract and controlled freezing point techniqueice on beef was studied. With chilled beef as the research object, color difference values (L* and a* value), drip loss, shear force, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS value) and the sensory index of beef storaged period of 1, 3, 5, 7 d were determined, beef immetsed with distilled water and storaged in 4 ° was used as the control 1, beef soaked with distilled water and storaged above freezing point was used as the control 2. The results showed that the sensory properties of beef treated by 0.15 % grape skin extract and ice-temperature preservation were excellent at the 7th day of storage. Under this condition, L* value was 38.16, a* value was 19.92, drop loss was 0.68 %, shear force was 4 321 g, TBARS value was 0.18 mg/kg, and the antioxidant effect on chilled beef had been shown significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to solve the problem in extracting features manually in the application of remote sensing, which is time-consuming, labor-intensive and low accuracy, and is hard to acquire the annotated data, the tree species classification algorithm of convolutional neural network remote sensing image based on migration learning is proposed. Firstly, the lneven-v3 model trained on ImageNet is introduced to extract the image features of tree species. A new fully connected layer and Softmax layer are trained to change the figure of nodes in the output layer through the AID standard dataset and the self-collecting dataset of experimental forest farm of Northeast Forestry University. Secondly, the phenomenon of overfitting is improved through the introduction of the Dropout function. Finally, the model is optimized by back propagation. The experiment results show that the overall classification accuracies on two data sets are 98. 8% and 97. 2%, respectively, and the Kappa coefficients are 0. 987 and 0. 984, respectively. The experiment results indicate that the algorithm mentioned above can not only reduce the number of parameters of the convolutional neural network, but also improve the accuracy of target classification and recognition. Compared with the traditional methods of tree species classification, this algorithm can automatically extract the characteristics of tree species, and the problem that the high accuracy depends on the number of experimental samples is solved, and this algorithm has high application value in tree species classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the wood property of Beilschmiedia, the volume and the quality method were used to determine the bark percentage, and the drainage method was used to determine the wood volume, then the measured data were analyzed. The results showed that the average bark volume percentage and bark mass percentage were 6. 42% and 8. 20% respectively, showing an increasing trend in the tree height direction. From pith to sapwood, the green density change of south and north was similar, showing an increasing trend, and the basic density change of south and north also showed an increasing trend. The basic density decreasing direction with increasing height, the average was 0. 619 g/cm~3. But the green density had no obvious regularity, the average was 1. 021 g/cm~3.The moisture content of green wood in the south and north was decreasing and then increasing direction from pith to sapwood. The moisture content of green wood in the south and north generally showed an increasing trend with the increase of tree height, with an average value of 65. 55%. The study provided scientific data for processing using of Beilschmiedia wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (1001-1803) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (1001-1803) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to solve the problem of low recognition rate of MFCC parameter, a feature extraction algorithm based on the Bark wavelet packet transform with Fisher is put forward. Firstly, wavelet packet transform is used to construct Bark filter, which can replace the triangular Mel filter. According to the Fisher criterion, feature parameters filtered by Bark filter are adopted, removing the interference information and saving the time of feature matching. Simulation results show that the algorithm is able to enhance the recognition rate and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betula platyphylla is a pioneer tree species after fire disturbance in forest communities in the Daxing'an Mountains of China. Bark, as an external structure of vascular cambium, plays an important role in protection and transport. To understand the survival strategy of B. platyphylla under fire disturbance, we analyzed the functional traits of inner and outer bark of B. platyphylla at different heights (0.3, 0.8 and 1.3 m) in natural secondary forest of the Daxing'an Mountains. We further quantified the explanation of three environmental factors (stand, topography and soil) and identified the key factors driving the changes in those traits. The results showed that the relative inner bark thickness of B. platyphylla in burned plot followed an order of 0.3 m (4.7%) > 0.8 m (3.8%) > 1.3 m (3.3%), which was 28.6%, 14.4% and 3.1% higher than that in the unburned plot (30-35 years without fire disturbance), respectively. The relative outer bark thickness and the relative total bark thickness showed similar pattern with tree height. Fire had different effects on other bark functional traits of B. platyphylla . The inner bark density of B. platyphylla in burned plot was significantly decreased by 3.8%-5.6% and water content was significantly increased by 11.0%-12.2%, compared with that in unburned plot across the three heights. However, the contents of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in inner (or outer) bark were not significantly affected by fire. Further, the mean inner bark nitrogen content at 0.3 m in burned plot (5.24 g·kg -1 ) was significantly higher than that at the other two heights (4.56-4.76 g·kg -1 ). Environmental factors explained 49.6% and 28.1% of the total variation in inner and outer bark functional traits, respectively, with the highest single explanation (18.9% or 9.9%) of soil factors. Diameter at breast height was the most important factor affecting the growth of inner and outer barks. In summary, fire affected survival strategies of B. platyphylla ( e.g ., increased the resource allocation to the base bark) via changing the environment factors, which would help improve their defense ability under fire disturbance.

The biomass of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon, a dominant species in karst forest, was studied by the regression estimation method from three aspects of moisture content, biomass spatial-temporal heterogeneity and biomass model fitting to evaluate the biomass of karst forest. The results showed that: (i) The moisture content in leaves and dry wood of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon was obviously higher than that in its other different com ponents, and the moisture content of different components is leaf > dry wood > branch > bark; (ii) The biomass spatial distribution of different components was dry wood > branch > leaf > bark and presents a rising trend with increase of age and DBH ( diameter at breast height). The optimum regression models for biomass of different components of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon were built based on regression analysis of wood biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrobium officinale plantlets were cultivated in pots with bark and sphagnum moss substrate respectively during the hardening-seeding stage to study the effect of different substrate on growth dynamics of Dendrobium officinale plantlets. The plantlets cultivated in pots with sphagnum moss substrate have advantages of fast root germination, strong bud tillering ability and health plantlets with dark green leaves but the plantlets cultivated in pots with bark substrate performance slow root germination and poor plantlets with yellow leaves and leaf abscission. The leaf thickness and stem diameter of plantlets cultivated in pots with sphagnum moss substrate are very significantly higher than the plantlets cultivated in pots with bark substance. The height, leaf width, root length, root number/ cluster, biomass/ten plantlets of the plant lets cultivated in pots with sphagnum moss substrate are significantly higher than the plantlets cultivated in pots with bark substrate but there are no significant differences in leaf length, leaf number, node number and root/shoot ratio between two substrates. In conclusion, sphagnum moss substrate should be used during the hardening-seedling stage of Dendrobium officinale plantlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is one of the countries with serious forest fires. Besides the methods of strengthening management of fire source and increasing forest fire monitoring and rescue efforts, improving the ability of forest itself to resist fire is also the key to prevent forest fires. In this study, we examined the characteristics of the bark across 11 main tree species in Korean pine broad-leaved forest at Jiaohe Forestry Experimental Area in Jilin Province. Fire resistance of bark acorss the tree species was evaluated comprehensively with four indices of water content, ash content, calorific value and oxygen index, using the methods of entropy weight, variance analysis and cluster analysis. Results showed that water content of bark was the highest in Phellodendron amurense. Calorific value of bark was the lowest and ash content was the highest in Ulmus davidiana. Oxygen index of bark was the highest in Fraxinus mandshurica. Bark fire resistance of 11 tree species followed the order of U. davidiana > Acer mono > Acer triflorum > Acer mandshuricum > F. mandshurica > Quercus mongolica > P. amurense > Tilia amurensis > Juglans mandshurica > Pinus koraiensis > Betula costata. The tree species in Korean pine broad-leaved forest could be classified to five categories according to bark fire resistance: U. davidiana belonged to the category of strongest fire-resistance; A. mono and A. triflorum belonged to the category of strong fire-resistance; A. mandshuricum, F. mandshurica, Q. mongolica, P. amurense, T. amurensis belonged to the category of common fire-resistance; J. mandshurica and P. koraiensis belonged to the category of weak fire-resistance; and B. costata belonged to the category of poor fire-resistance.

The reuse of tailwater as recycled water requires an advanced nitrogen removal treatment, during which carbon source is added based on the tailwater quality. This study conducted an advanced nitrogen removal model test in constructed wetland to evaluate the effects of influent NO 3 -N loading on denitrification and carbon releasing. In the constructed wetland, bark was used as filler and carbon source for nitrogen removal. The results showed that nitrogen removal was steady in the constructed wetland filled with bark. Denitrification velocity followed the Monod equation, and it increased as the influent NO - -N loading on denitrification and carbon releasing. In the constructed wetland, bark was used as filler and carbon source for nitrogen removal. The results showed that nitrogen removal was steady in the constructed wetland filled with bark. Denitrification velocity followed the Monod equation, and it increased as the influent NO 3 - -N loading increased. The saturation constant K S -N loading increased. During the early periods of operating the constructed wetland filled with bark, the carbon releasing amount and velocity increased as the influent NO -1 . NO 3 - . Compared with the hollow and loose plant carbons, such as rotten wood, bark had a better performance and a longer cycle of carbon releasing, which made bark a good slow-release carbon source.3 - -N loading increased. During the early periods of operating the constructed wetland filled with bark, the carbon releasing amount and velocity increased as the influent NO 3 - -N loading increased. Both factors were positively linearly correlated with the influent NO 3 - -N loading. The static carbon releasing velocity was 0.2 mg·(g·d) -1 . Compared with the hollow and loose plant carbons, such as rotten wood, bark had a better performance and a longer cycle of carbon releasing, which made bark a good slow-release carbon source.