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Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Imaging Science & Photochemistry is the property of Imaging Science & Photochemistry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous studies have demonstrated superior cognitive function and information processing efficiency in elite athletes. However, most researchers drew such conclusions only by means of evaluating mean reaction times (RTs), which cannot be used to directly infer information processing efficiency in athletes. This impedes research development and practical cognitive science applications in the field of sports science. Here, we investigated differences in information processing capacity between elite soccer players and non-athletes by comparing mean reaction time and workload capacity evaluated using Systems Factorial Technology (SFT) (Townsend & Nozawa, 1995). A total of 27 first division soccer players and 26 controls from the general student population took part in the experiment. All participants were matched for weight, height, and age. A double-dot redundant-target task was adopted to examine the effect of visuo-spatial attention between the two groups. Further, event-related potential (ERP) was employed to explore the neural mechanisms underlying the responses. The behavioral findings demonstrated that soccer players exhibited faster reaction time than the controls, while no significant between-groups differences in workload capacity were found. In terms of ERPs, the results revealed a significantly shorter N1 latency for the soccer players compared to the controls, while such an effect was not observed for N1 amplitude. According to these findings, athletes practicing strategic sports may have superior processing speed while performing a visuo-spatial detection task. However, such cognitive superiority might not be associated with information processing capacity in this case. On the other hand, greater processing speed for soccer players may be inferred from the ERP results, which may explain why they had faster visuo-motor responses when performing the double-dot detection task. To summarize, this is study re-examined the cognitive superiority of athletes using a novel approach (i.e., SFT) along with ERP, and it is expected that this work may inspire researchers to further understand the role of cognition in sports from different perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To explore the influence of somatosensory and visual sense on balance control ability of freestyle skiing aerial athletes. Methods Using the Balance Disc and Finland Metitur Postural Balance Measuring System, 20 athletes (10 males and 10 females) were tested for anti-interference of balance control ability; the lateral stability Vx,the front and back stability Vy of the human body pressure center were selected as the test indicators. According to gender ( male, female), standing pattern (left leg or right leg) and sensory conditions (4 kinds of conditions), the 3 factors, the three-way ANOVA (2x2x4) with repeated measures was used to test the influence of different factors on the difference of balance control abilities. Results (1) There was a significant difference in the main effect of each factor (P<0.05), and a significant difference in the interaction between standing pattern and sensory condition (P<0.05); (2) All kinds of sensory conditions significantly reduced the ability of balance control ( P<0.01), with the reduction degree of closed eyes with balance disc> open eyes with balance disc>closed eyes>open eyes. (3) The somatosensory interference with side stability Vx interference was significantly higher than that of the front and back stability Vy (P<0.01); (4) The somatosensory interference of the right leg was significantly greater than that of the left leg (P<0.05). (5) Double sensory interference was significantly higher than that of single sensory interference (P<0.01). Conclusion The interference of somatosensory and vision seriously reduces the balance control ability of athletes, and the somatosensory is more serious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cognitive and neuroscience science has been a promising approach in sport psychology. In particular, there has been increased attention given to the role of mind in sports. Although most empirical studies have pointed out the importance of cognitive function supporting sports expertise, the generalizability of current findings to applications in field settings has been limited, which may be due in part to lacking of a comprehensive review and practical guide on this topic. Accordingly, we conducted a systematic review to discuss the published literature regarding sports and cognitive neuroscience so as to understand the past and present in this field. This review then discussed the potential mechanisms explaining the existing research findings from the point of view from current hypothesis/models. Despite some inconsistency, the review of most of the previous studies reveals that individual differences in cognitive functioning may be related to sports type, expertise level, and playing position. Further, higher-order cognitive functions such executive functions or inhibition have been demonstrated to predict sporting performance. Despite these promising findings, the discrepancy in findings and the adaption of low ecologically valid experimental condition as well as crosssectional design may impede the real-world application of research findings. Accordingly, this review also proposed the directions for future research and field applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Capital Institute of Physical Education is the property of Shoudu Tiyu Xueyuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: There are many studies on kinesio taping effects on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in general population, but its effects in athletes are little reported. Moreover, the assessment criterion is based on pain index, but not on biochemical factors. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of kinesio taping on DOMS in athletes. METHODS: Forty-three athletes were recruited, and randomized into trial (n=21) and control (n=22) groups. All subjects underwent bilateral knee extension under 70% of maximum load for 5 courses (10 times a course, with 120 seconds in between) to create model of DOMS. Only the trial group received kinesio taping. The Visual Analogue Scale score, interleukin 6 and creatine kinase levels were determined at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours after DOMS. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Visual Analogue Scale scores at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours after DOMS in the trial group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.01). The interleukin 6 level at 0 and 24 hours after DOMS in the trial group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). In the trial group, the Visual Analogue Scale scores increased firstly and then decreased (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The interleukin 6 level was on a decline, and the level was significantly decreased compared with 0 hour after DOMS (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The interleukin 6 level at 48 and 72 hours was significantly lower than that at 24 hours (P < 0.05). The creatine kinase level increased firstly and then decreased. Compared with 0 hour, there was a significant increase in creatine kinase level at 24 hours, and a significant decrease at 72 hours (P < 0.05). The creatine kinase level at 48 and 72 hours was significantly lower than that at 24 hours (P < 0.05). To conclude, kinesio taping significantly alleviates inflammatory reaction in athletes with DOMS, and shortens the recovery time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Capital Institute of Physical Education is the property of Shoudu Tiyu Xueyuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Studies confirm that niacinamide N-methyl transferase gene (NNMT) polymorphism is associated with human body aerobic exercise capacity. Handball is a kind of mixed oxygen sports, accounting for a proportion of anaerobic exercise in competition or peacetime training, mainly in aerobic exercise. OBJECTIVE: To explore a NNMT gene single nucleotide polymorphism locus rs2256292 associated with the athletic ability of handball players. METHODS: The NNMT genetic polymorphism locus rs2256292 in 28 athletes from Chinese national male handball team (experimental group) and 53 male students (control group) was tested by polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction. The relative VO2max and body constituents index of skeletal muscle, body fat percentage were also tested. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Frequencies of G allele and GG genotype in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Among the 28 athletes, the relative VO2max in the GG genotype group was higher than that in the CG genotype group (P < 0.05). Among the 53 general students, there were no differences in relative VO2max among genotypes. Among the 28 athletes, the skeletal muscle percentage in the GG genotype group was significantly higher than that in the CC and CG genotype groups (P < 0.05). Among the 53 general students, the skeletal muscle percentage in the GG genotype group was significantly higher than that in the CG genotype group (P < 0.05). In addition, there were no differences in the body fat percentage among genotypes in athletes or general students. These results suggest that the NNMT genetic polymorphism locus rs2256292 is significantly correlated with the athletic ability of handball players, with the athletes being more likely to have G allele and carriers of GG genotype having stronger athletic ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Sports effects on bone mineral density (BMD) are found to be related to sport events, intensity and duration time. OBJECTIVE: To understand the relationship between BMD, especially the radius BMD and sports ability. METHODS: Totally 173 subjects were recruited, including 93 basketball athletes (21 elite athletes, 32 first-class athletes and 40 second-class athletes), and 80 sophomores. The BMD of bilateral radius, hip bone, femur, calcaneus, and lumbar vertebrae was measured by Prodigy Advance dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The independent sample t test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis were conducted using SPSS 20.0 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Except for the BMD of lumbar vertebrae, all measurements were significantly different between basketball players and college students (P < 0.05), especially the radial BMD (P < 0.01). Except for the BMD of left radius in male athletes and bilateral radius in female athletes of the elite and first-class groups, all measurements showed significant differences among athletes (P < 0.05). The correlation analysis between basketball ability and radical BMD was stronger in males than in females on the right side than on the left side. Therefore, long-term basketball exercise has a positive impact on appendicular BMD. The radical BMD is positively related to the basketball ability, so it can provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of the index selection of basketball players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: The isokinetic muscle strength test is mainly performed in adult tennis players, and the main tested parts are shoulder joint or single joint. There is a lack of large-sample report on the isokinetic muscle strength of the lower limb joints at different angular velocities in young male tennis players. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the properties of the muscle strength of lower limb joints in young tennis players, and to investigate the changes of the test data at different angular velocities. METHODS: Totally 162 young male tennis players were enrolled to perform isokinetic muscle strength test on bilateral hips, knee and ankle joints using IsoMed 2000: (60 (°)/s (absolute force), 5 times, and 240 (°)/s (explosive force), 25 times. The relative peak torque, the antagonistic/active muscle ratio, the heteronymous muscle strength ratio and the muscle endurance index of the left and right sides were analyzed using paired t test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The relative peak torque of left hip flexor burst was significantly higher than that of the right hip flexor burst (P < 0.05), and the right extensor explosive force was significantly higher than that of the left side (P < 0.01). The left knee flexion, absolute force and explosive force of flexor were significantly larger than those of the right side (P < 0.05). The left ankle flexor power was significantly higher than that of the right side (P < 0.05). The ratio of peak torque of the lower limb at different angular velocities: the hip, knee and ankle joint flexor force absolute ratio was 1.6 : 1.4 : 1. The ratio of the absolute force of the extensor was 10.8 : 7.4 : 1. The flexor force of the hip, knee and ankle joints was 1.3 : 1.2 : 1. The explosive force of the extensor was 9.2 : 8.2 : 1. Antagonistic/active muscle ratio: the hip, knee and ankle joints were 0.56, 0.73, and 3.86 in the absolute force test, respectively. The hip, knee and ankle joints were 0.65, 0.60 and 4.66, respectively in the explosive force test. There were significant differences in the explosive force between left and right sides of the hip and ankle joints (P < 0.05). The heteronymous muscle strength ratio: 10%-20% difference was in the flexor absolute force and knee hip and ankle extensor explosive force. The level of muscular endurance of the lower extremities: the tolerance of the extensor group showed significant difference between left and right knee joints (P < 0.05). The differences were significant in the flexion and extensor groups between left and right ankle joints (P < 0.01). These results indicate that with the angular velocity increasing, the relative peak torque of bilateral hip and knee and ankle flexor and extensor was reduced in young male tennis players. The order of lower limb flexion and extension muscle peak torque was hip > knee > ankle. Moreover, the explosive force changes of ankle at rapid extension were obvious than those of hip and knee joint. There are significant differences in the heteronymous muscle strength ratio in the hip and ankle joint flexion and extension explosive force, so it is recommended to strengthen the flexor explosive force of the right hip joint. The hip flexion and extension endurance in young male tennis players is relatively good, and therefore, the endurance exercise of ankle extensor and knee flexor should be trained more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of comparative data concerning isokinetic muscle strength of elite female basketball players with different athletic levels. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of muscle strength of trunk and lower limbs of elite female basketball players, and to compare the difference in the muscle strength between elite athletes and first-class athletes. METHODS: Sixteen Sichuan Provincial (first-class group), and 17 members of the national team (elite group) female basketball athletes were enrolled, and the flexion and extension muscle strength of trunk, hip, knee and ankle joints in different angular velocity (60(°)/s, 5 times; 240(°)/s, 25 times) were detected using the German IsoMed 2000 isokinetic testing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The right hip extensor and flexor force absolute power, bilateral knee flexor and extensor force and absolute flexion explosive, bilateral ankle flexor and extensor and the explosive force in the elite group were significantly higher than those in the first- class group (P < 0.05).The trunk flexor strength, left hip extensor force and absolute outbreak right hip extensor force and explosive force in the elite group were significantly higher than those in the first-class group (P < 0.01). In the elite group, the hip knee ankle muscle: the absolute strength of flexor 5.0:3.6:1, flexor extensor 5.0:3.2:1 explosive force, absolute force 2.4:1.6:1, extensor explosive force 2.0:1.3:1; in the first-class group had 6.3:3.8:1 absolute strength of flexor flexor, explosive force 6.6:4.2:1, 2.3:1.8:1 absolute extensor force, and 1.8:1.5:1extensor explosive. There were significant differences in the antagonistic/active muscle ratios of torso explosive force, absolute strength of bilateral hip and knee joint and explosive force between two groups (P < 0.05). The lower extremity joint contralateral homonymous muscle in both groups was less than 10%. The trunk flexor and extensor, bilateral hip extensor and bilateral ankle extensor endurance in the elite group were significantly higher than those in the first-class group (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that with the increase of test angle, both groups showed a decrease in trunk and lower limb flexor extensor peak torque to different extents. The lower limb contralateral homonymous muscle was < 10% in both groups. Additionally, the first-class athletes should strengthen the trunk flexor strength, hip flexor and extensor force and absolute power, absolute knee extensor force and ankle flexion, absolute strength and explosive force exercises, also need to increase trunk flexor and extensor, hip and ankle extensor endurance training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Capital Institute of Physical Education is the property of Shoudu Tiyu Xueyuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)