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Objective: To study the relationship between microglia polarization in the spinal dorsal horn and type 2 diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP). And explore the mechanism of RvD1 alleviating type 2 diabetic neuropathic pain., Methods: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats came from the male SD rats which were fed by high-fat and high-sucrose diet and given intraperitoneal streptozotocin(STZ), then detected fa sting blood glucose level, the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL), which was to prepare the type 2 DNP model rats. And they were randomly divided into 3 groups:type 2 DNP group (group D), type 2 DNP and RvD1 group (group R), type 2 DNP and solvent control group (group S), 36 rats in each group. After being given STZ 14 days, the rats of group D, R, S were placed a catheter in subarachnoid cavity. Three days later, the RvD1 10 μ l (10 ng/ μ l) and 100% ethanol 10 μ l were injected into subarach-noid cavity through the catheter once a day for 14 consecutive days. Another 36 normal rats were served as normal control group (group N) and were fed with common forage. MWT and TWL were measured at 1, 3, 7, 14 days after Subarachnoid injection, then the nine rats'spinal cord of the lumbar segment 4~6 were removed to detect the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and arginase 1(Arg1) by Western blot, the marker of microglia M1 and M2 polarization., Results: Compared with group N, MWT was decreased significantly and TWL was shortened, the expression of Arg1 was down-regulated and the expression of iNOS was up-regulated in spinal dorsal horn at the 1, 3, 7, 14 days in groups D and S ( P < 0.05). Compared with group D, MWT was significantly increased and TWL was prolonged, the expression of Arg1 was up-regulated and the expression of iNOS was down-regulated in spinal dorsal horn at the 7, 14 days in group R ( P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the MWT, TWL and expression of Arg1 and iNOS between D and S groups., Conclusions: RvD1 promotes mi-croglia toward M2 polarization and alleviates type 2 diabetic neuropathic pain in rats.