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文章对上下行数据流分别使用差分相移键控（DPSK）和开关键控（OOK）不同的混合调制方式,通过比较下行采用不同调制码型,在没有色散补偿的情况下,实现了20 km、上下行10 Gbit/s对称速率的传输。结果表明,使用反向归零（IRZ）码的混合调制方式可以使下行数据流具有较高的消光比,上行数据流具有较好的色散容限,从而提高了传输系统的整体性能。

文章中设计的四象限InGaAs雪崩光电二极管（Avalanche Photo Diode,APD）的管芯结构采用正入光式平面型结构,而材料结构采用吸收区、倍增区渐变分离的APD结构,在对响应时间、暗电流和响应度等参数进行计算与分析的基础上,优化了器件结构参数。试验结果表明,其响应时间≤1.5 ns,响应度≥9.5 A/W,暗电流≤40 nA,可靠性设计时使PN结和倍增层均在器件表面以下,可有效抑制器件表面漏电流,提高器件的可靠性。

文章介绍了一种能够独立传输MIL-STD-1773协议的光收发器。该系统采用全直流耦合,支持突发工作模式,具有接收灵敏度低（≤-20 dBm）,动态范围大（≥10 dB）,传输距离远等特点。文章重点介绍了系统的应用背景、设计方案、工作原理、控制电路设计、输出曲线分析以及测试得到的主要参数。

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective The aims of this study are to analyze the response of farmland surface runoff and sediment loss to rainfall patterns under different planting modes, to explore the laws of farmland surface runoff and sediment transport in the Poyang Lake plain area under new circumstances, and to provide scientific basis for preventing and controlling farmland surface soil erosion, [Methods] 64 rainfall events were classified using K-means clustering method, and combined with monitoring data such as runoff and sediment production in runoff plots, the impact of surface runoff and sediment losses in different rainfall types of farmlands under three planting modes were analyzed. Results] (1) The duration, rainfall and maximum rainfall intensity of 30 minutes were taken as the rainfall characteristic indicators. The rainfall could be divided into 4 types (type A: 'medium duration, small rainfall and light rainfall intensity', type B: 'short duration, small rainfall and medium rainfall intensity', type C: 'long duration, heavy rainfall and medium rainfall intensity', and type D: short duration, medium rainfall and heavy rainfall intensity'). (2) The variation of runoff and rainfall of each planting mode was basically the same, and the runoff was also more when the rainfall was larger. In each month dry farming mode produced the most runoff, (3) No matter what type of rainfall, the runoff and sediment losses of dry farming mode were the highest. Under the types A and C. the runoff and sediment yields of water farming mode were the lowest. Under the type B. the runoff reduction effect of water and dry rotation mode was the best. (4) There were significant differences in the total runoff and sediment loss under different planting modes, and the performance followed the order: dry farming mode paddy upland rotation mode paddy farming mode. [Conclusion In conclusion. compared with the dry farming model, the water farming model has certain advantages in reducing runoff and sediment, especially when dealing with type A and type C. the effect of runoff and sediment reduction is more obvious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering is the property of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Refrigeration is the property of Journal of Refrigeration Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Industrial Water Treatment is the property of CNOOC Tianjin Chemical Research & Design Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to optimize the technical problems of cutting rooting of rare and endangered tree species Euptelea pleiosper⁃ mum, using 1-year-old semi lignified branches of E. pleiospermum wood as cutting materials, an orthogonal experimental design was adopted to explore the effects of different substrates, exogenous hormones, concentrations, and treatment times on the rooting of E. pleiospermum wood cutting through the calculation of rooting rate, root effect index, and other indicators (Matrix type、hormone type, mass concentration, hormone treatment time were four factors, and each factor had four gradients). The membership function numerical method was used to comprehensively evaluate the rooting effect of 16 treatment combinations, providing technical reference for the expansion of E. pleiospermum wood. Among the four cutting substrate ratios (100% peat；V (peat)∶V (perlite)=5∶2；V (peat)∶ V(vermiculite)=5∶2；V(peat)∶V(perlite)∶V(vermiculite)=5∶2∶2，V represents the volume ratio), peat： perlite (5∶2) had the best rooting effect, with a rooting rate, average root length, longest root length, average root number, and average root diameter of 56. 67%，6. 74 cm，7. 47 cm，5. 73 stripes/ears, and 0. 31 cm, respectively. The root effect index reached 1. 74, which was much higher than the other three substrate ratios (P<0. 05). The results of the orthogonal experiment showed that the rooting effect of cut‐ tings soaked with ABT-1 at a concentration of 1 g/L for 5 seconds was the best, with a rooting rate of 65. 73%, an average root length of 7. 38 cm, an average number of 7. 59 stripes/ears, a maximum root length of 7. 52 cm, an average root diameter of 0. 35 cm, and a root effect index of 1. 87. Comprehensive analysis showed that the optimal treatment combination for rooting effect was (peat to perlite volume ratio 5∶2 as substrate, with the highest average membership function value in ABT-1 at a medium speed of 1. 0 g/L for 5 seconds), and the lowest treatment combination was (peat to vermiculite volume ratio 5：2 as substrate, soaked in 0. 8 g /L indole butyric acid (IBA) for 12 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electric Power Engineering Technology is the property of Editorial Department of Electric Power Engineering Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science Technology & Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aiming at the situation of random changes in tactics and uncertain information in the confrontation pattern between missile and target in the air combat environment. By analyzing the motion relationship of a single missile attack to determine the target, the principles of dynamic game and differential game are introduced into the relative motion relationship between missile and target. In the dynamic game process of attack and defense confrontation, the terminal guidance problem of a single missile attacking and intercepting the target is modeled as a "one to one missile target" game model. The missile guidance law based on game theory under mixed strategy and the global strategic situation of bilateral optimization of the opponent at a certain moment are proposed. The method of model rolling prediction combined with differential game theory is introduced to simulate the confrontation between missile and target in uncertain attack and defense environments. The simulation results show that using this method can reduce the miss distance of missile to target and improve the hit accuracy of missile. The model provides a basis for missile attack and defense operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Medical Education Technology is the property of China Medical Education Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Kunming Medical University / Kunming Yike Daxue Xuebao is the property of Kunming Medical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Chemical Engineering is the property of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To promote the research and application of renewable resources and low-carbon asphalt materials, bio-based waterborne polyurethane (BWPU) and its modified emulsified asphalt were prepared by partially replacing petroleum-based polyols with vanillin・ The properties of BWPU and its modified emulsified asphalt were evaluated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dispersion and stability tests, mechanical tensile tests, and dynamic shear rheological tests (DSR)・ The results showed that the synthesized waterborne polyurethane exhibited the expected structure with vanillin end-cap ping and a tensile strength of 12. 85 MPa and elongation of 2 055% ・ Both BWPU and its modified emulsified asphalt showed good storage stability before and after mixing with the base asphalt emulsion・ Furthermore, the addition of BWPU resulted in modified emulsified asphalt with higher complex modulus and smaller phase angle of the residual after evaporation compared to the base emulsified asphalt, imparting excellent elastic properties to the residual of the emulsified asphalt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Synthetic Crystals is the property of Journal of Synthetic Crystals Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Posts & Telecommunications (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Chongqing University of Posts & Telecommunications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The contents of humic acid and low molecular weight organic acid in liquor factory sludge and domestic sludge were compared and analyzed, and the differences of organic components in the two sludges and their environmental risks of leaching migration were discussed. The results showed that the average contents of organic matter and humic acid(NaOH extraction) in the sludge of the winery were 428. 2 g/kg and 342.47 g/kg, respectively, which were 47. 7% and 62. 6% higher than the contents in domestic sludge・ From the perspective of low molecular organic acid content in sludge leaching(H3PO4 extraction), the contents of citric acid and malic acid in the sludge of the liquor factory reached 3.90 g/kg and 0・ 88 g/kg, respectively, which were 10. 00 times and 1. 83 times of the domestic sludge, while the oxalic acid content in the domestic sludge reached 3. 74 g/kg, which was 2・ 94 times that of the sludge of the liquartery ・ The humic acid of both sludges is rich in hydroxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups, while the humic acid of liquor factory sludge is also rich in carboxyl groups・ From the experimental results of six consecutive leaching of the two sludges, it can be seen that the COD and NH;・N contents in the leaching solution of domestic sludge range from 121.5 〜380. 5 mg/L and 1. 83 〜10. 67 mg/L, respectively, which are 55. 8% and 27. 2% higher than the distillery sludge ・ The TP content in the leaching solution of liquor factory sludge ranges from 0. 84 〜1. 90 mg/L, which is 28. 1% higher on average than the content in the domestic sludge leaching solution, and the impact of the organic component leaching migration of liquor factory sludge on the water environment is less than that of domestic sludge ・ In summary, the organic components and resource utilization of humic acid of liquor factory sludge are better than those of domestic sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of National University of Defense Technology / Guofang Keji Daxue Xuebao is the property of NUDT Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Automobile Technology is the property of Automobile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Engineering Science Research & Application is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Applied Chemical Industry is the property of Shaanxi Research Design Insitute of Petroleum & Chemical Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to study the structure and function of DLX5 gene in sika deer (Cervus nippon), and to further explore the underlying ossification mechanism of sika antler velvet，DLX5 gene of sika deer was cloned by RT-PCR. The cDNA sequence containing all coding regions was obtained. The amino acid sequence of the gene was analyzed by using bioinformatics method and the phylogenetic tree was constructed. The signaling pathway was analyzed by KEGG enrichment, and finally real-time RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of DLX5 gene in different growth periods of deer antler velvet. The results showed that the coding region of DLX5 gene in sika deer was 870 bp, and a total of 289 amino acids were encoded. DLX5 protein was a soluble, unstable protein with two conserved domains and was mainly localized to the nucleus. Sika deer DLX5 protein had a high similarity with the amino acid sequence of DLX5 proteins derived from the different species, which was relatively conservative. Irregular curl accounted for the largest proportion in the secondary structure of DLX5 protein, and followed by α -helix and extended chain. Irregular curl, α -helix and extended chain was 78. 89%, 16. 96% and 4. 15%, respectively. The main pathways of DLX5 gene were TGFβ signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway. The real-time RT-PCR results showed that the expression level of the gene was significantly increased in the late stage of deer antler growth m(trident velvet), and the upregulated expression suggested that it played an important role in the process of deer antler ossification, which may be a candidate gene for deer antler ossification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science & Technology is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the oil and gas industry, benders and sinks in pipeline delivery systems are vulnerable to erosion by solid particles, which reduces the ability of pipelines to withstand high pressures and increases risks during transmission. The development history of erosion mechanism of solid particles was reviewed, the current research status of erosion behavior of solid particles was summarized, and the theoretical models of erosion of plastic and brittle materials were summarized. Secondly, the influence factors of erosion erosion were described from two aspects of liquid flow properties and solid particle flow properties, and the advantages and application range of each turbulence model and erosion model were evaluated. Then, the research progress of fluid simulation software in pipeline erosion simulation was reviewed. From elbow to manifold, to high pressure pump and cyclone separator, the simulated objects have complex geometric shapes. The simulation accuracy of calculation is greatly increased by the change of mesh division from non-deformation to deformable and then to no mesh division. Finally, the next research and development direction of erosion simulation in pipeline industry was proposed. It provides reference for erosion prediction and location layout design of pipeline system in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Engineering Mechanics / Gongcheng Lixue is the property of Engineering Mechanics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystal & Displays is the property of Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystal & Displays and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Nanchang University (Natural Science) is the property of Journal of Nanchang University (Natural Science) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Modern Educational Technology is the property of Editorial Board of Modern Educational Technology, Tsinghua University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Institute of Soil & Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To explore the spatial distribution characteristics of soil manganese(Mn) in Guizhou Province, the spatial interpolation of soil Mn content at 376 sampling points in Guizhou Province was performed. The data were spatially superimposed with vector data of different types of environmental factors, and the main effects on the spatial heterogeneity of soil Mn were analyzed using Geodetector. The results indicated clear differences in the Mn content of different types of soils in Guizhou Province. The order of the average content was lime soil>brown soil>red soil>yellow-brown soil>yellow soil>purple soil. The Mn content of the topsoil was 2.57-5 203.98 mg·kg-1, with an average value of 876.92 mg·kg-1. The variable coefficient was 0.89 with substantial variation. Soil Mn content can be divided into four zones in Guizhou Province:the low Mn zone(0-500 mg·kg-1), middle Mn zone(>500-700 mg·kg-1), rich Mn zone(>700-1 200 mg·kg-1), and high Mn zone(>1 200 mg·kg-1); 54.05% of the soil in Guizhou Province could be classified as Mn-rich soil. The nugget coefficient of soil Mn in Guizhou Province was 0.51, indicating that the distribution of soil Zn had moderate spatial autocorrelation. The quantitative evaluation by Geodetector found that the explanatory power of the influencing factors significantly correlated with Mn content(P<0.05), in the order of chronostratigraphy(0.20), lithology(0.17), elevation(0.09), and land use type(0.03). The combination of chronostratigraphy and lithology is the most important factor affecting the spatial heterogeneity of soil Mn, and based on their combination, elevation and land use type further affect the spatial heterogeneity of soil Mn. The spatial distribution of soil Mn is the result of the combined effect of many factors. The zoning of regional soil Mn content can help guide regional ecological management and safe utilization of land resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]