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Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of varicella and effectiveness of varicella vaccine in Jinan. Methods We collected data of varicella surveillance in Jinan from 2006 to 2022 from the Chinese Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and vaccination data for children born during 2010-2021 form the Jinan Immunization Planning Information System. All reported varicella cases from 2006 to 2022 in Jinan were analyzed with descriptive epidemiological methods; Coverage and effectiveness of varicella vaccine for children born during 2010 to 2021 were conducted with the screening method. Results 61 145 cases of varicella were reported in Jinan during 2006-2022, yielding an annual average incidence of 51.82 per 100 000 population; the incidence ranged from 74.48 per 100 000 in 2008 to 28.47 per 100 000 in 2022. Peak varicella incidences occurred between April and June and between November and the following January. The highest incidence rate was 5-9 years old group from 2006-2016 and was 15-19 years old group from 2017 to 2022. Coverage levels for one doses was 77.32% in the 2010-2021 births; the overall effectiveness of varicella vaccine was 91.83% (95%CI: 91.43%-92.30%). Coverage levels for two doses was 45.86% in the 2010-2018 births; the overall effectiveness of varicella vaccine was 95.14%(95%CI: 94.56%-95.66%). Conclusion The high incidence age group shifted from 5-9 years old to 15-19 years old. It was suggested that the vaccine administration should be used to targeted age groups. Levels of vaccine effectiveness for 2 doses of varicella vaccine were greater than levels of Vaccine effectiveness for one-doses. We suggest to introduce 2 dose of varicella vaccine into the national immunization program for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine / Zhongguo Yufang Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) against Streptococcus pneumonia (Spn)-associated respiratory tract infection in children with a test-negative design study. MethodsWe recruited totally 3 339 children at ages of 2 – 9 years hospitalized due to acute respiratory illness (ARI) and being detected for Spn isolates in sputum/bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) during 2017 – 2020 at the Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital for a test-negative case-control design study. The collected Spn isolates were serotyped with Quellung test. Of the all the participants, 1 264 being positive for PPV23 serotype Spn (VT-Spn) in sputum/BALF specimens were assigned into a case group; the two control groups were 485 being positive for non-PPV23 serotype (NVT-Spn) and 1 590 being negative for Spn (Spn –). The participants′ information on PPV23 vaccination were collected from the Vaccination Registry Database of Suzhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The adjusted odds ratio of PPV23 vaccination was calculated with logistic regression model to estimate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of PPV23 against Spn-associated ARI. ResultsAmong the 1 749 Spn strains isolated, the most common serotypes were 19F, 6B, 23F, 6A and 19A; 76.56% and 72.27% were positive for 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) serotype and PPV23 serotype, respectively. For the participants of VT-Spn, NVT-Spn and Spn – group, the mean age were 3.88 ± 1.27, 4.02 ± 1.43, and 4.52 ± 1.92 years; the vaccination rate of PPV23 were 5.4%, 6.8%, and 5.8%, respectively; and the mean age at the vaccination was 2.53 ± 0.61 years for all the participants vaccinated., When using the NVT-Spn group as the control and after adjusting for age, clinical diagnosis, and other vaccination status, the logistic regression analysis revealed an overall PPV23 effectiveness of 18.3% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: – 26.3% – 47.1%) for against Spn-associated ARI, an effectiveness of 15.7% for against community acquired pneumonia, and the effectiveness of 32.8, 16.5% and 57.5% for against serotype 19F, 6B and 15B Spn-associated ARI, respectively, and the effectiveness (26.0%) was better in the participants aged 2 – 5 years than that (7.6%) in those aged older than 5 year; while using the Spn – group as the control and after adjusting for age, household registration, other vaccination status, the year of seeking medication, season of seeking medication, and clinical diagnosis, the logistic regression analysis showed a VE of 29.9% (95% CI: – 22.0% – 59.7%) for the participants aged 2 – 5 years. Conclusion PPV23 is of certain protection against Spn-associated respiratory tract infections in 2 – 9 years old children and the effectiveness decreases with the prolonged time after receiving the vaccination

ObjectiveTo assess the coverage and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in the elderly.MethodsThis study was conducted in Changning District of Shanghai， targeting people aged 60 years and above. Vaccination data between 21 December 2020 and 28 February 2022 was retrieved from the Shanghai Collective Immunization System. Information on confirmed cases of COVID-19 from March 2022 through May 2022 was collected from the National Notifiable Diseases Reporting System. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated using the screening method.ResultsAs of 28 February 2022， 69.89% of people aged ≥60 years had received ≥1-dose vaccine， 63.80% had received full primary vaccination and 31.91% had received a booster dose. Vaccination coverage declined over age， with the lowest coverage in the elderly aged ≥80 years. Moreover， COVID-19 vaccination provided the highest protection against severe/critical illness and death due to the Omicron variants in the elderly aged ≥60 years. Full primary vaccination showed 96.15%（95%CI：84.15‒99.06）of vaccine effectiveness and booster vaccination showed 100% of the effectiveness against severe/critical COVID-19 and death.ConclusionsFull primary and booster vaccination coverage in the elderly is low， especially in those aged 80 and above. Our study finds high protection against COVID-19 associated severe/critical illness and death from both full primary and booster vaccination of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in the elderly aged ≥60 years.

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, febrile, hemorrhagic and highly contact infectious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). The mortality rate of the most acute and acute infections is nearly 100%. Swine is the only natural host of ASFV, which does great harm to the pig industry. Due to the large genome and complex immune escape mechanism of this virus, there is no effective vaccine against the disease at present. Through researches and analyses, the development of gene deletion vaccine and attenuated vaccine is optimistic. An overview of the challenges faced and the progress in the development of African swine fever vaccines was provided, with the aim of providing references for the development and application of African swine fever vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine / Zhongguo Yufang Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance and immune response ability of the vaccine in Mahuang broiler. A total of 60 one-day-old healthy Mahuang broilers were randomly divided into two groups, with three replicates in each group, ten for each replicate. The control group was basic diet, and the yeast group was basic diet added 1×107 CFU/g Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The test period was 84 d. The results showed that compared with control group, adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae significantly reduced the average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio of Mahuang broiler (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in immune organ index between the two groups (P>0.05), and the intestinal index of yeast group was lower than that of control group. On the 56th day, the antibody titer of avian influenza (H9 subtype) vaccine in yeast group was extremely higher than that in control group (P<0.01). The study indicates that Saccharomyces cerevisiae can improve the growth performance of Mahuang broiler in the breeding stage to a certain extent, improve the antibody level of inactivated avian influenza vaccine, it has not positive effect on growth performance and immune performance of chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] In order to clarify the difference in activation of the immune system by live or inactivated viruses after entering the body, a high-efficiency animal model was established for the evaluation of the efficacy of immune enhancers to better improve the immune efficacy of inactivated vaccines. In this experiment, the Pseudorabies virus (PRV) Bartha-K61 strain was used to establish a PRV artificial infection mouse model, and to screen the immune-related difference factor after inoculation with live or inactivated antigens. [Methods]PRV Bartha-K61 was inoculated to experimental mice in different doses and methods, and the survival rate was calculated to screen the safe dose. Mice were vaccinated with live virus or inactivated virus at a safe dose, and ELISA kits were used to detect the level of serum PRV-specific gB antibodies and the level of serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-β and IL-6 of mice 7 days after immunization; inactivated PRV was used as a specific antigen to perform lymphocyte proliferation experiments and calculate the lymphocyte proliferation index(stimulation index, SI)of each group to screen the best vaccination route. [Results] 5×104 TCID50 was a safe challenge dose for 6-8 weeks mouse; subcutaneous injection was the best way of infection. Compared with the live virus and the inactivated virus group after 7 days of infection, the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-β significantly increased (P<0.001, P<0.01), the levels of PRV gB IgG antibody and the lymphocyte SI in the mouse serum also significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.001); There is no significant difference in cytokines and SI between different inactivation methods (P>0.05). [Conclusions]The experiment successfully established an artificial pseudorabies virus infection model in mice, and clarified that after live or inactivated pseudorabies virus immunized mice, there were differential immune-related factors in the early stage of the body, providing a research platform for the evaluation and screening of subsequent immunopotentiator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Angle Health Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Angle Health Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine / Zhongguo Yufang Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Plant oral vaccines are biological products produced by genetically modified plants, and are taken orally to prevent disease. As a new kind of vaccine, its research originated about 30 years ago. Plant oral vaccines can avoid the potential risks of traditional vaccines to the greatest extent, and have advantages in vaccine production with good commercial production prospects. The price of plant vaccine is low, and the production is safety and effective. It is very ideal vaccine to prevent and control the certain infectious diseases, so as alternative to the breeding of antibiotics abuse cases, and suit for the low economic development areas, where have poor sanitation. In this review, the production methods, candidate bioreactors, vaccine effectiveness, application scope and development prospect of plant oral vaccine are summarized. In addition, the application of oral plant-based vaccines in zoonoses caused by viruses, bacteria or parasites, and the application in human tumor prevention are also reviewed in detail. Although there are challenges with plant vaccines in the amount of exogenous gene expression, immune dose, and immunization pathway and so on, plant vaccines still open up a promising new field for traditional vaccinology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective： To summarize the experience of phase I clinical trials of Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, so as to provide reference for supervisors and researchers to strengthen clinical trial quality of CO VID -19 vaccines in China. Methods: Based on the comprehensive analysis of the rules and regulations pertaining to clinical research, ethical management, adverse events and the actual conditions of synchronous on-site supervision and verification，key points and supervision methods were identified. Results and Conclusion: On-site supervision and verification mechanism synchronized with clinical researches was established. On-site supervisors were dispatched, and supervision priorities, procedures and specific methods different from routine supervision were applied at the sites of clinical trials. All these measures were helpful to complete elimination of any irregular, casual and false practice in clinical researches, and could effectively ensure the safety and efficacy of the vaccine when it was put on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of 1 dose varicella attenuated live vaccine (VarV) for healthy children aged 1-12 years in China and explore the application of the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework in observational studies of vaccine effectiveness (VE). Methods: We searched studies about the VE of 1-dose VarV for children aged 1-12 years in China which published before 2019 and evaluated the quality of the studies by the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) table. We used Meta-analysis models to obtain the pooled 1-dose VE and that in subgroups by study design, outbreak or not, study quality and age of subjects. The evidences of VEs were rated by means of the GRADE system. Results: Thirty-two studies were included and the pooled 1-dose VE was 75% [95% confidence interval ( CI ): 68%-80%]. The VE of outbreak studies [VE=66% (95 %CI : 57%-73%)] was lower than non-outbreak studies [VE=85% (95 %CI : 78%-89%)], and the VE in <6 years old children [VE=84% (95 %CI :77%-89%)] was higher than that in ≥6 years old children [VE=60% (95 %CI : 51%-68%)]. There was no significant difference in VE among studies with different design and quality. The quality of the evidences of pooled 1-dose VE was"very low", which was downgraded in bias risk and inconsistency and not downgraded in indirectness, imprecision and publication bias. Conclusions: The 1-dose VarV can provide medium level protection for 1-12 years old children in China, but it will decrease significantly for ≥6 years old children, so it is suggested to implement the strategies of two-dose vaccination of VarV in children <6 years old. The GRADE framework can be used in the observational studies of VE and it is suggested that the technical guidelines of observational study should be worked out to improve the overall quality of evidence.

Objective: To analyze the changing trend of polio vaccine immunization effectiveness and vaccine titer in Beijing in 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018 before and after the adjustment of polio vaccine immunization program strategy. Methods: According to the convenient sampling method,the vaccination clinics of Chaoyang and Yanqing Districts in 2012, Fengtai and Daxing Districts in 2014, Tongzhou and Pinggu Districts in 2016, Dongcheng and Shunyi Districts in 2018 were selected as monitoring points. A total of 292 children were selected 4-8 weeks after the completion of 3 doses polio vaccine basic immunization which were 3 doses of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine（tOPV）schedule before the strategy adjustment in 2012-2014 and 1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) following 2 doses of bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV) sequential schedule after the adjustment in 2016-2018. About 1.0 ml blood samples were collected to detect type Ⅰ and Ⅲ neutralizing poliovirus antibody. A total of 9 oral poliovirus vaccines (8 vaccines in 2012) were selected from different sources of vaccine storage every year to test the vaccine titer using random number method . Results: The [ M （ P 25 ， P 75 ）] age of 292 children was 5 (5, 6) months, and the ratio of male to female was 1.04 (149/143). In 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018, 66,72,68 and 86 children were investigated respectively. After basic immunization, antibody positive rates for type Ⅰ and Ⅲ poliovirus were 100%, except 98.61% (71) for type Ⅰ poliovirus in 2014. The neutralizing antibody titer of type Ⅰ and Ⅲ poliovirus was higher in 2016 and 2018 than that in 2012 and 2014 ( P <0.001). The average titer of tOPV were (6.05±0.15) and (6.16±0.12) lgCCID 50 per dose in 2012 and 2014. The average titer of bOPV were (6.88±0.21) and (6.26±0.14) lgCCID 50 per 100 μl in 2016 and 2018 ( P <0.001). Conclusion: Before and after the adjustment of polio vaccine immunization strategy in Beijing, the basic immunization success rate of the IPV-bOPV sequential immunization schedule was good as well as full tOPV schedule. The level of polio antibody produced by the IPV-bOPV sequential immunization schedule was higher. After adjustment, bOPV titer in 2016 was significantly higher than those before adjustment, while bOPV titer decreased significantly in 2018.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in children aged 6-72 months. Methods: The cohort study was conducted based on community child vaccination clinics in Yiwu and Yongkang counties of Zhejiang province. From October 2017 to December 2017, a total of 1 752 children aged 6-72 months were enrolled from 10 child vaccination clinics. The questionnaire survey was conducted after the written consents were obtained from the parents or legal guardians of the children. Then, a follow up was conducted for enrolle children until 30 April 2018, the influenza vaccination status and the number of influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, hospital visit due to ILI, self-medication due to ILI were observed and recorded every month. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated by using the generalized linear model (GLM) where dependent variables were the number of ILI cases, hospital visit and self-medication respectively. Results: Of the 1 752 children, 925 (52.80%) were boys and the median age was 30.00 months. The cumulative observation was 308 166 person days at the end of 2017-2018 season, with 5.27 ILI cases per 1 000 person days, 3.41 hospital visit due to ILI per 1 000 person days, 1.45 self-medication due to ILI per 1 000 person days. Of the 1 752 children, 643 received the influenza vaccination in 2017-2018 season. Compared with unvaccinated children, the VE was 23.5% against ILI case number (95% CI : 15.1%-31.1%), 19.3% against hospital visit due to ILI (95% CI : 8.2%-29.1%) and 25.8% against self-medication due to ILI (95% CI : 9.3%- 39.3%). Modeling splitting 643 children with 2017-2018 vaccination into those before and after vaccination, the influenza VE was 31.9% against ILI case number (95% CI : 12.7%-46.9%), 32.6% against hospital visit due to ILI (95% CI : 8.6%-50.3%) and 44.3% against self-medication due to ILI (95% CI : 11.9%-64.8%) in children aged 36-72 months. However, the children aged 6-35 months showed no significant VEs. For the VE analysis in children with different vaccination status, the VEs were significant if they received vaccination in both 2016-2017 season and 2017-2018 season or only in 2017-2018 seasons. The VE was not demonstrated among the children who were immunized only in 2016-2017 season. Conclusion: Influenza vaccination is moderate effective in preventing the incidence of ILI and hospital visit and self-medication in children in influenza season, the protection effect in children aged 36-72 months is better than that in children aged 6-35 months.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in the prevention of seasonal influenza in children aged 2-17 years. Methods: Literature retrieval of case-control studies on the effectiveness of LAIV against seasonal influenza in children published from January 2003 to November 2018 was conducted through Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. The Stata 13.1 software was used for Meta-analysis. Results: A total of 14 studies were included in this study, and all were test-negative design (TND) studies. Our Meta-analysis showed that the effectiveness of LAIV in children was 49 % (95 %CI : 40 % -57 % ). Subgroup analysis found that the protection rate of LAIV was 35 % against influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 (95 %CI : 5 % -56 % ), 35 % against influenza A (H3N2) (95 %CI : 21 % -46 % ), and 71 % against influenza B (95 %CI : 55 % -82 % ). The protection rates of trivalent LAIV and quadrivalent LAIV in children were 56 % (95 %CI : 48 % -63 % ) and 44 % (95 %CI : 27 % -57 % ), respectively. The protection rates of LAIV in Europe and North America were 65 % (95 %CI : 47 % -77 % ) and 46 % (95 %CI : 36 % -55 % ), respectively. Conclusion: LAIV has a certain preventive effect on seasonal influenza in children aged 2-17 years.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine among children aged 6 to 72 months. Methods: The test-negative case control study was conducted based on available surveillance data which was from China Influenza Surveillance Information system (CSIS). From October 2016 to April 2017 and from October 2017 to April 2018,1 161 cases aged 6-72 months with influenza-like illness in Yongkang and Yiwu city, were selected as the study subjects, and the cases with influenza test-positive were selected as the case group (403 cases). Test-negative subjects were selected as control group (758 cases). The etiology and immunization data of the subjects were obtained from CSIS and Immune Information and Management System (IIMS) respectively. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated using multivariate logistic regression model,and the mixed effects of non-randomized control in TNCC study were equalized by using the propensity score (PS) method in the statistical analysis. Results: The age of the subjects was (2.44±1.60) years,and there were 681 boys (58.66%). The age of case group was (2.62±1.58) years, and there were 246 boys (61.04%). The case group was including of 237 cases (58.81%) of influenza A (H3N2), 92 cases (22.83%) of influenza A (H1N1) pmd09, 62 cases (15.38%) of influenza B(Victoria) lineage, 11 cases (2.73%) of influenza B (Yamagata) lineage and one case (0.25%) co-infection of influenza [A(H(3)N(2))+B (Victoria)]. The mean age of the control group was (2.35±1.61) years,and there were 435 boys (57.39%). Overall vaccine effectiveness (VE) against all type influenza for two seasons combined was 58% (95 %CI : 31%-74%). An analysis by age groups showed 68% (95 %CI :41%-82%) of the VE estimate among children aged 36-72 months while it was 28%(95 %CI :-80%-71%)of the VE estimate among children aged 6-35 months. The VE estimate value was 54% (95 %CI :16%-75%) against all type influenza and 65% (95 %CI :24%-83%) against influenza A (H(3)N(2)) during the 2016-2017 season. During the 2017-2018 season, the VE estimate value was 69% (95 %CI :18%-88%) against all type influenza. Conclusion: Influenza vaccine is effective in preventing influenza virus infection during the flu season,especially the effect among children aged 36-72 months is higher compared to that among children aged 6-35 months.