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Copyright of West China Journal of Stomatology is the property of Sichuan University, West China College of Stomatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of China Medical University is the property of Journal of China Medical University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and purpose: Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is a highly malignant, extremely rare primary undifferentiated ovarian cancer. This study aimed to reveal the tumor microenvironment and cellular and molecular characteristics of SCCOHT, and to explore potential drug targets. Methods: We collected recurrent pelvic lesions from one patient with SCCOHT, and applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to explore key cell subsets and potential drug targets. We further verified them at the cytological level. Results: There were four cell subsets and twelve cell subclusters of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), neural Schwann cells, neuroepithelial cells and macrophages in the recurrent lesions of SCCOHT. The expression of genes significantly up-regulated by iPSC cell subgroups were mainly concentrated in cell cycle regulation, among which PLK1 was the most significantly up-regulated gene. PLK1 protein was positively expressed in SCCOHT tissue sections and increased in SCCOHT cell lines. Conclusion: It was revealed that the tumor microenvironment of SCCOHT was composed of iPSCs, neural Schwann cells, neuroepithelial cells and macrophages. The key cell subsets of iPSCs were identified, and PLK1 gene was found as a potential therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To discuss clinical diagnosis and treatment of schwannoma of seminal vesicle. Methods Clinical data of a patient with schwannoma of seminal vesicle was retrospectively analyzed, and the diagnosis and treatment for schwannoma of seminal vesicle were summarized and discussed by reviewing the related literatures. Results The patient was diagnosed as tumor of left seminal vesicle by CT and MRI examination. Laparoscopic surgery was performed to remove the tumor. Schwannoma was confirmed by postoperative pathological analysis. The patient recovered well after operation, and there was no recurrence during 13 months following-up. Conclusion Schwannoma of Seminal vesicle is very rare in clinic. Laparoscopic surgery is the first choice for treatment of this disease. The conservative treatment may be adopted after follow-up study of a great number of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the value of multi-phase enhanced CT for differentiating retroperitoneal paragangliomas and schwannomas. Methods The clinical records and CT of 56 patients with pathologically confirmed retroperitoneal paragangliomas (32) and schwannomas (24) in our institution between 2013 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The student爷s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the patient age, maximum tumor diameters, and tumor CT values of paragangliomas and schwannomas. Chi-square test and Fisher爷s exact test were used to compare patient gender, symptoms, tumor location, shape, boundary, peritumor tortuous vessels, tumor hemorrhage, calcification, septum, cyst/necrosis, and contrast enhancement. Results There were no significant differences in clinical features between paragangliomas and schwannomas (all P>0.05). Some CT features could aid differential diagnosis. Retroperitoneal paragangliomas were more common in the prevertebral region and schwannomas in the paravertebral region. Peritumor tortuous vessels were significantly more common (P<0.001) in paragangliomas (71.9%) than schwannomas (4.2%). Septum was signifi鄄 cantly more common (P=0.01) in schwannomas (50.0%) than paragangliomas (15.6%). Paragangliomas (62.5%) had more marked rapid enhancement and washout than schwannomas (75%) with lesser and progressive enhancement. The enhancement amplitude of paragan鄄 gliomas in arterial and venous phases was significantly higher than that of schwannomas (P<0.001). Conclusion Multiphase dynamic contrast-enhanced CT examination can provide some valuable information for the differentiation of paragangliomas and schwannomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the cause of misdiagnosis of retroperitoneal ganglioneuromas (GN) on imaging. Methods CT and MRI of 54 patients with pathologically confirmed retroperitoneal GN were analyzed retrospectively. Imaging characteristics between the correctly and incorrectly diagnosed groups were compared using chi-square test, independent sample t-test and Mann- Whitney U test. Results 29 retroperitoneal GN (54%) were misdiagnosed as schwannomas (9), mesenchyma derived malignant tumors (6), lymphomas (6), paragangliomas (3), lymphangiomas (3), lipoma (1), and liposarcoma (1). Presence of pseudo foot sign (P=0.023), interweaving line sign (P=0.033), degree of contrast enhancement (P=0.007), and enhancement pattern (P=0.049) were significantly different between the correctly and incorrectly diagnosed groups. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05) in tumor size, shape, cystic degeneration, calcification, fat component, T2 signal intensities, CT values on plain scan and changes in arterial and venous phases, vascular encasement, and foraminal extension. Conclusion Misdiagnosis of retroperitoneal GN can be mitigated by understanding the atypical imaging appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To report 3 cases of infratentorial superficial siderosis of central nervous system and analyze its etiology and clinical manifestations. Methods and Results The main clinical symptoms were recurrent headache or epilepsy (3 cases) with obvious hearing loss (2 cases); the appearance of cerebrospinal fluid of lumbar puncture was cloudy and bloody fluid, with increased red blood cell count and protein quantity (2 cases). MRI scan of head or cervical spine showed siderosis deposition on the surface of cerebellum hemisphere, pons and midbrain without enhancement, and occupying lesion at jugular foramen was seen at the same time (Case 1); tortuous vessels on the surface of cervical spinal cord, epidural effusion at the level of C6-7 vertebral body, C7 dural defect (Case 2) or paraventricular hemorrhage (Case 3). There were no abnormal findings in angiography of the whole brain. The clinical diagnosis was infratentorial superficial siderosis of central nervous system (type I 2 cases, type II 1 case). The causes were neurilemmoma, traumatic dural defect or cerebrovascular malformation. According to the cause of the disease, the left C7 dural defect repair (Case 2) or left occipital lobe hematoma removal (Case 3) were performed. The patients' condition improved significantly and the headache disappeared. Conclusions The etiology of infratentorial superficial siderosis of central nervous system is heterogeneous. Detailed auxiliary examination is of great significance in avoiding misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To summarize the key points of neuroendoscopic transcranial resection for cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors. Methods Twenty-eight patients with CPA tumors diagnosed and treated in Xiangya Hospital Central South University from January 2019 to December 2020 were included, and all of them underwent neuroendoscopic transcranial surgery to remove CPA tumors. Results All the 28 patients were successfully treated with neuroendoscopic transcranial resection of tumors in CPA region, and the tumors were totally removed. After operation, 9 cases of acoustic neuroma, 8 cases of meningioma, 9 cases of cholesteatoma, one case of hemangioblastoma, and one case of trigeminal neurinoma were confirmed by postoperative pathology. Postoperative facial nerve function was grade I in 3 cases, grade n in 6 cases, and grade I in 19 cases. One patient had no obvious recovery of auditory nerve function injury, and 2 patients had dizziness, vertigo and nausea after operation. No complications such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage, meningitis and incision infection occurred, and no death occurred. At 3 months of follow - up, no tumor recurrence was seen on MRI, and no new neurological symptoms occurred. Conclusions Neuroendoscopic transcranial resection of CPA tumors has many advantages, but also has some shortcomings, and has a good development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of neurophysiological monitoring in extended endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for cavernous sinus and clivus tumors. Methods We monitored the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve and abducent nerve in 18 patients with cavernous sinus and clivus tumors by recording the free-electromyography (f-EMG) and triggered-electromyography (t-EMG) from August 2019 to December 2020. Two needle electrodes were inserted percutaneous into the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, superior oblique muscle, extraocular rectus muscle and masticatory muscle. To evaluate spontaneous muscle activity and complex muscle action potentials after cranial nerve stimulation. We evaluated the safety of cranial nerves and provided objective information for neurosurgeon. Results All the 18 patients with cavernous sinus and clivus tumors were treated by extended endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery, including 10 pituitary adenomas, 5 chordomas, 2 craniopharyngiomas and one cystic schwannoma. Total resection rate achieved 9/18, subtotal resection rate was 4/18, and partial resection rate was 5/18. There was no postoperative internal carotid artery (ICA) injury and cerebrospinal fluid leakage. A total of 20 oculomotor nerves, 3 trochlear nerves, 27 trigeminal nerves and 26 abducent nerves were recorded. There were one patient with left abducent nerve palsy and one patient with right abducent nerve paresis before surgery. The median follow - up time was 8.63 months, postoperative brain nerve injury occurred in 2 patients, the brain nerve injury rate was 2/18, all of which recovered 3 months after surgery. No patients with postoperative impaired trigeminal nerve function. Conclusions Monitoring of oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve and abducent nerve in extended endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for cavernous sinus and clivus tumors is a safe and effective method. By monitoring and evaluating intraoperative f-EMG and t - EMG, neurosurgeons can adjust surgical procedures and strategies during tumor resection and reduce cranial nerve injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The petroclival area is located deep at the base of the skull, and the surrounding anatomical structure is complex, which brings great challenges to the safe removal of the lesions in this part of the operation. At present, the main surgical approaches for petroclival lesions are lateral craniotomy and endoscopic endonasal approach. This study explored the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic techniques in the resection of petroclival lesions via endonasal approach. Methods A total of 6 patients with petroclival lesions treated in The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from January 2018 to December 2020 were included. All patients underwent neuronavigation assisted endoscopic endosnasal approach resection of petroclival lesions. Results All the 6 patients successfully completed the operation. The average operation time was 4.53 h. After the operation, 3 cases were pathologically confirmed as chondrosarcoma (2 cases of WHO grade 2, one case of WHO grade 1), one case of schwannoma, one case of chordoma and one case of cholesterol granuloma. Except for one case of preoperative double vision that did not relieve postoperatively, the remaining 5 cases had preoperative symptoms alleviated to varying degrees. The average postoperative hospital stay was 5.67 d. The postoperative median follow-up was 14.07 months. There were no complications such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage, central nervous system infection, cranial nerve damage, no unplanned secondary operations, and no deaths within 3 months after the operation. Up to the last follow - up, no patients had recurrence. Conclusions Neuronavigation assisted endoscopic endonasal approach resection of petroclival lesions is relatively safe and effective. Different endoscopic techniques should be selected according to the tumor location and size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of cranio - orbital approach for the removal of cavernous sinus - orbital communication trigeminal schwannomas. Methods and Results A total of 23 patients with cavernous sinus-orbital communication trigeminal schwannoma were included from January 2013 to January 2019, the combined cranio-orbital approach (modified Dolenc approach combined with supraorbital approach) was used for surgical resection of tumors. Total tumor resection was performed in 20 cases and nearly total resection in 3 cases. Thirteen patients with preoperative visual loss, 7 of them further decreased visual acuity; 5 cases with preoperative eye movement disorder and/or ptosis, 3 cases with residual eye movement disorder, and 11 cases appeared new eye movement disorders after surgery. None of the 23 cases occurred cerebrospinal fluid leakage, intracranial hematoma or intracranial infection occurred, no death and no tumor recurrence case. Conclusions Cavernous sinus-orbital communication trigeminal schwannoma, due to the special tumor occurrence site and surrounding anatomical structure, was easy to cause complications such as visual loss and eye movement disorder during operation. The combined cranio-orbital approach was used, it may increase the total resection rate, and also show relatively low surgical complications rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect and indication of the middle cranial fossa interdural approach for dumbbell-shaped trigeminal schwannomas .Methods The clinical data of 7 patients with dumbbell-shaped trigeminal schwannomas underwent through middle cranial fossa interdural approach from October , 2009 to November , 2014 were analyzed retrospectively .Tumors were classified into three types based on their distribution over the petrous ridge ( Mp type,MP type and mP type ) .The middle cranial fossa interdural approach was selected for type Mp and MP .The extent of tumor resection , cranial nerve outcome , approach-related morbidities , and recurrence of the tumors were documented .Results Of 7 patients,5 were Mp and 2 MP.MRI of postoperative one day showed that total resection was achieved in all patients .There was no operative mortality or new permanent neurological deficits .Improvement of the preoperative cranial nerve dysfunction was observed in 4 patients and 3 unchanged .Postoperative subcutaneous liquid collection and intracranial infection developed in 1 patient , which was managed with lumbar drain and anti-infective therapy .New postoperative atrophy of the temporalis muscle was observed in 1 patient .The tumors did not recur in 7 patients who were followed up from 12 to 60 months.Conclusion The middle cranial fossa interdural approach could be an effective method for removing dumbbell-shaped trigeminal schwannomas , particularly for type Mp and MP ,the direct injury to brain ,cranial nerve and vascular was avoided by this approach ,so this approach produces no further impairment ,less complication . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the main treatment for vestibular schwannomas is surgery. Considering the risk of multiple complications from surgery and the subjective and objective conditions of patients, a non-surgical treatment modality, namely stereotactic radiotherapy, has gradually been included in the treatment of vestibular schwannomas. Studies have shown that Gamma Knife therapy has a more prominent therapeutic effect on smaller tumors and can alleviate facial nerve disorders caused by space occupying of tumor mass. Cyberknife not only has a better effect on tumor control, but also has an ideal retention rate for patients' auditory function. Proton beam therapy has also been gradually applied to the treatment of vestibular schwannomas, but the effect of treatment remains to be further studied. Drug therapy includes a variety of target inhibitors and anti-angiogenic drugs. At present, drug treatment focuses more on preclinical research. This article reviews the clinical research of various radiotherapy and the progress of drug treatment., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is one of the most common types of benign tumors of the central nervous system. At present, the prevailing treatment methods of VS include surgery, stereotactic radiotherapy, and follow-up observation, etc. However, there is still no drug therapy available for treating VS. Although the surgical technique is relatively mature, the complications cannot be completely avoided. Furthermore, both the growth rate of different cases and patients' sensitivity to radiotherapy vary greatly. With the constant progress made in molecular biology research, most of the studies on the growth mechanism of VS focus on the upstream and downstream of neurofibromin 2 ( NF 2) gene and merlin protein, and a number of corresponding targets, including receptor protein tyrosine kinase (RTK), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). It has been reported in some studies that quite a few drugs could inhibit the proliferation of VS cells. Most of the studies are still in the stage of in vitro cell experiment and/or animal experiment. A small number of studies have entered phase Ⅰ and phase Ⅱ clinical trials, but have not led to any clinical treatment yet. This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the current status and the prospects of drug therapies of VS, which is conducive to the development of subsequent research., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

Objective To summarize the technique and treatment strategy of microscopic operation in patients with schwannoma. Method We retrospectively analyzed the operation and prognosis of 86 cases of schwannoma, and carried on the comparative analysis of surgical skills, neural protection, protection of blood vessels and postoperative therapy. Results All 86 patients were unilateral tumor, 78 cases accepted total resection, 8 cases accepted subtotal resection, 1 cases died after operation. Postoperative facial nerve House-Brackmann Grading-71 cases were grade I-II, 1 cases were grade III-IV, 3 cases were grade V-VI, 1 case died without evaluation. Conclusion Skilled surgical technique, tumor resection way and vascular protection are particularly important in tumor resection and facial nerve protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To elucidate the clinical characteristics, surgical strategy, facial nerve repair methods and outcomes of facial nerve schwannomas（FNS）. Methods: The clinical data of patients with FNS treated between January 2010 and December 2018 at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were retrospectively collected, including the sidedness of FNS, clinical manifestations, imaging data, the extent of tumor, clinical management, preoperative and postoperative facial nerve function. Results: The major clinical manifestations of the 32 patients with FNS were facial palsy（27, 84.4%）, hearing loss（27, 84.4%）, tinnitus（22, 68.8%）, ear mass（15, 46.9%）, and stuffy feeling in the ear（13, 40.6%） respectively. Thirty patients were preoperatively diagnosed with FNS and 2 patients were misdiagnosed. 31 patients underwent resection of FNS, except one patient who was selected for long-term follow-up observation. The choice of surgical approach was based on the location, extent and auditory function of the FNS involved as well as the patient's wishes. The surgical approach was decided based on the location and extent of the tumor: 9 patients were operated via the inferior temporal fossa type A（Fisch A） approach; 8 patients were operated via the mastoid approach; 7 patients were operated via the enlarged mastoid approach; 3 patients were operated via the combined mastoid-cranial middle fossa approach; 1 patient was operated via the cranial middle fossa approach; 3 patients were operated via the combined Fisch A-cranial middle fossa approach. 28 patients（87.5%） had FNS with multiple segments of facial nerve involved. The most involved segment was the vertical segment of the facial nerve（26, 81.3%）. 15 patients underwent facial nerve repair simultaneously, including 7 cases of auricular nerve-facial nerve graft and 8 cases of facial nerve-sublingual nerve anastomosis. 4 cases had improved facial nerve function after auricular nerve-facial nerve graft and 2 cases had improved function after facial nerve-sublingual nerve anastomosis. Among patients who underwent facial nerve repair,the best outcome was H-B Ⅲ. Conclusion: The patients with FNS mainly presented with facial palsy and hearing loss. Temporal bone CT and cranial MR plain & enhanced scan served well to confirm the diagnosis. The improvement rate of postoperative facial nerve function was significantly higher in patients who underwent nerve repair than in those who did not. Hence, facial nerve repair should be considered. Compared with facial nerve-sublingual nerve anastomosis, auricular major nerve-facial nerve graft might be a better choice for improving postoperative facial nerve function., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To explore the effects of paracondylar-lateral cervical approach for resection of the jugular foramen schwannoma(JFS). Methods: A total of 15 patients with JFS operated via the paracondylar-lateral cervical approach between December 2011 and March 2016 at Department of Neurosurgery in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were retrospectively analyzed. There were 7 males and 8 females, aging from 22 to 77 years with a mean age of (41.9±15.8) years.There were 12 patients who accepted primary surgery, 3 patients who accepted secondary surgery. There were 10 patients with tinnitus or hearing loss, 8 patients with dysphagia, 9 patients with hoarseness, 7 patients with tongue hemiparesis, 8 patients with ataxia, 1 patient with Pyramidal signs, 2 patients with facial hypesthesia or pain, 1 patient with facial paresis. According to Samii JFS grading system, 2 patients were type B, 4 were type C and 9 were type D. All patients were followed-up through outpatient and telephone by MRI in 3, 9, 12 months postoperation. Results: Gross total removal of tumors were achieved in 14 patients and subtotal removal in 1 patient. Two patients had new hoarseness, 2 had new dysphagia and 3 had more serious dysphagia, 1 patient had more serious facial paresis after the operation. There were 2 patients with intracranial infection, 2 with pneumonia, 1 with subcutaneous effusion, 1 with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, 5 with gastric intubation during perioperative period. There were no death, intracranial hematoma and decreased hearing patients. All patients were followed up, the follow-up time were 3 to 33 months with a mean of (26.9±11.2) months. Till to the latest follow up, dysphagia improved in 2 cases, hoarseness and tongue hemiparesis improved in 3 cases, hearing loss and tinnitus improved in 9 cases, balance function improved in 7 cases, facial hypesthesia and pain improved in 2 cases, pyramidal signs disappeared in 1 case, facial nerve function improved to normal in 1 case. There was no recurrence and progressed case. Conclusion: Paracondylar-lateral cervical approach is an alternative approach for both intracranial and extracranial JFS.