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The social economic transitions during the Ming and Ch'ing dynasties helped to increase the activities of secret societies or underground organizations of the lower classes. With regard to the diversities of their living environments, patterns of organizations, and leading doctrines, these societies can be divided into secret religions and secret sects. The Red Gang has long been believed to be one of the secret sects in southern China, a by-name of the Tien-ti Sect, and the orthodox of Ko-lao Sect. Nevertheless, the extant files of the Ch'ing dynasty show that the Red Gang was a secret gect developing from the Lo Sect, a secret religion in northern China. Most of the dockers working on the barges transporting grain among the provinces crossed by the Great Canal were converted to Lo Sect. The Grain-Barge Gang was the predecessor of the Red Gang, which was named as "Gang" after the former. Localism of the dockers who came from different places as well as incompatibility among those who were converted at different times resulted in conflicts between the old gang and the new gang which sometimes led to catastrophic fighting with arms. This paper consists of six sections. The introduction briefly surveys the extant files of the Ch'ing dynasty, touching the history of the Red Gang. The following sections are discussions on different legends of the Red Gang's origin, the relationship between the Red Gang and Lo Sect, the formation of the Red Gang, and regulations of the Ch'ing government made to guard against the dockers. No anti-Manchurian ideology is emphasized in this study because the Red Gang was nothing more than a fighting group of the dockers who believed in Lo Sect. The leader of the gang passed his orders with red chopsticks in the assembly during which all the members stood together. For the sake of identification, their waists were tied with red bands and their faces painted red. As the emblem of this gang, red also gave it its name. A knowledge of the origin and development of the Red Gang would help reestablish the authentic history of secret societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to compare the clinical efficacy of 4 types China made IUDs, this paper reported the study of a total of 1227 cases who, from January 1973 to June 1975, had used 1 of the 4 types of IUDs -- the stainless steel ring, metallic plastic mixed ring, metallic and silastic copper-shaped devices. The study was not a random allocation but was done, 1 type by 1, during the period. Life table method and logrank test were used to calculate and analyze the different events among these 4 types. 1147 cases were followed up for more than 5 years. The 5-year followup rate was 93.48%. Patients using these 4 types were comparable among themselves since the distribution of their age, gravida, para, and time of insertion were the same or quite similar. Study results were as follows: the cumulative pregnancy rates of the 2 copper V-shaped IUDs were significantly lower than that of the steel and mixed ring (p0.01); the cumulative expulsion rate of the steel ring was comparatively high, but there was no statistical difference compared with the others; bleeding was the main cause of medical removals; there was a higher cumulative medical removal rate of the V-shaped than that of the ring-shaped and also a significant difference between them (p0.01). However, at every year, the year-cumulative continuation rates were similar despite the difference of the events of discontinuation rates. The fact that 51.72-62.29% of the subjects continued to wear these IUDs indicated that the efficacy of the 4 types of IUDs was satisfactory even after a 5-year course.

The decline in mortality in Taiwan since World War II is analyzed using life tables. "Special features of the research include (1) a phase-of-life-specific, rather than an age-specific, analysis of mortality, and (2) the use of measures based upon person-years of life in phase intervals, rather than survival rates or expectation of life at given ages. The empirical results suggest that the mortality decline can be described as a two-stage process: an initial stage of substantial improvement in life expectancy between 1950 and 1965, and a final stage of slow gain in life expectancy since 1965." Age and sex variations in mortality and differing rates of mortality decline are noted. Implications of increased longevity for economic and social programs are also considered. (summary in ENG), (excerpt)

This paper applies the notion of reciprocity to the analysis of Chinese literary kin terms. The data used here are derived from Feng's (1937) list of 369 modern standard terms. In the analysis, the modified Romney's notation system (Liu 1972) is helpful in finding the reciprocal relation between these terms. Yet, some of the terms in the set of 369 terms do not find their corresponding reciprocal terms in the set. It is found that the reciprocity between terms has a root in the reciprocity between morphemes. In other words, the reciprocal term of a given kin term can be predicted by the reciprocity rules of kinship morphemes. With the aid of all such rules, we are able to construct a symmetric and complete system of Chinese kinship terminology. The implication of this analysis lies in two aspects of the structure of Chinese kin terms. First, the meaning of Chinese kin terms have a morphological basis. Since every term in composed of morphemes which each makes contribution to the whole meaning of the term, its reciprocal term can also be constructed morphologically by the morphemes whose meanings are reciprocal with the morphemes of the original term. Second, the inner structure of Chinese kin terms is generative. This study has illustrated such a generative nature by finding all the reciprocal terms which are morpho-syntactically well-formed, but not chosen by the culture in the ordinary usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a very early time the Chinese economy had been characterized by a high man-arable land ratio as compared with the European history. Chinese rulers had not been pressed by severe labor shortages to institute tight control over labor. Consequently, local labor markets for hiring developed very early in China and, with a few exceptional periods, remained fairly free. This paper attempts to trace the development of labor markets and determine the extent to which waged workers were employed in the Chinese history. From scattered quantitative data, an increasing trend of labor employment over time seems discernible. Wage data have been compiled, too. When converted into real terms, i.e. the amount of grain that could be purchased with the cash wage at the price prevailing then, the wage data display a clear trend of decline in the long history. The level of real wages in the 19th century was more than ten times the level in the 19th century. It is believed that the decline reflects the enormous multiplication of population and labor, which depressed the marginal product of workers. Moreover, the decline in real wages was accompanied by a sharp deterioration of employment conditions. It is emphatically pointed out, however, that in most cases employment contracts were made on a voluntary basis. As long as this was true, the inferior status of workers should be interpreted as part of the worsening terms of employment rather than a symbol of slavery. In a basically uncontrolled labor market, the worker had the freedom to reject a job offer if he considered any of the employment terms unacceptable. The fact that the near-slave status of hired hands appeared after the 12th century suggests that the pressure of excess supply of labor forced workers to accept both the falling wage and the debased status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1957, the late well-known economist Alexander Eckstein who was sent from the United States to Taiwan to investigate academic conditions there, reported that Taiwan was a "cultural desert". Eckstein's view was shared by many Chinese scholars. But Eckstein's report was made 27 years ago. Taiwan is no longer a cultural desert. The United States and the Republic of China have had a history of more than 20 years of fruitful academic cooperation. In this paper we treat a number of themes which contributed to Taiwan's evolving from that cultural desert: 1) The establishment of the Chinese National Science Council under the support of the American Agency for International Development. 2) The financial assistance of U. S. private foundations to R.O.C. academic circles. 3) Sino-American cooperation which helped scientific and technological development in Taiwan. 4)The returned students who helped to build up academic standard in Taiwan; and. 5) Finally, an overview of American academic influence in Taiwan. This paper was originally delivered at the Conference on US-ROC Relations: From the White Paper to the Taiwan Relations Act (Sept. 23-24, 1983) held by St. John's University in New York, and published by the American Asian Review to which those who are interested may refer to for the original English text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a series of experiments attempting to determine the methods of selection, preparation and use of turtle-shells and cattle-scapulas for divination during the late Shang dynasty. These experiments cover a range of topics, including shell and bone selection and preparation, the making of burning-pits, the source and application of heat to produce the divinatory cracks, the court diviners' interpretation of the cracks, why the court historians first wrote the divination-inscription texts on the bone or shell before they were carved, why the divinatory cracks and inscriptions were carved and pigmented, whether or not the bones and shells were softened before preparation and carving, and the use of bronze and jade knives in carving the inscriptions. I have compared the results of my experiments with archaeological data and with the work of other scholars in the field, and have finally established what the complete process of late-Shang oracle-bone divination was. The major conclusions obtained from these experiments include the following: 1) The primary selection criterion for live turtles to be used in divination was that they be good-looking, unscarred individuals with flat, high-quality plastrons. 2) The fifty-eight closely-joined bony plates making up the complete turtle-shell will loosen or fall apart if boiled too long, and are not suited for a softening process before preparation and carving. 3) The backs of the scapulas were flattened in order to facilitate the making of a greater number of burning-pits on the back and the turning of the bone during inscription-carving on the front; this also made them stable for carving and easier to stack. 4) During the making of the burning-pits, the long-oval pits had to be cut deep and straight, as they provided the guide-line for the initial crack during heating. 5) The cracking of the bones and shells required the use of hardwood burning in the form of a hot coal. This was lightly applied to the shallow burning-pit and slowly blown upon to keep it alight for as long as possible, until the crack was produced. 6) Auspicious or inauspicious crack-interpretations were determined by variations in the shape of the horizontal branch of the crack, but these variations were quite likely controlled by the diviners themselves. 7) The cracks and inscriptions were carved and pigmented for the practical purpose of facilitating later reference and confirmation of divinations, and not for aesthetic purposes. 8) The divination-inscription texts were most likely first written on the bone or shell by the historian, then given to specialized artisans for carving. 9) Shell and bone can be softened with vinegar for carving, but this method has its drawbacks. The proper proportions of copper and tin can definitely be used to make a bronze alloy for saws, knives and other tools capable of cutting bone and shell without pre-softening; such tools could especially have been used to make the wide variety of finely-carved late- Shang bone artifacts. This paper represents the first comprehensive inquiry into the actual physical process of oracle-bone divination that has been undertaken in the past eighty-five years of late-Shang research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ch'ing dynasty was established by the Manchus, a national minority in China. There were many suspicious circumstances surrounding the accession of the third emperor of the dynasty, Shih-tsung (Emperor Yung-cheng), and this has been a topic of considerable controversy amongst scholars. Over the past ten years, the author of the present article has published several papers on Shih-tsung and the fourteenth son of Emperor K'ang-hsi the Fu-yuan Ta Chiang-chun Yin-chen, which have supported the view that when Shih-tsung succeeded Emperor K'ang-hsi, he usurped the throne from his younger brother. The present article approaches the problem from another angle. Did K'ang-hsi's fourteenth son receive an instruction from K'ang-hsi, prior to his death, to the effect that he should inherit the throne, and did he return to Peking with the understanding that he would become Emperor? Or was the reason he returned to Peking to take part in the funeral ceremonies for his father, after he had been informed by Shih-tsung of his death? This article investigates the question of the usurpation of Shih-tsung from this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

無String functions are the key points of computer programming for library automation. In this paper the primary string functions, compute string length, extract some characters from a string, search specific characters in a string and concatenate two or more strings or characters are introduced in BASIC language first, then the application of these functions in KWIC. KWOC, OCLC's title search key and MARC record are explained. Finally the programming command of aforementioned string functions in COBOL, PL / l are described .

In order to determine the geographical distribution of Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus in Taiwan, 2,759 fresh stool samples were collected from 5th-grade school children of both sexes among 43 preliminary schools in 16 counties, and then examined by means of the modified test-tube filter-paper cultivation method for identification of the filariform larvae of hookworm. Both species of A. duodenale and N. americanus are widespread in Taiwan. The overall infection rate was 20.00%. The rate of A. duodenale, N. americanaus and mixed infection of both species was 9.85%, and 7.75% and 2.39% respectively. Geographically, N. americanus (12.64%) predominated over A. duodenale (5.43%) in the north (Ilan, Taipei, Taoyuan, Hsinchu and Miaoli) and the east (Taitung) areas. On the contrary, A. duodenale (13.40%) predominated over N. americanus (5.63%) in the central (Nantou, Taichung, Changhua and Yunlin), the south (Chiayi, Tainan, Kaohsiung and Pingtung) and the east (Hualien) areas. On the other hand, the rate of infection on the offshore island (Penghu) was much lower (1.19%) than the others (21.10-21.29%).

The shell-bridge is the part connecting turtle's shell and turtle's plastron. The term "shell-bridge inscriptions" is used only for those written-records inscribed on the shell-bridges, which are different from average divinations. The distribution of written-record inscriptions on the shell-bridges can be divided into four categories: 1. Written-record inscriptions on the right shell-bridges can be seen frequently among large turtle's plastrons. 2. Written-record inscriptions on the right shell-bridges and inscriber's or his residential names on the left shell-bridges, or vice versa. This category can generally be seen among the large, medium, small sizes' plastrons. 3. Written-record inscriptions on both bridges. This category can be seen more often among small size plastrons. 4. Special cases on both bridges. This category can be seen among all sizes' plastrons. In this paper, I list thirteen different phenomena relative to shell- bridge inscriptions, some of them not been known before, which, however, have been sorted out from those inscriptions upon the less fragmental or restored plastrons. For examples: 1. The contribution's figures as seen in the shell-bridge inscriptions are often contrary to the size of turtle upon which inscriptions were made. That is to say that the contribution's figures inscribed on the larger turtles are smaller, but on the smaller turtles, larger. This indicates that turtles for divination were in fact the contributions. 2. Some of the characters inscribed on shell-bridge were sawed into halves from the middle. This indicates that the shell-bridge inscriptions were inscribed upon the bridges before the shells or the plastron were treated for divintional purpose. 3. In a plastron set, the inscriptions on each shell-bridge was identical, but not every shell-bridge was inscribed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approach adopted in this paper is to apply a morphological analysis to two sets of literary kinship terms drawn from death notices published in Taiwan newspapers. One set is composed of terms for the dead's relatives taking the dead as ego, the other is composed of terms for the dead taking the main announcer of each notice as ego. Both morphological structure and the range of kinship relationships are first analyzed and then compared with the modern standard terminology presented by Feng Han-yi. Also the "misuses" of terms in comparison to standard terms are carefully examined and explained. The result of the analysis shows that the basic form of Chinese literary kinship terms, i.e., type-modifier + focal morpheme + sex-modifier, is maintained in the use of such terms in death notices. Nevertheless, the range of relationship is, in comparison to the Feng's system, modified under this specific context. First, more affinal relationships are included and many relationships due to adoption (of either an outsider or a lineage member), remarriage, polygyny, and god parenting are made into new terms. Second, most relatives above the dead's generation are excluded and many collateral relatives on the dead's generation and below are cut down from the list of terms in death notices. The new terms are created by the addition of new morphemes to the kin vocabulary while the number of terms largely decreases due to the relatively low frequence of use of certain morphemes (such as t'ang, tsai-ts'ung, and tsu) and the merger of certain morphemes (such as ku-piao, chiu-piao, and i-piao). The implications of this analysis are as follows. First, literary kinship terms are not dead for being excluded from the oral use. Not only are they in active use, but more terms are generated according to the internal morphological structure. The evidence is drawn from death notices in which many new terms occur. Second, the Chinese system of kinship terminology is shown to possess its descriptive and classificatory characteristics by the unfixed number of modifiers involved in terms. The more the modifiers, the more descriptive the term. It is true that Feng's system is very descriptive. Yet, the use of literary terms in death notices is less descriptive since in many cases descriptive modifiers are omitted. The discrepancy can be explained by the influence of spoken usage upon the literary one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to reconstruct the philosophy of "Union of Heaven and Man" with a special emphasis on the School of Mind during the Sung-Ming period. It begins with the tracing of the traditional concept of "Heaven" in the ancient Confucian classics, and analyses this concept in various texts including the Book of History, Book of Odes, the Four Books and especially the Book of Changes. In the Sung period, many thinkers, such as Shao Yung, Hu Hung and Ch'eng Hao had already expounded the metaphysical significance of mind and treated it as the entity which bridged the gap between ultimate reality and man. But the height of development of this concept was reached by Lu Hsiang-shan and Wang Yang-ming, the objective of their philosophical endeavour was clearly in pointing out the creative nature of human mind and potential for a full enrichment so as to achieve absolute freedom and perfectibility inherent in human nature. The structure of this paper is presented in the following sections: 1)"Union of Heaven and Man" as the common belief in traditional Confucian thought. 2)The Neo-Confucian concept of "Mind" is derived from ineffable experience of self-realization. 3) The outline of the metaphysical implication of "Mind" in Confucian thought. 4) The textual evidence of "Union of Heaven and Man" in the pre-Ch'in period. 5) The development of "Union of Heaven and Man" in Lu Hsiang-shan. 6) The development of "all things form one body" in the School of Mind during the Ming period. 7) The realization of "Union of Heaven and Man" through introspection as the creativity of mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunoassay for Poisons is based on Clssical immunochemical procedures and utilizes an antigen-antibody reaction as an analytic means. It can determine the poisons contained in the blood or urine Sample quantitatively and directly No isolation is necessary, Thus this procedure can be performed easily and rapidly, and the results obtained are sensitive. For instance, the sensitivity of radioimmunoassay is 10, 000～10, 000, 000 times as high as that of the triditional method, up to ng(10~(-12)). The main adventage of this method is that it can be used as a Screening test, especrally the negative exclusive tests. This paper presents morphine radioimmunoassay and enzyme inhibition immunoassay, including the preparation of antigen and antibody, labelling of antigen and quantitative Procedures, etc.

The root of Rei—Xiang—Lang—Du (Stellera chamaejasme L.) is recognised to be tosic and therefore will be identified when it is necessary in criminal case. But how to identify it is a problem. Hence in order to solve, if possible, this problem, a general description of the morphological and histological characters of the root will be made and the chemical analysis will be studied. In this paper, how to apply the method above-mentioned into the identification of decocted dregs was discussed.

This paper deals with a comparative study on the clinical aspects of 300 case of mid-late-term abortions induced by small dose and routine dose of alcoholic extract of Flos Genkwa and by rivanol and on 100 cases of fetal autopsies. Clinical aspects of 300 cases of abortions, the therapeutic effective rate, and the fetal mortality rate of the small doses of Flos Genkwa are similar to those of the routine doses of Flos Genkwa but with fewer side effects. As compared with the rivanol group, lower the time of induction of abortion is shorter, the rate of live fetuses and the cases with retention of part of the membranes and placenta are fewer. Pathologic aspects of 100 cases of fetal autopsies -- the predominant pathologic changes of the fetus in the Flos Genkwa group are congestion and hemorrhage in contrast with edema in the rivanol group. Degeneration and necrosis in visceral organs occurred in both groups, but they were severe in the Flos Genkwa group. The predominant pathologic changes of umbilical cord in the Flos Genkwa group were trauma and proliferation of intima, thrombosis, and pan-vesselitis. In the rivanol group, the predominant changes were diffuse infiltration of macrophages in the stroma. In both groups there was degeneration and necrosis of trophoblasts of placenta. In Flos Genkwa group, the vessels in the chorionic villi were highly contracted, even the lumen were closed, while in the rivanol group the vessels were dilated. The inflammation of placentas and decidua and the degeneration and necrosis of decidua were also thoroughly examined, analyzed, and compared.

The extant and verifiable Han stone-carvings, with very few exceptions, are dated the Eastern Han dynasty. The authentic carvings of the Western Hart are marked with few characters, having no inscribed articles and frontal parts. However, the tomb-stone, the accomplishments-re- cording monument or the memorial slab, etc. allegedly considered later than the Eastern Han, besides the inscription which gives a detailed description of the deceased, his official rank and achievements, mostly contains a frontal part intended for identification or for indicating its purpose. So, for those later generations who are interested in an inscribed article, the frontal part is important in that it outlines the essence of the inscription as a whole. Some tomb-stones of the Eastern-Han officials are foreheaded with the ranks they were conferred upon while some are not. That's why Ouyang Hsiu and Chao Ming-ch'eng admitted their failure in understanding the principles used. During the Southern Sung dynasty, Hung Kua advanced the theories of "t'i-tsung" and "chung-nei" for explanation. The author of this paper, having exhausted all the tomb-stones of Eastern-Han officials whose frontal parts and inscriptions remain intact and legible, analyzes the ranks of the deceased one by one, thereby refutes the theory of "chung-nei" and affirms the fact the stone slabs were usually foreheaded with the ranks the deceased ever received, quite different from the officials of the T'ang and Sung, whose stones were in general foreheaded with the last ranks they were conferred upon. This paper also argues that while the last ranks given to the T'ang and Sung officials were done to observe the imperial decree and the laws, the highest ranks, which were not necessarily the last, were inscribed on the tomb-stone slabs of Han officials for glorification. The latter portion of this paper dwells on how to use the "t'i-tsung" to examine defective monuments, to decide if the stone rubbings of an inscription belong to the same slab, and to help interpret the inscription in question. The epilogue is devoted to discussing the system of civil service in the Eastern Han, which may enable us to understand the biographical data of that period better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to explore the emotional aspect of Liang Ch'i-ch'ao's self-contradictions so as to further our understanding of Liang. Self-contradictory Liang Ch'i-ch'ao has been one of the most fascinating subjects in the study of modern China. However, since most studies concentrated one aspect of this complicated phenomenon, namely, Liang's intellectual self-contradictions, there has been little understanding of Liang's personality as a whole and the interactions between his personality and intellectual self-contradictions. Based upon Liang's personal correspondences in his chronological biography compiled by Ting Wen-chiang, I was able to piece together evidences about Liang's emotional development and to suggest that Liang suffered from emotional instability throughout his life. The emotional instability, characterized by periodical alternations between depression and elation, was very similar to a psychological disorder grouped as "cyclothymia". First of all, Liang's theory of journalism was analyzed to examine his intellectual self-contradictions in details. It was found that, although the summer of 1903 was indeed a watershed which divided Liang's political thought into two parts, that of a revolutionary and that of a reformist, his journalistic theory, particularly his attitude toward the journalistic responsibility of objective reporting, vacillated between pros and cons before as well as after 1903. This suggests that, in many aspects of Linag's thought other than his shift from revolution to reform, Liang's intellectual self-contradictions might be characterized by constant vacillations rather than by one big and clear shift in 1903. The constant vacillations corresponded to Liang's constant emotional swings as expressed in the ten cycles of elation and depression found in his biography. During the periods of elation, Liang worked so hard that he often could not sleep for several days. He had exaggerated confidence and thought himself equal to gods or saints. During the periods of depression, Liang was often struck by serious but unknown diseases which immobilized him. He lost confidence and thought himself lower than dogs or pigs. He overdrank, wept easily and became extremely dependent upon the emotional support of his relatives and friends, particularly his teacher K'ang Yu-wei and his daughter Liang Ling-hsien. The emotional dependency upon particularistic ties was in fact one of the most important factors in Liang's shift from revolution to reform in 1903. Intellectually, Liang was against particularism (men hu chih chien) at the beginning of his career. He often attacked particularism and advocated universalistic criteria to recruit revolutionaries for the cause of institutional change. However, due to his emotional dependency upon his own particularistic ties with reformists, Liang withdrew from revolution step by step and finally dropped it completely in the summer of 1903. The paper concludes that analyses of Liang's emotional development are very important for our understanding of Liang Ch'i-ch'ao. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we shall pay attention to a series of problems which concern the recent development trends of folk religion belief and activities in Taiwan. Three categories are divided: basic theological ideas, the management of temples, and the religion movement. In the first category, we shall notice some important problems. New gods and goddesses increase gradually. The spirit worship and the hero worship are the main factors which are dominating the occurrence of these new gods and goddesses. Although we know that Chinese would like to worship many gods and goddesses at a same time, it is true that the monotheism exist actually in Chinese society for a long time. This monotheism is not an exclusive monotheism, but a henotheism. The famous Eternal Mother belief is the best example of this henotheism. The belief of the Eternal Mother is very popular in modern Taiwan society. We can trace its history back to the Sixteenth century. On the other hand, a confused style of religious belief which mix with the Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism, play an important role. It makes us deduce the distinctions between these religions and philosophies. Many famous temples put the gods of three religions together. In the second category, we shall discuss the management of the temples. Due to the lackness of temple's own properties, the contribution of the believers becomes the main source of the temple's income. How to attract a huge number of people to visit the temple? It is the major theme of the management of the temples. We select the Fo-kuang-shan-shih (...) as the best example for discussing the management problems. We also notice the pilgram activities in modern Taiwan. It is a combination of religious and travelling purposes. In the third part of this category we may notice the money income and the social philanthropies of the temples. In the third category, we shall notice three important trends in the religious-social aspect. The first, the spirit medium, or shaman, and his private chapel increase rapidly. Because it is a kind of folk medicine for releasing people's psychological anxiety in a serious competitive society. On the other hand, the utilitarianism is the basic philosophy of this religious behaviors. The second, the cultural and religious revital movement occur in the last decade. It is accompany with a rapid social change. People who leave their native homes to metropolitan for seeking jobs. They suffer isolate, unfamiliar and unfriendly, and heavy living pressure. Some people hope eagerly to touch again the life of country style, so that they participate different religious groups which stress the traditional way of life style, human relations, and mutual helpness. Under such a condition, some folk religious sects, such as I-kuan-tao (...), Ju-chung Sheng-chiao (...), Tse-hui-tang (...), etc., grow up very quickly. These sects are majorly branches of the Eternal Mother belief. Religion is a part of cultural and social system. It is influenced by other parts of the society. Chinese folk religion has no special doctrines and philosophy, it is confused with the Confucianism and the morality of daily life. When the changes occur in the daily life, the religion produce responses. In general, folk religion suggest and provide some methods and chances to release the anxieties which is accompany with the social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reexamines the facts and theories of the much debated population transition and proposes that the transition should be regarded as a "regularity" governing the population growth of the nations during the past 200 years. It is argued that in almost all cases the mortality decline has preceded the fertility decline but socioeconomic covariates of fertility have been found to be inconsistent, a supply dominant resolution with built-in dynamics of the renewal process should be adopted. Fertility decline is then related to a subjective increase in the supply of children, and alternatively, to the relative income of the young adults entering the labor market. Evidence affirming the relationships between mortality decline, shifting age composition, and fertility decline are provided.

One case of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma appearing like an undifferentiated tumor by light microscopy is reported. Specific ultramicroscopic features of sarcomere containing Z line structures, thick and thin myofilaments with hexagonal arrangements in the cross section were noted in the cytoplasm of some individual malignant cells, thus establishing the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. Some of the tumor cells were positive to peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical stain of anti-serum by anti-myosin. In the present paper, the ultrastructural features and differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated rhabdomyosarcoma are also discussed.

This paper presents the comparative observation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of ten cases of adenocarcinoma of the large intestine and the normal colon mucosa. The ultrastructural features of the carcinoma cells were as follows: The basement membrane was perforated by cytoplasmic projections of the carcinoma cells, extending into the lamina propria. The membrane of the neighbouring cells was quite smooth, the interdigitation appeared sparse and the intercellular space was often dilated. The phenomenon of desmosome separation was found. Therefore, careful observation of the changes in the cell membrane is helpful in the diagnosis of colonic adenocarcinoma.

This paper reports the treatment results of cisplatin in 43 cases of malignant lymphoma. All were proved by pathology, cytology or X-ray and were non-resectable, disseminated advanced or refractory to routine anticancer drugs. The total dose of each course of cisplatin was usually 100-150 mg (2 mg/kg). One fifth or a tenth part of the dose was given with normal saline intravenously once a day. Complete remission rate was 9%, partial remission rate was 28%. Lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma gave better results. During the treatment, anorexia, nausea and vomiting were common. Mild or moderate reduction of WBC and platelet was usually observed in the partial responsive cases but the depression on the bone marrow was relative mild. Cisplatin therapy did not cause marked renal dysfunction which was probably due to the hydration instituted. The anticancer action of cisplatin is similar to that of the alkylating agents but the participation of immunologic mechanism may also play a role.

Primary angiomatosis of bone is a rare bone tumor. Only 26 cases have been reported previously in literature. The authors add two cases in this paper. In one of them the right calcaneus bone and distal phalanges of the first and second toes were involved, an occurrence not yet been described. From the clinical point of view, the authors made an attempt to put forward a criterion for distinguishing the two types of primary bone angiomatosis--angiomatosis and massive osteolysis. The first type was usually operable with good results. As for the second type, no proper therapy has been found but irradiation might relieve the symptoms and control the development of the tumor. The authors emphasize that the roentgenogram is too equivocal to diagnose and the definite diagnosis almost always depends upon histopathologic examination characterized by the formation of abundant capillaries or cavernous vessels or both.

Present paper reports on the preliminary studies of the mechanism of virus therapy. In the untreated group, after ip transplant of 7.5 X 10(5) S 180 cells into healthy mice, the number of tumor cells increased rapidly and reached 3 X 10(8) cells/ml on day 9 and the death rate of cells was under 5%, except day 1 and 2. However, in the virus treated group, the PR 8 virus was given ip 48 hours after transplant of S 180 cells. The growth rate of tumor cells was significantly suppressed (maintained at about 3 X 10(5) cells/ml) and the death rate averaged 58.6%. In the antiPR 8 antibody treated group, the antibody was given ip 24 hours after injection of virus. The number of tumor cells decreased to the average of 1.5 X 10(5) cells/ml and the death rate reached 72.8% which is comparable with the virus treated group at day 6-9 after transplant of S 180 cells, suggesting in this period the oncolysis be antibody related (ADCC). In vitro test, the death rate of the tumor cells caused by PR 8 virus was only 6.9% in 24 hours after virus infection and 7.8% after 72 hours. The increased death rate of tumor cells after virus treatment in vivo and in vitro shows that the immune system is the main factor which eliminates the tumor cells in vivo.

The phagocytosis of senescent red cells by the monocyte-macrophage system and neutrophils is a normal physiological phenomenon. However, the erythrophagocytosis by malignant tumor cells was also reported, such as plasma cells of multiple myeloma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and oat cells of bronchogenic carcinoma, etc. This paper describes the erythrophagocytosis by signet-ring cells of adenocarcinoma of the lung observed by electronmicroscope in 1982 and supported by light microscopy and cytochemical tests.

With the increasing emphasis on earlier detection of breast cancer, detecting methods requiring only a small number of tumor cells are needed. This paper presents our experience of detecting the breast cancer ER with 17-fluoresceinated estrone (17-FE). The results were compared with that obtained from the same tumor by biochemical method. There is no direct quantitative relationship between the ER values (fmol/mg cytosol protein) determined by biochemical method and the proportion of ER containing cells observed by 17-FE method either in cells from needle aspirates prior to tumor removal or in cells from the removed tumor. It was found, however, that detecting the ER by 17-FE, all the tumors with ER levels greater than or equal to 10 fmol had greater than or equal to 10% marker positive cells, but 70% of tumors with negative or borderline (less than 10 fmol) ER levels had less than or equal to 10% ER positive cells. The correlation between the results from the biochemical method and those with 17-FE binding using needle aspirates was better than that between the former and the latter when using cells from fragments of removed tumor. The lack of concordance in 17-FE binding between the needle aspirates and parts of the removed tumor may be related to the diverse cellular composition of a tumor and the way of obtaining the sample. Our experience in this and previous studies show that further study and trial are worthwhile.

This paper reports 4 cases of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, 1 case in the retroperitoneum, 1 the left mandible, 1 right thoracic wall and 1 right thigh. 2 males and 2 females. The age ranged from 18 to 42 with an average of 29 years. In this series, 3 patients are still alive after operation and one died one year postoperatively. Microscopic examination: the tumor was made up not only of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, but also of well-differentiated cartilaginous islands and hemangiopericytomalike lesions. Transitions between the undifferentiated small cells and neighbouring chondrocytes or chondroid matrix and collagenous fibers can be found microscopically in all cases. The authors emphasize that collagenous fibers between the undifferentiated cells play an important role in the formation of cartilaginous islands. The differential diagnosis of this disease is discussed.

This paper reports the results of the treatment of 74 patients with lip carcinoma from 1958-1974. All patients were proved by pathology and received their first course of treatment in our hospital. 44 of these patients were treated by radiation and 30, by surgery. The over-all five-year survival rate is 59% (44/74). Satisfactory results were obtained in the early lesions (stages I, II) either by surgery or radiation and the five-year survival rates are 66% (surgery 6/9, radiation 4/6). For stages III and IV, the result of operation is better than radiation's. The five-year survival rate in the former is 71% (15/21) and in the latter is 50% (19/38). In the stage IV lesions (T4), surgery was contraindicated but radiation was still able to cure 25% (1/4) of the patients. The optimal dose for the primary lesion was 6000-8000 rad/6-8 wk. For patients without any metastasis in the neck lymph nodes or with suspicious ones (N0, N1a, N2a), 12% (4/33) developed cervical metastasis if the upper neck area was left untreated. Yet none of them developed metastasis if the neck was treated prophylactically either by radiation (3000-4000 rad/3-4 wk) or by surgery. For patients with positive neck lymph nodes (N1b, N2b, N3), surgery was better than radiation (4000-6000 rad/4-6 wk).

This paper reports 268 cases of thymoma treated by surgery and followed up to 24 years in our hospital. We believe that thymoma is a low grade malignancy. The gross findings on thoracotomy and microscopic examination are useful for diagnosis. The prognosis is related to the morphology of the tumor capsule. For patients with noninvasive thymoma, the prognosis is excellent and the recurrence rate is the lowest. In spite of a benign histologic feature, the prognosis is poor for patients with invasive thymoma which gave a 5 and 10 year survival rate of 65.5% and 48.8%, respectively with a recrudescence rate of 41.0%. Surgery is strongly indicated for thymomas. Invasive thymoma must be excised as early as possible. Extensive and thorough resection is the best way of preventing recurrence. The recurrent or metastatic foci can also be resected and cured by surgery. The survival time may be prolonged by radiotherapy. The residual tumor tissue can be effectively controlled by postoperative irradiation. The recurrent tumor may also be cured by radiation. Yet the result of patients with intrapleural seeding is not improved by postoperative radiation.

Hypertensive chemotherapy of advanced gastric cancer is reported in this paper. The blood pressure of the patient was first elevated by intravenous angiotensin II, then mitomycin C was given for two consecutive days at doses of 20 mg and 10 mg. Out of 20 cases, it was effective in 11 (55%), especially for those with Borrmann III and IV types and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma which recurred after subtotal gastrectomy. The side effect of this treatment was not marked and the response satisfactory Therefore, it may easily be accepted as the treatment for advanced gastric cancer.

This paper reports 4 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma arising from the middle ear, maxillary sinuses, soft palate and larynx. In 3 patients, tumor resection was performed and the other was only biopsied. 3 patients died 6 months, 40 days and 19 months after diagnosis. One had recurrence 4 months after operation and was then treated with hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD)-laser photoradiation. The result was satisfactory and the patient has been living well for 2 years. Histopathology, treatment and prognosis of this tumor are discussed.

無The major problem of data processing for library material in East Asian languages are the design of character set, hardware for inputting, storing, processing, transmitting etc. and MARC Format. RLIN is the first institution to implement online network cataloging system in East Asian Languages. In this paper RLIN's achievement and effort on this area are described and what can we learn from it to develop the Chinese library automation system in the R. O. C. are suggested.

This paper reports the effect of cyclophosphamide on the bone marrow hematopoiesis in the mouse. Cyclophosphamide 0.12 mg/g body weight was injected into the mice once and the observation lasted for 2 weeks. After the injection, peripheral leukocytes were reduced to the lowest level on day 4 and then increased higher than the control on day 7 to 14. The number of nucleated cell in the bone marrow was the lowest at the 48th hour and gradually became normal within two weeks. The pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells--CFU-S (colony forming unit-spleen) were depleted abruptly in 24 hours, then reproliferated exponentially to a peak on day 3, followed by a second decrease and came back to normal level on day 11 to 14. The changes of granulocytic progenitor cell CFU-D (colony forming unit-diffusion chamber) and CFU-C (colony forming unit-culture) were quite similar to that of CFU-S but their proliferation peak was on day 4. The peripheral leukocyte drop was slower and the return to normal was earlier than the hemopoietic cells. So the recovery of leukocyte count does not mean a real reconstruction of hematopoiesis. The bone marrow stroma observed by CFU-F (colony forming unit-fibroblastoid) assay and marrow microcirculation were also damaged and did not recover to normal during the observation. The bone marrow stroma and microcirculation showed a more serious damage.