Search

Gossypol is a yellow polyphenol naturally produced by Malvaceae plants such as cotton, which mainly exists in roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of cotton. Gossypol has animal toxicity, and long-term intake of gossypol will accumulate in livestock and cause poisoning, resulting in decreased fecundity, organ lesions, and even death of animals. The cotton output in Xinjiang is huge, accounting for more than 80% of the whole country. After cotton harvest, most of the waste cotton straws are directly crushed and returned to the field, resulting in great waste of resources. Cotton straw is rich in crude protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which is equivalent to common crop straw in nutritional components. However, its gossypol content exceeded the standard, which limited the application of cotton straw feed. How to achieve efficient and low-cost detoxification of gossypol has become the key factor to determining the fodder of cotton straw. The structure, properties, toxicity, detoxification technology, and detoxification mechanism of gossypol were summarized in this paper, which provided a reference for feed utilization of cotton straw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Vegetation plays an important role in ecological environment monitoring. Studying vegetation cover change can provide reference for regional ecological environment protection. The region of Altay in Xinjiang belongs to the ecological function zone of water conservation mountain grassland, with rich natural resources and beautiful scenery. However， the ecological environmental problems were gradually emerging under the national development strategies. Therefore, monitoring the dynamics of vegetation change in the area with multi-source remote sensing data is necessary to explore the relationship between the economic development and ecological environment protection. Methods: This paper uses multisource remote sensing long time series data with breaks for additive seasonal and trend, topographical position and geostatistical analysis methods to monitor the vegetation cover dynamics in Altay of Xinjiang, China during 2000—2019. Results: This paper processed large number of multisource remote sensing data along with human activity data and showed that during the study period, the number of vegetation breakpoints increased year by year from 2003 to 2009, and then gradually decreased after 2009. Meanwhile, seven types of vegetation breakpoint trends were detected, among them, the more number of breakpoints from degradation to growth type was identified, and the types of disturbance degradation and continuous degradation were less. From the interannual change curve, the dynamic change of vegetation coverage showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, that is, the vegetation coverage showed a degradation trend from 2000 to 2008 and a significant improvement trend from 2008 to 2019, and the degradation was greater than the improvement. Meanwhile, the east slope with an elevation of more than 900 m and a slope of more than 15° (from north to east and from south to east) is the dominant topographic location of vegetation degradation type, accounting for 62.4%. Conclusions: The protection of ecological environment in Altay of Xinjiang still needs to be further strengthened and effective protection measures should be taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to coordinate the relationship between the spatial layout of rural residential areas and regional ecological environment and to promote the effective regulation of rural residential areas. In this study, Xinhe County, Xinjiang was taken as an example. From the ecological perspective, the minimum resistance model, gravity model, and complex network were adopted to combine landscape security pattern with social network. Based on the results of spatial analysis, the rural settlements in Xinhe County were classified into types, and respective regulation zoning strategies were proposed. The results showed that the ecological security pattern of Xinhe County demonstrated obvious spatial differentiation, with 36.91% of key reserves, 31.38% of sub-key reserves, 20.47% of general reserves, and 11.24% of non-key reserves. The central, western, and southern regions were dominated by key reserves, while the northwest and southeast regions were dominated by non-key reserves. The spatial distribution of node linkage degree is uneven, and it weakens further from the urban center to the periphery. The maximum node intensity is concentrated in the vicinity of Xinhe Town, while the minimum node intensity is distributed at the edge of each town. There were 21, 36, 51, and 18 nodes of class Ⅰ, class Ⅱ, class Ⅲ, and class Ⅳ nodes, respectively. The rural residential areas in Xinhe County were divided into four renovation types, namely key development type, potential optimization type, control model, and relocation and withdrawal type, with respective areas of 16.11, 17.55, 13.83 km², and6.32 km² ; Furthermore, according to the existing problems, the renovation zoning scheme was formulated respectively. It is concluded that incorporating ecological factors into rural residential area consolidation can provide new ideas to promote rural residential consolidation, ecological security, and territorial space planning in Xinhe County. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The name "flax" is commonly used in various historical records of ancient China, and there have been continuous debates about the specific meaning of "flax". The "flax theorists" believe that due to climate characteristics, sesame cannot be introduced and cultivated in the northwest region of China, so "flax" inevitably refers to flax with better cold resistance. This paper maintains that the term "flax" in historical literature refers to sesame rather than flax. Meanwhile, archaeological achievements in the northwest region of China indicate that sesame may have spread to Xinjiang, China through Central Asia during the pre-Qin period, and have been active in the social and economic life of the northwest region for a long time since then. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the production and management of high-quality wine grapes in Xinjiang, the present paper studied the effects of different light quality treatments on the photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of Merlot grapes and the content of phenolic substances in wine.【Method】Taking the Merlot grape as the research object, from the fruit expansion stage to the maturing stage, 6 different colored（white, purple, blue, green, yellow, red） leaf curtains were used for shading treatment. During the fruit maturity period, the appearance indicators: Cluster weight, cluster firmness, weight of single berry, number of berry, skin-to-fruit ratio, seed and berry weight, and physical and chemical quality indicators, such as fruit soluble solids, titratable acid content, total phenols, total flavonoids, flavonoids, flavanols, proanthocyanidins, tannins and anthocyanins in peel, seed and wine were measured. Light response curve was measured by using Li-6400 XT portable photosynthesis measuring system.【Result】Under the different light quality conditions, the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pn max) of Merlot grape was CK>blue>white>yellow>purple>red>green, except CK, the Pn max of blue and white treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments, and the Pn max of green treatment was only 5.46 μmol/（m²·s）, which decreased by 173% compared with CK. The cluster weight under green treatment was the largest, reaching 166.22 g, and the weight of a single berry under purple treatment was the largest, reaching 1.3 g, and the difference was significant with that of CK. Under white and blue treatment, the content of soluble solids in fruit increased slightly to 24% and 25%, respectively. The total phenol content of CK was 17.93 mg/g, and compared with CK, the total phenol content of all treatments decreased to different degrees, and the decrease rates of white and red treatments were the least, 36.64% and 34.52%, respectively. Compared with CK, the contents of total flavonoids and flavonoids in seeds under purple treatment increased by 114.49% and 8.36%, respectively. Compared with CK, the contents of flavanols and proanthocyanidins in seeds under white treatment were increased by 108.53% and 49.18%, respectively, and the difference reached significant level with CK. The contents of total phenols, total flavonoids, flavanols, tannins and anthocyanins in wine increased under white treatment, which were 1391.16, 214.89, 1826.21, 2565.71 and 4.86 mg/L, respectively.【Conclusion】The use of white curtain for light quality control from fruit expansion period to maturity period can improve fruit quality and maintain high photosynthetic capacity of Merlot grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a kind of "pro-agricultural" intellectual property, geographical indications have brand value and cultural value, and play a unique role in promoting agricultural economic growth and Rural Revitalization. This paper describes the spatial distribution and spatial trends of geographical indication products in China based on ArcGIS platform, and explores the spatial clustering characteristics of geographical indication products in China by using standard deviational ellipse and exploratory spatial data analysis methods. The results show that: (1) Fruit geographical indication products account for the highest proportion, flowers and handicrafts account for a relatively small proportion, and agricultural geographical indication is the most important component. (2) The province with the largest distribution of geographical indication products is Shandong, and the provinces with the largest number of registered geographical indication products in the fruit category are Shandong and Xinjiang. In terms of spatial trends, Chinese geographical indication products show a relatively smooth arc-shaped trend in the east-west direction and an obvious inverted U-shaped trend in the south-north direction. (3) Chinese geographical indication products have obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics, and tea geographical indication products have the highest spatial agglomeration degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 The present paper aimed to study the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of high-standard farmland in Xinjiang, in order to provide decision-making basis and data support for the construction of high-standard farmland in Xinjiang in the future.【Method】 In the study, GIS spatial analysis technology, nuclear density analysis and geographic detector were used to study the spatial differentiation and influencing factors of high-standard farmland in Xinjiang. 【Results】(i) Through the spatial analysis of nuclear density, it was found that the high-standard farmland in Xinjiang was obviously clustered spatially, and there were two significant high-density agglomeration areas in northern and southern Xinjiang, with Tacheng area and Changji Prefecture as the ‘polar core’ in northern Xinjiang, and Aksu area and Kashgar area as ‘polar core’ in southern Xinjiang.(ii) From the perspective of the distribution of construction potential, counties and cities with high construction potential were mainly distributed in the western prefectures of Xinjiang division, and counties and cities with low construction potential were mainly distributed in the eastern prefectures of Xinjiang zoning. The counties and cities with lower construction potential in southern Xinjiang were the most distributed, and the research units in the higher construction potential area had no obvious concentration in space, and the research units in the high construction potential area were mainly distributed in the Tacheng area and Aksu area in northern Xinjiang and the Aksu region and Kashgar area in southern Xinjiang. The counties with high construction potential were mainly distributed in the left prefecture of Xinjiang division, and the counties with low construction potential were mainly distributed in the right prefecture of Xinjiang division.(iii) At the county scale, policy factors had a greater impact on the scale of high-standard farmland construction, and the core interaction factors of each district were related to policy factors; At the plaque scale, it was significantly affected by socioeconomic factors, and the core interaction factors were all related to socioeconomic factors and traffic location factors. The interaction detection results mainly included two interaction types: Nonlinear enhancement and two-factor enhancement, and each influence factor had obvious interaction enhancement effect on the construction scale of high-standard farmland under different partitions. 【Conclusion】 The spatial accumulation of high-standard farmland in Xinjiang is obvious, and natural environmental factors and policy regulatory factors are the main driving factors affecting the construction scale of high-standard farmland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gold — copper mine in Xinjiang is located at a high altitude. The industrial site is limited, with complex terrain and a sensitive environment. The distance between the dressing plant and the tailings pond is long and the height difference is significant. Under the conditions of simultaneous mining of upper and lower mining areas and coexistence of self-flow and pumping, to fully balance underground filling and tailings conveying and achieve green mining of mines, the paper, based on the development system, established the optimal thickening method for mine tailings filling and proposed 3 feasible solutions for the coordination of tailings conveying and filling system layout, which are compared and analyzed from multiple aspects including process flow, engineering investment, operating costs, and surface environment protection. The results show that the mine is most suitable for the deep cone thickening scheme, and the filling station is arranged at the surface of 2800 m air return audit + two-stage tailings conveying( Scheme I ), which is obviously better than Scheme II and III in terms of investment, operating costs, present value cost, and reliability. Besides, the system has high reliability and is easy to manage. The research provides solutions for the construction of tailings conveying and filling systems of the same type of mine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the grain price data in the grain price database of The Qing Dynasty edited by Mr. Wang Yejian, this paper investigates the grain price fluctuation of the 12 prefectural governments in Shaanxi during the Qianlong Dynasty. The research shows that during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the fluctuation of grain price in Shaanxi province was mainly influenced by natural disasters, which stimulated the rise of grain price. The war was also the key factor that led to the drastic fluctuation of grain prices in Shaanxi in a short period. Especially, in the process of the qing government’s unification of Xinjiang, in order to supply military grain, shaanxi actively purchased and allocated military grain, which made the fluctuation of grain prices in Shaanxi obvious. At the same time, by using the analysis method of wheat price variation coefficient and correlation coefficient in Shaanxi during the Reign of Emperor Qianlong, it is concluded that the integration degree of north Shaanxi and Guanzhong region is high, but the integration degree of Shaanxi as a whole is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to verify the regional applicability of NDVI-DFI tri-endmember linear mixture model to extract vegetation information in the crisscrossing region of desert oasis in Xinjiang and apply the model to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of vegetation in a gobi region in Xinjiang. 【Method】 Two periods of Landsat8 images in 2008 and 2017 were selected from the desert oasis interlacing zone on the northern slope of Tianshan-Jungaer Basin, Xinjiang, and estimation of fractional cover of photosynthetic vegetatio(fPV), non-photosynthetic vegetation(fNPV) and bare soil(fBS) in the study area based on NDVI-DFI tri-endmember linear mixture model.Verify inversion accuracy with regression analysis.【Result】（i）The spatial location of the pixels identified as pure by the PPI operation and located close to the vertices of the NDVI/DFI triangle was examined by Landsat8 OLI, which meets the application conditions of NDVI-DFI model. However, there were differences in scatter distribution, indicating that some surface elements have changed.（ii） fPV mainly distributed in the southern oasis farmland, fBS mainly distributed in the northern Gobi plain and barren mountains, fNPV mainly distributed in the oasis and gobi interleaved areas and large desert areas. The results of regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation（P<0.01） between the inversion results of NDVI-DFI model and the resampling calculation results of GF-2（high resolution） remote sensing imagery. 【Conclusion】（i） The NDVI-DFI model can be applied to estimate fractional cover of fPV, fBS and fNPV in Northern Slope of Tianshan Mountains-eastern margin of Junggar Basin. The accuracy of inversion results meet the requirements. It has regional applicability for the extraction of vegetation information in the desert oasis ecotone in Xinjiang.（ii） From 2008 to 2017, the level I, III and IV vegetation area in the study area showed a decreasing trend, while the level II and V vegetation coverage increased. The vegetation coverage changed from low to high level, and the high level vegetation increased. The total vegetation restoration area in the study area is greater than the degraded area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to explore and analyze the research on forest land resources in Emin county, Xinjiang, and provide references for realizing the temporal and spatial dynamics of forest land resources. 【Method】Based on 3S technology, using Landsat satellite remote sensing images in 1988, 1998, 2007 and 2018, the distribution of forest land resources in the past 31 years was interpreted, and the temporal and spatial dynamics of forest land were analyzed. The center of gravity migration model and the transition matrix quantitatively analyzed the mutual transfer between forest land and other types of ground objects, and expounded the driving force of natural and human factors on the temporal and spatial changes of forest land. 【Result】 (i) The woodland coverage rate in Emin county was relatively high, of which it was as high as 47.41% in 2018. In 31 years, the woodland area showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the area of cultivated land and construction land showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. (ii) The mutual conversion of woodland, cultivated land, and bare soil was frequent, and the conversion rate continued to increase, the spatial diversion changed significantly, and the spatial dynamics of other types of ground objects tended to be stable. (iii) The location of the center of gravity of the forest land did not change significantly, and the migration was relatively weak. The substantial increase in construction land was mainly due to the conversion of forest land and cultivated land. The area of bare soil decreased, mainly transforming into cultivated land and woodland, while the increase of cultivated land area was mainly due to the transformation of forest land. (iv) The decrease in precipitation had directly led to the increasing drought of the land, and the gradual increase of bare soil and saline ground. At the same time, the area of water bodies has shown a downward trend, and the intensification of human activities has promoted the continuous expansion of construction land, and cultivated land and woodland. The conversion of bare land resources was frequent. 【Conclusion】By analyzing 31 years of dynamic changes in forest land resources, the study found that forest land resources have decreased, which has promoted the real-time update of forest land resource information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 Taking Aksu region in Xinjiang as the research object, the paper aimed to discuss the land use change in Aksu region in the future 2030. 【Method】The plus model was used to simulate the land use in Aksu region under three different scenarios, namely natural development scenario, economic development scenario and ecological protection scenario, revealing the future land use situation in Aksu region in 2030. Then, under the extreme development conditions of the above three scenarios, the study tried to use the mop model to put forward the sustainable development scenario, and optimized the spatial structure of multiple scenarios on the regional scale. 【Result】In the natural development scenario of Aksu region in 2030, the increase of cultivated land and bare land will be the main way of land conversion. The conversion between cultivated land, grassland, artificial surface and bare land will be the main way of land conversion under the natural development scenario. Except for the stability of shrubland and glacier, the area of forest land, grassland, wetland, water body and artificial surface will decrease. The setting of economic development scenario was to make the rapid expansion of cultivated land and artificial surface reached the goal of optimal economic benefits. Cultivated land was mainly transformed from a large number of grasslands and bare land, while the increase of artificial surface was transformed from cultivated land, bare land, grassland, forest land and water. The added value of cultivated land and artificial surface under this scenario was the first in the three simulation scenarios. The purpose of the ecological protection scenario was to protect the ecological land in Aksu region. The ecological land under this scenario had the highest added value compared with the first two scenarios. The sustainable development scenario proposed on this basis was a trade-off between the above three scenarios, that was, an optimal land use allocation scheme. 【Conclusion】The future land use pattern can not be developed only by a single indicator, and sustainable land use can only be achieved by balancing economic, ecological and other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton, one of the main commercial crops in the world, mostly distributes in several major growing regions, including Xinjiang of western China. An important renewable biomass resource, the cotton stalk has received most attention to serving as the poultry feed, paper making, environmental protection materials, and biomass briquette fuel. Particularly, the highly efficient recycling of cotton stalk can be widely expected to bring enormous economic and ecological benefits. However, most previous treatments are focused on pulverizing cotton stalks and returning to the field. A great challenge is still posed on the current pulling machines for cotton stalks, with emphasis on operational requirements, leakage, and breaking rate. In this study, a novel horizontal-roller cotton stalk pulling machine was proposed to efficiently implement the pulling of the whole cotton stalk after harvesting. The machine was mainly composed of traction, gearbox, stalk conveying, transmission system, machine body, road wheel, spacing regulating mechanism, stalk pulling, dam-board, and support frame. Specifically, the power input shaft of the gearbox was connected to the power output shaft of a tractor. In working, the power was transferred to the chain drive by the power output shaft of a gearbox, and then to realize the stalk conveying and pulling operation under the rotation of the toothed belt and the opposite rotation of the stalk pulling roller. A systematic kinematic analysis was conducted to determine the influencing factors in the working process. A field test was also carried out in a farmland in Korla City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China in October 2019. The soil firmness was 467 kPa, and the moisture content of the soil was 15%-20%, due to the perennial drought and little rain in the study area. The average height of cotton stalk was 700 mm, while, the plant spacing was 50 mm in a wide and narrow close planting mode. The power was from a CFD604A wheeled tractor with a calibrated power of 44.2 kW. The test was performed on the national standard of a harvester combine test(GB/T 8097-2008). A three-level quadratic regression orthogonal test was designed, where the forward velocity of the machine, the rod velocity of the deflector, and the speed of the stalk pulling roller were selected as the influencing factors, whereas, the leakage rate and plucking rate were the response factors. A response surface method was utilized to establish the regression equations for the relationship between the factors and assessment indexes. An optimal combination of parameters was obtained, while an experiment was also conducted to verify the mathematical model. The test results demonstrated that there were great effects of factors on the performance of horizontal-roller cotton stalk pulling. The significant effects on the leakage rate were ranked in a decreasing order: the forward velocity of the machine, the rod velocity of the deflector, and the speed of the stalk pulling roller. Correspondingly, the significant effects on the plucking rate were ranked in a decreasing order: the speed of the stalk pulling roller, the rod velocity of the deflector, and the forward velocity of the machine. The verification test indicated that the leakage rate of the cotton stalk was 5.24%, and the plucking rate was 3.75%,when the forward velocity of the machine was 0.68 m/s, the rod velocity of the deflector was 1.75 m/s, and the speed of the stalk pulling roller was 221 r/min. The optimal combination was better consistent with the predicted one in model optimization, indicating a reasonable structural design. The findings can provide a sound reference for the structural design and optimization of operation parameters in the horizontal-roller cotton stalk pulling machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realizing the equal supply of urban and rural public goods is not only an effective way to basically realize the equalization of public services by 2035, but also the key to narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, promote economic and social development and solve the urban-rural dual problem. By combing the literature on the equalization of urban and ru⁃ ral public goods at home and abroad, this paper proposed ways to effectively promote the equalization of supply of urban and ru⁃ ral public goods in Xinjiangbased on the special social and cultural environment of Xinjiang and the actual situation of ethnic minority areas and remote and backward areas. To realize the equal supply of public goods in urban and rural areas, we must es⁃ tablish a comprehensive public finance system that coordinates urban and rural areas, promote the reform of the supply mode of public goods, and accelerate the transformation of government functions and the innovation of the supply system of public goods in urban and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: On 8th January 2022, a large earthquake (Mw 6.7) struck Menyuan County, Qinghai, China, causing serious damage to Lanzhou-Xinjiang high speed railway and forcing the closure of the railway for repairs, which has attracted highly domestic and international attention. Methods: We presented a technical framework to determine earthquake surface ruptures by integrating optical, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images as well as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, and evaluated its damage to traffic networks. Firstly, we acquired a range of datasets including GF-1, GF-7, Sentinel-2 optical images and Sentinel-1A SAR images. GF-1 and GF-7 images were used to determine the spatial distribution characteristic of the surface ruptures. Secondly, we employed to estimate 2D surface displacement fields using optical pixel offset technique. One in the east-west (EW) direction and the other in the south-north (SN) direction. SAR pixel offset technique was utilized to acquire surface displacements in the range and azimuth directions whilst interferometric SAR(InSAR) was mainly for surface displacements in the radar line of sight (i. e. the range direction). Structure from motion (SfM) was used to process UAV images to obtain high precision digital surface models (DSMs). Finally, all the abovementioned information was used to precisely determine the spatial distribution and surface displacement characteristics of the earthquake surface ruptures. Results: Our results show that the maximum surface displacement in the EW direction was about 2.0 m, the maximum in the range direction was approximately 1.5 m, and the total length of the surface ruptures was around 36.22 km. Furthermore, we performed an assessment of traffic inefficiency in Menyuan and its surrounding areas based on the distribution of historical geohazards as well as the earthquake surface ruptures using machine learning methods support vector ma‐ chine models. Conclusions: The Menyuan earthquake had the greatest impacts on highways, and the least impacts on rural roads. The southeast sections of the major highways G0611 and G338 had high risks. The technical framework demonstrated in this paper appears to be promising to precisely map surface ruptures, which in turn will directly benefit to earthquake disaster reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to study the molecular characteristics, genetic structure and evolutionary mechanism of cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus ( CABYV), in order to clarify the epidemic pattern of the virus in the field and formulate long-term sustainable prevention and control strategies which is of great significance. [ Method] 120 melon leaves suspected to be infected with CABYV were randomly collected from Aksu city, Xinjiang. RT-PCR was used to detect the virus. MEGA 7. 0 was used to construct phylogenetic tree, DnaSP vS. 10 was used to analyze the genetic diversity among different sequences, and RDP v. 4. 31 software was used to analyze the possible recombination events of CABYV sequence. [Result] As verified by RT-PCR, 38 samples were CABYV positive, and the detection rate was 31. 67%. A new CABYV-2 was isolated, sequenced and cloned from these positive samples. The length of the genome was 5497 bp, encoding six open reading frames. Compared with 23 CABYV strains isolated from different countries in NCBI database, CABYV-2 had the highest homology with KR231942. 1 and the lowest homology with JF939812. 1. The results of evolutionary tree analysis showed that 24 isolates were divided into two branchesdue to different geographical factors, including CABYV-2 and KR231942. 1 come together and belong to branch 1. The results of genetic diversity and neutral test showed that CABYV was highly variable and population was expanding. The results of recombination analysis showed that there were two recombination events, EU636992. 1 and KR231949.1, which exacerbated the variation of CABYV. [Conclusion] CABYV was isolated from Aksu, Xinjiang and KR231942. 1 from Korea had the closest genetic relationship and the farthest genetic relationship with isolates from European countries. There were great genetic differences between branch 1 and branch 2 isolates. The recombination of cabyv among different hosts intensifies the variation of CABYV recombination and negative selection may be important reasons affecting the genetic variation of CAB YV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The gravity variation caused by hydrometeorological factors is an important factor affecting the interpretation of seismic gravity variation results. However, quantitative analysis of gravity field changes caused by hydrometeorological factors is rarely carried out. Methods: This paper takes the northern Xinjiang, China as the research area and uses the global hydrological model data of global land data assimilation system (GLDAS) and an atmospheric model to calculate the gravity influence of hydrometeorological factors on the research area from January 2016 to December 2017. Results: The results show that the annual change of terrestrial water influence is 1.3 μGal, and the difference in spatial distribution of terrestrial water influence between two adjacent periods is lower than 1 μGal. The annual change of atmospheric influence is as high as 8 μGal, and the difference in spatial distribution of atmospheric influence between two adjacent periods is up to 6 μGal. Conclusions: The gravity variations before and after deducting hydrometeorological factors were compared using the mobile gravity measurement data of three periods, i. e., April 2016, August 2016 and June 2017. The comparison results show that in the processing of mobile gravity data in the northern Xinjiang, the large⁃scale hydrological factor can be ignored and the meteorological factor should be taken into account. Meanwhile, for a better analysis of the mobile gravity variation, soil moisture and atmospheric pressure near the measuring point should be observed during the mobile gravity measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malus sieversii(wild apple)is a well-recognized Apple Gene Pool in the world, which is the dominant species of wild fruit forests in the Tianshan Mountains. From the 1960s, the population area of M. sieversii declined sharply in Xinjiang, but the reasons are still unclear. The conservation strategies of M. sieversii are also not clear. Based on summarizing previous studies and combining field investigation, in this paper, we further analyze and discuss current situations and problems of pests, disturbance and population regeneration difficulties of M. sieversii. There are still some problems in the protection and research of M. sieversii. Firstly, the origin and evolution of M. sieversii are still divergent. Secondly, the distribution area of the M. sieversii population in Xinjiang is further shrinking, and the distribution areas of the three counties are one-third of 60 years ago. Thirdly, the pest problem of M. sieversii has been effectively controlled, but the pest prevention and monitoring system has not been fully constructed. Forthly, the issue of excessive interference of M. sieversii still exists. Farmland reclamation and human deforestation have been controlled to some extent, but overgrazing still exists. Fifthly, the M. sieversii update difficult problem is still significant, and the existing research is at the primary stage, lacking in-depth study. Given the current issues, we put forward several suggestions. Firstly, the origin and evolution of M. sieversii need to be further studied by technologies like molecular biology. Secondly, establish a monitoring system of M. sieversii resources in Xinjiang and use advanced monitoring technology to monitor the status of M. sieversii resources in Xinjiang quickly and effectively. Thirdly, to establish pest prevention and monitoring system to timely and effectively monitor and control of pest outbreaks. Forthly, develop M. sieversii natural reserve in Xinjiang, strengthen in-situ protection and legal publicity, and strengthen residents, protection on endangered plants. Fifthly, develop the researching of renewal mechanism of M. sieversii and enhance the measures of relocation protection. We put forward some solutions and suggestions to solve the existing problems, whichprovides the reference for the scientific protection and effective management of M. sieversii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to study the crop coefficient and irrigation system of jujube with different irrigation quota under drip irrigation in the arid oasis area of Southern Xinjiang. [Method] Using the principle of water balance and penman-Monteith formula, the water consumption of jujube was calculated and the crop coefficients of jujube under different irrigation quotas were determined. Four irrigation quotas were set in the experiment, and each quota was repeated three times. [Result] When the irrigation quota was 420 m3 / 667 m², the difference between the next irrigation and this one was 0. 24%, and the soil moisture content was basically the same before the two irrigations, the consumption of jujube and the evaporation of field soil were basically equal to the irrigation water, and the irrigation water was more reasonable. The total water consumption of jujube with different irrigation quota during the growth period ranged from 598. 46 - 714. 08 mm, and the water consumption rule during the whole growth period was as follows: Germination and Spreading stage < Fruit Ripening Stage < Fruit Swelling Stage < Flowering and Fruiting Stage. Water consumption modulus 68. 36% - 72. 91 % at Flowering and Fruiting Stage and Germination and Spreading Stage. The reference crop evapotranspiration ET 0 increased first and then decreased, showing a parabolic change. The crop coefficient of Jujube was 0. 33 - 0. 39 in Germination and Spreading Stage, 0. 85 - 1. 07 in Flowering and Fruiting Stage, 0. 80 - 0. 94 in Fruit Swelling Stage and 0. 44 - 0. 47 in Fruit Ripening Stage. [Conclusion] The W2 irrigation treatment was more suitable for jujube growth and development, with the highest yield (516. 81 kg/667 m²) and the highest water use efficiency (1. 23 kg m¹). The corresponding crop coefficients were 0. 35 in the Germination and Spreading Stage, 0. 93 in the Flowering and Fruiting Stage, 0. 86 in the Fruit Swelling Stage and 0. 46 in the Fruit Ripening Stage. Considering the irrigation and yield benefit, the best irrigation system for jujube in the whole growth period was 420 m1 /667 m², with 9 irrigation times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]The paper aimed to study the influence of different soil tillage combinations on nitrogen uptake, utilization and yield of wheat, soybean, so as to provide a reference for selecting soil tillage combinations that are beneficial to the growth of wheat, soybean crops in Northern Xinjiang. [Methods]From October 2017 to October 2019, a split area test was set up under drip irrigation conditions. The main area was set up as the soil tillage by subsoiling(S)and tillage(T)before planting of winter wheat, and after winter wheat harvest, three kinds of soil tillage treatments, including tillage(T1), tillage and film mulching(TF)and no tillage (N), were adopted in the original location of two treatments. The winter wheat variety was ‘Xindong 42’ and the summer soybean variety was ‘Heihe 45’, their dry matten and nitrogen content and yield were determined. [Results]Compared with T treatment, S treatment could not only significantly improve the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency of winter wheat by 9.58%, but also effectively improve the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency of summer soybeans under T1 treatment and N treatment, promoting soybean yields to increase by 17.54% and 24.67%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between STF and TTF treatments. When the same tillage measures were taken in autumn, the dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency and yield of TF treatment were significantly higher than those of T1 and N treatments, and the total duration of dry matter accumulation was 5.27 and 11.65 days longer than that of T1 and N treatments, respectively. [Conclusions]The effect of subsoiling in autumn on nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency and yield of wheat soybean was better than that of tillage. However, considering the periodicity and high energy consumption of subsoiling operation, we can also adopt the combination of autumn tillage and summer tillage with plastic film mulching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to fully understand the genetic diversity and phylogenetics of Xinjiang indigenous sheep breeds, and provide theoretical basis for breeds, conservation and utilization. [Method] The squences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Cylb of 13 Xinjiang indigenous sheep breeds were amplified and sequenced. [Result] It was found that these breeds had abundant genetic diversity, except Hotan sheep. Neutral test showed that Hotan sheep had experienced population expansion. The genetic distance between Hotan sheep breeds and Qira black sheep breeds was the closest, and between Hotan sheep breeds and Bachu sheep breeds was the furthest. There were relatively far genetic distance between Bachu sheep breeds and other breeds. 13 indigenous sheep breeds were divided into 3 branches by haplotype network. After AMOVA molecular variation analysis, genetic variation between populations and within populations was 91.33% and 8.67%, respectively. There was no significant genetic differentiation among populations. [Conclusion] The results showed that there were three matrilineal origins in 13 Xinjiang indigenous sheep breeds. The genetic relationship was basically consistent with the breeding history and geographical distribution. Hotan sheep had low genetic diversity and need to strengthen the protection of germplasm resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[ Objective] The present paper aimed to analyze the value of the use of wild germplasm resources in Xinjiang. [Method] We had measured the geographical distribution of the population and the characteristics of the number of communities based on the combination of field survey and indoor analysis. We took Phleum phleoides ( L. ) as the study objects. (Result) (i) Xinjiang was the one of main areas where wild Phleum phleoides (L.) were distributed in China, concentrated in the meadow steppe and meadow vegetation at an altitude of 1100 - 2500 meters in the Tianshan mountains, Altai mountains and the western of Junggar mountains: (i) Phleum phleoides ( L. ) were very few in natural grasslands and were often found in communities. It was often appeared as companion species: (i) In natural grasslands, Phleum phleoides (1.) had more wide ecological niche than Phleum pretense and had germplasm resource utilization value. Conclusionit was important for providing basic materials and scientific basis in breed selection germplasm innovation, and germplasm protection [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the changes and impacts of mountain glaciers is of great significance to the healthy and stable development of the mountain-oasis-desert system in Xinjiang. This paper systematically combs through the research results of the physical changes, chemical processes, biological resources, climate response, and ecological effects of Xinjiang glaciers. The results revealed that; ① Xinjiang mountain glaciers generally demonstrated a tendency of an accelerated melting, were affected by topography and climate, and there were pronounced regional differences in the glacier changes. ② Aerosols explained the composition and source of surface material on Glacier No. 1 at the headwater of the Urumqi River, and findings revealed that the glacier isotope quantified the proportion of glacial meltwater in the runoff of each basin. ③ The effect of glacier changes on the living conditions and spatial distribution of extremophiles is relatively significant, but the comprehensive feedback mechanism between the changes and biological resources is still unclear. ④ The impact of glacier melting on water resources is aggravated from the inception of the inflection point of the glacier meltwater, resulting in the reduction of ecological services and the loss of ice and snow industries. The development of unified glacier extraction standards, broadening of research perspectives, comprehensive and systematic observation of glaciers, improvement in simulation prediction accuracy, improving the technique of disaster warning, and development of countermeasures are the focus of future research on mountain glaciers in Xin-Joang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[ Objective] This paper aimed to further explore the mechanism of irrigation and nitrogen application on the accumulation dynamics and yield of winter wheat dry matter ( DMA) in southern Xinjiang. [ Method] The field experiments were conducted in the bottomless pit of Hongqipo farm in Abu area, setting three irrigation gradients (80 %ETc, 100 %ETc, 120 %ETc) and three nitrogen fertilizer gradients ( 0, 207,276 kg/hm² ), using the Richards mathematical model, the dynamic process of DMA under irrigation and nitrogen application levels and its impact on yield and its components were quantitatively analyzed. [Result] The maximum rate and average rate of DMA accumulation in the treatment of 100 % ETc and 207 kg/hm² were the largest, the time to reach the maximum rate was the earliest, the duration of the fast increase period was the longest, the yield reached 12.477 t/hm², and the local winter wheat water-nitrogen ratio model increased production by 35. 56 % . Excessive increase in irrigation and nitrogen application could inhibit it. Both yield and yield components were significantly positively correlated with the average rate and maximum rate of DMA accumulation and negatively correlated with the relative accumulated temperature (RGDD) of the fast-growing period. [Conclusion] Water and nitrogen fertilizers are the limits of winter wheat yield in tested area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to select good mulberry varieties suitable for local promotion. [ Method] Four varieties of white mulberry, four varieties of black mulberry, two varieties of pink mulberry and two varieties of purple mulberry in southern and eastern Xinjiang were selected for grafting in Turpan, fruit 88 a sample for measurement, three economic traits, eight nutritional components and taste indexes of fruits were determined and analyzed, Spss Software was used to analyze their difference and correlation, and fuzzy membership function was used for the quality analysis. [ Result] There were extremely significant( P < 0. 01) or significant( P < 0. 05) in economic characters and nutrient components of 12 mulberry varieties; According to the ranking of mean value of membership function, four varieties with good economic characters were selected as follows: Baisang 2 > Heisang 2 > Baisang 3 > Baisang 4, Four varieties with good nutritional components were Baisang 4 > Heisang 1 > Baisang 3 > Fenpang 1. There was no correlation between economic traits and nutritional components. [ Conclusion] Based on the analysis and evaluation of 12 varieties of mulberry fruits, Baisang No. 3 and Baisang No. 4 could be used as fresh food species; Heisang 1 and Fansang 1 could be dried for medicinal use. By breeding methods of asexual and sexual reproduction of white mulberry No. 2, black mulberry No. 2, black mulberry No. 1 and pink mulberry No. 1, the good varieties would be screened out to promote the cultural development of mulberry industry in Turpan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]