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Currently, low utilization ratio of science and technology resources has to be an important restriction factor that affects the development of science and technology in our country. It is necessary to establish and perfect the government-dominated paUern of sharing science and technology resources for realizing sustainable development. This paper, learning from the experience for science and technology resources sharing in some western developed countries, that contain the United States, European Union and Japan, studies the key problems in the development of science and technology resources sharing. Based on this analysis, some useful policies and suggestions, ranging from sharing strategy, sharing platform, management system are proposed. These conclusions are useful for the government to develop science and technology resources sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have argued that interpersonal networks are more dominated by kin and work ties in Japan than in America. This paper seeks to examine the extent to which these differences manifest in the voice calling patterns of smartphone users in these two countries. We draw on data collected from a smartphone application that we designed to anonymously collect mobile log and pop-up survey data. The application was used to collect data from 226 adults in living in Japan and 195 adults living in America. Using descriptive and multivariate statistics we compare the voice call interaction patterns of respondents in these two countries. We conclude by discussing the extent to which the concept of interpersonal collectivism can be applied to understand different patterns of mobile communication in Japan and America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares media relations in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States. There are several significant findings. First, the media-public relations practitioner relationship is more informal and closer in Asia than it is in the U.S. Second, media ethics, such as gift giving and informal gatherings, are different in these Asian cultures and in the U.S. Finally, the U.S. journalists and public relations practitioners have more positive attitudes toward on-line types of source-reporter relations than Asian journalists and practitioners do. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed based on the findings of this comparative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through literature search in regular database and official websites of relevant countries, this paper combs and summarizes the main characteristics of disease prevention and control systems in five countries, the United States, Germany, South Korea, Australia and Japan, and the European Union at key levels including legal construction, organizational structure, financing, personnel construction and international cooperation, in order to provide decision support for the construction of disease prevention and control system in China in the future.

Esophageal cancer surgery originated in the early 20(th) century. However, the true meaning of trans-thoracic esophagectomy and digestive tract reconstruction began in the 1930s. Almost at the same time, Japan and Western countries began the surgical exploration of esophageal cancer. Based on the pathological type of esophageal cancer in Asia, squamous cell carcinoma is the majority, and its biological characteristics and treatment strategies are different from those of European and American patients. After more than eighty years of development, the surgical treatment of esophageal cancer in Japan has been developed from the initial attempt, deep cultivation practice to the pursuit of excellence, and explored a set of more advanced surgical techniques and diagnostic strategies, which is unique in the world. On the basis of the establishment of the Japanese Society of Esophagus, Japanese scholars have developed and irregularly updated the Japanese Classification of Esophageal Cancer and published the professional academic journal Esophagus . The Japanese Clinical Oncology Group organized a number of phase Ⅲ clinical studies on esophageal cancer, providing strong evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal squamous carcinoma. Focused on the origin, development, current situation and future of esophageal cancer surgery in Japan, this paper summarized the development of esophageal cancer surgery in Japan through literature review, interviews with senior experts and Hot topics of esophageal cancer surgery-questionnaire survey of Japanese experts .

The history of international spread of Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion is divided into three sta ges in this paper, and the spreading characteristics are analyzed. The first stage is approximately from the 6th century to the end of the 15th century, during which acupuncture and moxibustion were spread to neighboring countries by personnel exchanges; the spread towards Korean peninsula, Japan and Vietnam was considered the most successful communication. The second stage lasts from the beginning of 16th century to 1970. At the early time of this stage, the employees of the Dutch East Indian Company introduced acupuncture and moxibustion to European countries through Indonesia and Japan, leading to a short and small fashion; also the United States and Australia were involved. At the late time of this stage, by medical aid teams dispatched by China government, acupuncture and moxibustion were introduced to African countries. The third stage starts from 1971. With the establishment of Sino-US diplomatic relations as an opportunity, acupuncture and moxibustion were being spread rapidly to the world through radio, TV and internet. So far it has been introduced to more than 140 countries and areas. Performing serious studies on the spreading characteristics of three stages will promote the international communication of acupuncture and moxibustion, by which the world will have a better understanding onthe broad and profound traditional cultures of China.

The development of professionalism in the health care industry has resulted in the existence of distinct lines of demarcation between disciplines. Duplication or absence of services, or lack of connection between services has made it difficult to respond to the needs of people with chronic conditions. With the rapid growth of the population with such conditions, the concept of integrated care has been proposed in order to increase accessibility, quality of care, cost sustainability and user satisfaction for such patients. The main content of this paper includes a definition of integrated care, the rationale behind it, and a model for it, as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with it. Four integrated care systems were selected from different countries: Social HMO and PACE from USA, SIPA from Canada, Japan's community support system and Taiwan's long-term care resources management centers. Recommendations are also provided for members of the nursing profession actively participating in integrated care systems.

As we know, the main HCV strain in Japan (HCV-J 4) is highly diverse in sequence from the original American strain (HCV-US). By comparing the sequences of these two strains, a region, located in the 3'-terminus of the putative E gene in HCV genome, was selected for PCR amplification. In this region, the Japanese strain showed high diversity from the American strain. From 4 patients, 8 isolates with the length of 277 bp, were cloned and sequenced. The homology of these 8 clones was high, indicating that these clones were in the same strain. This strain might be the major strain in China, named HCV-CHN1 in this paper. Since there were still many varieties in these 8 clones, HCV CHN1 could be possibly divided into 3 substrains. HCV-CHN1 was also found to be similar to HCV-J 4, with nucleotide homology of 83.4-86.3%, and amino acid homology of 78.3-88.0%, but remote from HCV-US, with homologies of only 68.6-72.6% and 69.6-73.9%, respectively. These results might be of paramount significance in developing the detection method for HCV infection and in preparing HCV vaccine.