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Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Min-su ch'ü-i Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre & Folklore is the property of Shih Ho-Cheng Folk Culture Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is widely recognized that Taiwanese democrat Wan-chu Lee, a so-called half-mainlander who spent a good part of his career in China, was in general in favor of democracy in his coping with the national issue. However, this paper argues that his understanding of the Chinese nation is primarily a cultural nation and he gave this cultural identity an authentic reading that is not to be transcended by his promotion of democracy. Despite that the prospect for democracy was aborted by the actual development in China, his identification with cultural China never faded away. This paper traces the evolution of his cultural identity and how he was able to stay with it throughout his career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geomatics & Information Science of Wuhan University is the property of Geomatics & Information Science of Wuhan University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Educational Research & Development / Jiao Yu Yan Jiu Yu Fa Zhan Gi Kan is the property of National Academy for Educational Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science / Nongyaoxue Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

China's outbound tourism has developed rapidly in recent years with an annual growth rate of over 20%. This development has been accompanied by a continuous and expanding deficit in the tourism service trade, triggering debate among government officials and academia about whether China's outbound tourism development has outpaced its economic development. Understanding China's growth in outbound tourism and its impact has therefore become more than an academic issue ; it also affects the future orientation of the tourism industry's policy. This paper, we perform a detailed analysis of four characteristics of current Chinese outbound tourism development: 1) the regional unbalance of tourist numbers ; 2) the significant tendency of short-haul travel; 3) the large-scale travel market and low travel rate ; and 4) an emphasis on shopping at the expense of a pleasant travel experience. For each of these characteristics, we further analyze tour additional points. First, eastern regions in China are close to the threshold for outbound tourism-generating capacity, while in central and western regions, outbound tourism has not yet become common. Second, nearly 70% of the Chinese outbound tourist flow is to short-haul destinations such as Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. China's outbound tourism behavior therefore shows transitional characteristics connecting domestic travel and travel abroad, travel purpose, stay duration and consumption per capita. Third, compared with its large population, China's outbound market is still tar behind some developed countries proportionally. Fourth, the consumption behavior of Chinese outbound tourists is geared towards shopping rather than enjoying the cultural activities of their destination. This behavior is still gradually maturing, where it would locus more on generally having a pleasant travel experience. The study concludes that China's outbound tourism, which is in accordance with national conditions, is still in a preliminary stage of development. Some scholars propose that appropriate controls should be conducted by charging outbound taxation, but a fundamental supply-demand model is used in this paper to prove the non-adaptability of this initiative. China's prosperous outbound tourism market and its steady growth illustrate the importance of proper guidance of a well-off society and the proper strategic requirements set forth by the government. Therefore, orderly guidance and discretionary market policies are proposed in policy-making to further facilitate the growth of the outbound tourism market in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21th century's first decade, China has made great progress in social legislation. The Female Rights Protection Law of 2005, the Employment Promotion Law of 2007, the Labor Contract Law of 2007 and the Social Insurance Law of 2010 were passed to regulate a wide scope of labor practices and to provide fair employment, better labor conditions as well as social benefits regarding unemployment, occupational injuries, retirement and healthcare. The Labor Contract Law drew more public attention than any other laws. It invited 190,000 recommendations in the month following the disclosure of its draft bill. Unlike Taiwan's Collective Agreement Law of 1930 governing the practice of collective agreement between unions and management, Chinese Labor Contract Law also regulates collective labor contract's equivalence to a collective bargaining agreement. This paper compares the provisions specifically governing collective labor contracts with Taiwan's Collective Agreement Law. The findings of the comparison are: 1. The laws of both sides governing the agreements or contracts are, in nature, substantially private laws even though China set several compulsory administrative requirements for concluding a valid collective labor contract. 2. The legal concept denoting a Collective Labor Contract or Collective Agreement is a separate concept from the employment contract or individual labor contract and refers to a private contract regulating labor conditions and subject matters regarding labor relations between union and management. The contract will impose civil obligations on the parties and may be litigated due to a breach of covenanted term. 3. With the government's assistance, collective labor contract has been widely established for self-regulating the labor conditions and labor relations in China but a Collective Agreement has not yet become a significant scheme for self-regulating the labor conditions and labor relations in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of painting in Taiwan in the early twentieth century was first inspired by Japanese art teachers. The new idea of "realistic painting" introduced at the time allowed the discovery of "local colors." However, the Taiwanese painters who employed the artistic ideal of "painting one's intent" were able to escape the limitation imposed by the concept of "local colors." How did the painters explore the artistic styles offered by the new global contexts through the colonization of Japan is an important issue that requires in-depth investigation. This issue is further complicated by painters who were not only influenced by the Japanese arts but also the traditional Chinese arts, as some of the Taiwanese painters moved to China after their training in Japan in order to search for a new style that conflates the Eastern and the Western arts. Taking several painters, Liu Jintang, Chen Chengpo, and Guo Bochuan as examples, this paper explores issues of identity, cultural impacts, and stylistic developments of the arts in the early twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper induces three stylized facts about the present situation of the cross-strait relations and Taiwan's political ecology. These stylized facts may be summed up as the deterioration of the Taiwanese people's Chinese national identity. And these problems are to a great extent the result of Mainland China's totalitarianism political system and the low level of livelihood and the underdevelopment of the civil rights conditions in the Mainland as well as the improper policies of the Mainland towards Taiwan. In conclusion, Mainland China needs to reform its totalitarian political system, increase the level of livelihood and the civil rights conditions, as well as improve its policies towards Taiwan. These measures may help to optimize the policies of the Mainland China towards Taiwan and reconstruct the cross-strait imagined communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper re-examines the so-called dual nature of the mid level tone in Xiamen (Bao 1999). Based on tone distribution in (a) rhyming syllables in folk opera, (b) Mainstream Taiwanese naming, (c) adjective triplication, and (d) ABB adjectives, it is concluded that the tone in question is consistently low-registered in both underlying and derived environments. Moreover, in addition to listing six register possibilities the mid level tone allows, this paper also lays out Fuzhou tonal phenomena which pose a challenge to Bao's theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1957, the late well-known economist Alexander Eckstein who was sent from the United States to Taiwan to investigate academic conditions there, reported that Taiwan was a "cultural desert". Eckstein's view was shared by many Chinese scholars. But Eckstein's report was made 27 years ago. Taiwan is no longer a cultural desert. The United States and the Republic of China have had a history of more than 20 years of fruitful academic cooperation. In this paper we treat a number of themes which contributed to Taiwan's evolving from that cultural desert: 1) The establishment of the Chinese National Science Council under the support of the American Agency for International Development. 2) The financial assistance of U. S. private foundations to R.O.C. academic circles. 3) Sino-American cooperation which helped scientific and technological development in Taiwan. 4)The returned students who helped to build up academic standard in Taiwan; and. 5) Finally, an overview of American academic influence in Taiwan. This paper was originally delivered at the Conference on US-ROC Relations: From the White Paper to the Taiwan Relations Act (Sept. 23-24, 1983) held by St. John's University in New York, and published by the American Asian Review to which those who are interested may refer to for the original English text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Education Policy & Management is the property of National Taipei University of Education, Department of Educational Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The situation across Taiwan Straits is unique in that it has undergone different phases of conflict, hostility, tension and relaxation, which is linked with interrelations between tourism development and political interactions. The research framework is based on the conceptual and theoretical implications of tourism development among partitioned states raised by two Canadian geographers Richard Butler and Baodi Mao. The methodology adopted by this study includes statistical analysis and historical comparison. The paper examines the interrelations between tourism development and political interactions across Taiwan Straits through relevant literature and current events. It deduces the conceptual model of interactions between tourism development and political relations among partitioned states so as to check the conceptual and theoretical implications raised by Butler and Mao. The conceptual model shows that after the policy allows people to travel between partitioned states, visiting can promote contacts and understanding among people, which contributes to the political relations to be gentle in initial stage, helps facilitate both sides to achieve conciliation in middle period, and creates the advantages of peaceful coexistence in a long term. Tourism is not just the facilitator of peace but the beneficiary of peace. Gentle political relations not only contribute to the sustainable development of tourism, but also strengthen Track Two Diplomacy (people-to-people) and Track One Diplomacy (government-to-government), and then could build the atmosphere which is good to political conciliation and normalized relations. Governments might take measures of warning or limiting people not to go to some particular tourist destinations because of the political taboo, ideology and tourism safety problems. The actions could make people misunderstand each other and lead to tense relationships of the two sides, and furthermore evolve into a situation of confrontation or conflict, thus we can find that tourism displays a political character. There has been no military conflict across Taiwan Straits since 1979; the sum of personnel exchanges was about 7 000 000 in 2011; even though it is not complete peace, the situation is in the reconciliation status. Tourism increased opportunities of contacts between people in stable situation of Taiwan Straits, and accomplished the fact of peace. Political peace is favorable for developing tourism. Tourism can also play a Track Two Diplomacy function in tense situations, provide an alternative channel to increase understanding, and affect Track One Diplomacy gradually. Removing political factors, it is attractive to people between partitioned states to visit another side, especially in those states which have the same consanguinity and culture. Political policies may be able to stop travel exchange temporarily, but when the bans are lifted, tourist flows will increase rapidly. Since June 28, 2011, people from Mainland China can visit Taiwan as individual travelers, the policy has a positive meaning to promote mutual understanding and maintain friendly and peaceful relations between the People of Taiwan and Mainland China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the book "Science and Civilisation in China," Joseph Needham made some comparisons between western science and Chinese science without focusing on the encounter between them. In fact, the transmission of western learning by Jesuits missionaries brought about the encounter of two traditions of natural knowledge, and left lots of topics concerning the conflict, competition and comparison between them. In view of the encounter and mutual impact between modern civilizations of East and West, this paper aims to analyze several topics on history of science and technology in the last 20 years in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many highly skilled migrants do not begin a fixed or immobile livelihood after migrating to a host country. Instead, the tendency is to show a continuing and two-way movement in a transnational social space. This paper analyzes migration experiences of transnational professionals: Taiwanese managers in the Shanghai area. The theoretical background is drawn from transnationalism approaches that complement the prevailing focus on the movement of professionals, which is categorized as a "brain drain/gain or circulation" between sending and receiving countries, and leading to the neglect of analyzing migratory process at the micro level. Empirical data for this study are generated from a three-stage field research, in which narrative interviews were conducted with 52 Taiwanese managers and 4 of their spouses. Using typological analysis, three different migration patterns of Taiwanese managers were distinguished: 1) long-term settled 2) for reasons- of-job settled, and 3) cross-border marriage. Nevertheless, these professionals are common during the migratory process, meaning that they continually travel back and forth between societies of origin and settlement to use local material and social resources, establish transnational social networks, and span pluri-local connections, which contribute to their having stable, transnational lives. The emphasis on the transnational linkage of social practices, as well as both symbolic and material resources in migratory lives, could serve as indicators explaining why Taiwanese expatriates in the Shanghai area are neither cosmopolitan elites nor homeless diasporas, but rather, transmigrants who continually return home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The translation and regulation of scientific and technical term are vital to the development of science and technology of any country. The variant translations of one certain English term are very common among China mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong due to historical, political and geographic factors, which has posed a serious obstacle to many domains like economic, educational and academic exchanges among these regions. The inconsistency of translated terms is most prevalent and troublesome in information technology (IT). This paper attempts to look into the current problems taking IT as the study case in the semantic perspective and to put forward some solutions to regulating the translation of scientific and technical terms in three regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes a group of metaphoric and symbolic images (the "boundless sea" ..., "Ch'iu-jan" ..., "Wei-t'o" ..., "Ts'ang-hai Chun" ... and "Cheng Yen-p'ing" ...) that occurs repeatedly (69, 27, 34, 5, and 5 times, respectively) in poems written by Ch'iu Feng-chia ... after he left Taiwan for mainland China. Through this analysis, we find that the image of the "boundless sea" is a metaphor for Taiwan that is indicative of Ch'iu's profoundly tragic mood. At the same time, the frequent appearance of these images symbolizes his ideal of establishing Taiwan as an independent island nation. Even though the fact that he never actually attempted to carry out armed revolt meant that his ideals never progressed beyond utopian fantasy, the repeated imagery reveals his strong memories of and feeling of responsibility towards Taiwan and his protest against the lack of concern for Taiwan's fate shown by the Ch'ing court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on regime switching mixed Copula model, this paper finds the tail dependence between Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hongkong, Taiwan stock markets is a dynamic asymmetric process. In the state of low risk, right tail dependence is higher than left tail dependence; in the state of high risk, the situation is opposite. The tail dependence between Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hongkong stock markets is much stronger and more sensitive to exterior shocks than that between Shanghai, Shenzhen and Taiwan stock markets. The tail dependence between Shenzhen and Hongkong, Taiwan stock markets is more sensitive to exterior shocks than that between Shanghai and Hongkong, Taiwan stock markets. Tail dependence shows Chinese stock market risk increases significantly in the crisis and financial contagion happens. Furthermore, the tail dependence shows two big simultaneous structure changes correspond to the first and second stages of the crisis, which means the stock market risk is systematic. However, the third stage of the crisis almost has no influence on Chinese stock markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Educational Policy Forum is the property of National Chi Nan University, Department of Education Policy & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the first decade of the 21st century, new situations have emerged with great significance for the study of national development on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, namely, the generally accepted phenomenon of democratic consolidation in the 'Taiwan experience' and the rise of the 'China model' which attracts worldwide attention. This article aims to analyze the development experiences of Taiwan and of Mainland China, to identify their common ground and differences, and to fathom the theoretical implications of these experiences. Moreover, since Taiwan is comparatively more advanced in terms of economic and political development, the author attempts to explore the value of the 'Taiwan experience' to China and the possible direction of the 'China model'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The East Asian region is experiencing rapid aging process. The traditional filial norm often confronts with the modernization impact which results in structural changes in the family and in the intergenerational interaction. Data are taken from the 2006 East Asian Social Survey. This study investigates what are types of intergenerational interactions for adult children who do not co-reside with parents in four East Asian countries, China, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan. Relying on intergenerational solidarity theory, this study uses latentclass analysis (LCA) to develop a typology based on two dimensions of intergenerational solidarity: Associational solidarity (frequency of contact) and functional solidarity (instrumental and financial support exchange). This study compares the types of intergenerational interactions between China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, and describes the geographic distance between generations , resources of adult childrenand parental needs in the types of intergenerational interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Mainland China and Taiwan have both successfully undergone remarkable transitions from high to low fertility in recent decades. Comparing the transitions of the two Chinese populations brings out striking similarities in the changes in age patterns of fertility, but distinctive contrasts between the trends and speed of declines.... An overview of the history of population dynamics in the past 500 years reaffirms the assertion that fertility and mortality rates in ancient China were primarily reflections of biological responses to population pressure on resources. The results of the regression analysis of this study demonstrates that this density-dependent relationship has gradually vanished as the deliberate control of fertility prevails in contemporary China and Taiwan. The prevalence of fertility control is in large part attributable in Taiwan to the rational response of the population to changes in economic and social conditions that favor fewer children while the size of families in China is largely prescribed by the government there." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

The decline in mortality in Taiwan since World War II is analyzed using life tables. "Special features of the research include (1) a phase-of-life-specific, rather than an age-specific, analysis of mortality, and (2) the use of measures based upon person-years of life in phase intervals, rather than survival rates or expectation of life at given ages. The empirical results suggest that the mortality decline can be described as a two-stage process: an initial stage of substantial improvement in life expectancy between 1950 and 1965, and a final stage of slow gain in life expectancy since 1965." Age and sex variations in mortality and differing rates of mortality decline are noted. Implications of increased longevity for economic and social programs are also considered. (summary in ENG), (excerpt)

Shen Shiwan was a translator and physician for both Chinese medicine and western medicine in the period of the Republic of China. This paper examined the life and the main academic contributions of Shen Shiwan. It was found that Shen's main contribution were translating medical works, founding journals and opening the door of Chinese medicine to the world. Additionally, he introduced western medicine, such as pathology, fertility and nutrition to Chinese medical professionals. He also introduced the medical schools of Japanese traditional medicine (Chinese medicine in Japan, Han Yi) into China. Shen's contribution in medicine played an important role for the medical professionals in China in understanding the development of western medicine and Chinese medicine in Japan.

The Journal of Nursing (JN) was first published in Taiwan seventy years ago in 1953 under its former name, Nursing Quarterly. The first issue of JN under its current name was published in 1961. JN mainly publishes academic papers. Despite the vicissitudes of history, the Taiwan Nurses Association (TWNA) remained true to its mission of serving its members, and resumed publication of JN after relocating to Taiwan from China after 1949. JN articles published over the past seven decades have focused on promoting professional competence, advocating clinical practice, advancing nursing education, introducing new concepts of administrative reform, and disseminating research findings and clinical case reports with goals of promoting nurses' understanding of nursing professional theory, cultivating critical thinking and creativity, helping nurses acquire and accumulate knowledge and skills in scientific language, and solving problems encountered in clinical care and education. In addition, in response to advances in medical care and the COVID-19 pandemic, the content of JN published in 2020 highlighted the current pandemic situation in special articles, research, and case reports to provide readers with knowledge about related care and research results. Through the publication of journal papers, we are promoting more interactions and inspiring more sparks of insight. JN is valued by readers around the world because the contributions and support of its many authors have allowed the journal to grow and thrive. At the same time, I would also like to thank the editor of each topic for their enthusiasm and enthusiastic welcoming of manuscript contributions and all Review Committee members for their careful review of manuscripts and tireless modification and review of articles, so as to provide readers with reliable reference resources. Therefore, the quality of the content published in JN has been recognized globally, and has been successively indexed in the globally recognized databases, including MEDLINE/PubMed (indexed from 2004), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature; indexed from 1996), EBSCO Publishing (indexed from 2002), Scopus (indexed from 2004), ProQuest (indexed from 2012), and Airiti Library (indexed from 2004). Moreover, JN has been a RIHSS-accredited tier three journal since 2019. In addition, JN has won awards for five consecutive years since 2017. The excellent content quality of JN has made it an important source of knowledge dissemination and influence in domestic academic circles. Since becoming Editor-in-Chief of JN, I have read many contributors' articles and feel regularly grateful to the authors for their submissions, whether their articles are accepted for publication or not. With the efforts of previous Editors-in-Chief and Editorial Committee members, JN has continuously adjusted its mode of operations to meet social changes and has gradually established a comprehensive process for submission, review and publication. In recognition of JN's 70th anniversary in publication, we look forward to continued, sustainable development of the journal and of service for our global readership. We look forward for JN to do even more in the coming decade and beyond!

Chen Xunzhai was a famous Fujian traditional Chinese medicine expert in the period of the Republic of China. There are different records of his native place in the existing literature. By reviewing the published journals and books, interviewing Chen Xunzhai's scattered works and genealogy and visiting his descendants, this article conducted investigations and researches and confirmed that Chen Xunzhai, also named Guangcheng, was born in Shangyang Village, Gaopo Town in Yongding County of Fujian Province. He was the 22nd generation of descendants of Chen family in Shangyang Yingchuan County, not the descendant of the Chen family in Jiang Tian Nanyang of Chang Le City. Neither was he the seventh-generation grandson of Chen Xiuyuan. The findings of this paper will lay the foundation for the further researches on Chen Xunzhai.

Medical appraisal is one of the important means to determine whether there are faults in medical behavior and to deal with medical disputes. The issue of whether the medical lawsuit of traditional Chinese medicine should be submitted to traditional Chinese medicine, western medicine or forensic identification began to be debated since the Republic of China. With the efforts of the traditional Chinese medicine community, the Prescription Appraisal Committee of the National Medical Center of the Republic of China was established, which obtained the peer appraisal right for the lawsuit of traditional Chinese medicine. This paper takes the case of Yan Yulin's negligence causing death, which was sent by Shandong High Court to the National Medical Center in 1937, as an example, to explore the general situation of the identification system of the traditional Chinese medicine litigation in the period of the Republic of China, in order to provide reference for the establishment of the judicial identification system of medical damage in traditional Chinese medicine.

Foreign members of Chinese Society of Medical History were more than one-third in Republic of China. But they have not gotten enough attention. This paper introduces their life, and researches on history of medicine of 13 foreign members, includes B. E. Read, Edward.H.Hume, L. S. Huizenga, W. W.Cadbury, H. G.Earle, Frederick Reiss, Maxwell, J.L, W. R.Morse, C. N. Frazier, T. C.Greene, Franz Hübotter, L. G.Kilborn, H. E.Sigerist. Their researches on Chinese medical history played an important role in the western society knowing about traditional Chinese medicine and its medical culture.

Zhongguo Zhenjiuxue ( Chinese Acupuncture - Moxibustion Science ) is a professional periodical of acupuncture-moxibustion, created by YANG Yi - ya in Peking, the Republic of China and issued nationally. In this paper, the editorial board, distribution, main category and content were collected and analyzed systematically. It is shown that acupuncture-moxibustion scholars in the Republic of China had made the active exploration for promoting the exchange and progress of acupuncture and moxibusiton. This periodical displays the clinical experiences and academic thoughts of acupuncture-moxibustion masters in that era and their responsibility to the spreading of medical information. Moreover, this periodical is one of the platforms for the integration of acupuncture-moxibustion with western medicine in the Republic of China, as well as for the exchange of the updated knowledge. This periodical is the important literature on acupuncture and moxibustion in the era of the Republic of China and is valuable for the literature and historical researches.

Because of long history and excellent medical skills, the Song gynecology is regarded as one of the "four great masters" of the gynecology in Zhejiang province. The monographs survived of Song gynecology are at least four, besides the earliest one Songshi Nüke Cuoyao (, Synopsis of Song ' s Gynecology )(1612), there is Songshi Bochuan Chanke Quanshu (, Complete Treatise on Gynecology of Song Bochuan ), Songshi Nüke Chanhou Pian (, Chapter of Puerperal Disease from Song ' s Gynecology ), which are formed in Qing dynasty, and Linzheng Lu (, Clinical Records ) formed in the Republic of China era.And Jingli Songshi Nüke (, Meticulously Sort Out Song ' s Gynecology ), which might belong to School of Song's gynecology, and Nüke Milu (, Secretive Records of Gynecology ) were found in records. This paper excavates and sorts these 6 Song's gynecological monographs, carries out in-depth research on the changes of editions, spread and origins, and clarify the general situation of song's gynecological monographs.

Background: Healthcare and studies related to new immigrants in Taiwan have been influenced by immigrant reproductive health management policy. Some nursing scholars have criticized the top-down approach as potentially not addressing the actual healthcare needs of these immigrants. Medical institutions are being called upon to provide culturally appropriate care., Purpose: Using health networks as its conceptual framework, this paper explores the definition of health as perceived by recent immigrants to Taiwan and their perspectives on seeking and maintaining health., Methods: This paper uses participant observation and depth-interviews to assess how recent immigrants from Mainland China, Vietnam, and Indonesia seek health in their new homeland, evaluate the differences between the healthcare systems in their former and current countries, and recommend actions necessary to ensure the health and wellbeing of this population., Results: The findings are grouped into three themes: "the differences between immigrants and Taiwanese in health care," "local health networks", and "transnational health networks." These themes reflect the views on health and health care of recent female immigrants to Taiwan., Conclusion: Through the actions and narratives of these immigrants, this paper suggests the priority concerns that immigrant agencies should address in order to maintain the health of this group. Additionally, findings give some insight into the gender and ethnic characteristics of immigrant health networks. Immigrants construct and rely upon social relations, cultural identity, and resources to maintain their wellbeing. This study contributes to transcultural nursing theory and to in-service training and helps medical practitioners and nurses provide culturally appropriate care.

"This paper extends research on the difference in ageing factors between Taipei City and Taiwan's rural area in terms of the changes in fertility, mortality, and migration rates.... The analysis--based on data collected from 1968-1993 demographic data in Taiwan-Fukien Demographic Fact Book...provides strong evidence that population processes (fertility, mortality, and migration) have different influences on the population ageing of Tapei City and Taiwan's rural area." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"Based on the cohort component projection, this paper simulates the effects of fertility compression on birth sequence and age composition in Taiwan, and explores the implications for social welfare. As a first step, we fix the fertility schedule on the age pattern of 1956 while leaving the TFR to shift as it was, [and] simulate the single year of age population groups from 1956 to 1992.... We subsequently assumed a fixed age pattern of fertility, a compressed pattern and an expanded pattern in a projection of five year...age groups from 1997 to 2097." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"The purpose of the paper is to examine the nature and the structure of elderly women's dependency [in Taiwan] and the underlying socio-cultural-political forces. From the social constructive perspective, we focused on three constructive forces--the Chinese patriarchal/patrilocal family system, the gender role, and the state policy on elderly welfare. Three types of dependency--economic dependency, dependency for personal and health care, and living arrangement--were examined." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"In this paper we employ family status life tables to assess the effects of demographic processes on family composition and to reveal trends in elderly living arrangements [in Taiwan]. We found that further declining fertility and changing nuptiality are responsible for the prevalence of nuclear family composition. [The] increasing proportion of nuclear families indicates a decreasing probability [of] elderly parents living with their married children. In addition, according to the current nuptiality trends, the increasing proportion of women of all ages who remain [unmarried] will strengthen its effects on family composition in the near future." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"This paper applies the multiple-decrement life table to the analysis of mortality and self-reported disability [for Taiwan], annually from 1986 until 1989.... It was found that during this period of time, the shifts in 'mortality' and 'disability' curves conform to the compression hypothesis. The area in between the two curves [has] shrunk in the 4 year period.... The sex differential in disability has been examined. It is concluded that though at the younger ages women tend to spend less person-years in disability, the situation is quite different at older ages. Women tend to have greater chance [of] and longer duration suffering from disability at old age than men." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"This paper [tests] both Clark's negative exponential model and Newling's quadratic exponential model [using data for] population densities in districts of Kaohsiung Metropolis [Taiwan]. It proposes four theoretical amendments and supplements to the population density function and the related theories." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"In this paper, we will focus on [population growth, birth, and marriage rates in Taiwan] and explore [them] in terms of the time series model. Furthermore, the comparison and analysis will be made utilizing [the] univariate ARIMA model, transfer function model and multivariate ARIMA model accordingly. The seasonal factor will also be considered. Lastly, [projections] will be made on the short term growth rate of these three indexes, and we will also estimate the monthly sum of population of the next two years in Taiwan." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

The cephalometric films were collected from 30 boys and 30 girls of 12 years of age, and from 36 males and 34 females of 18 years of age; all of whom were Chinese in Taiwan, all possessed acceptable occlusion to survey the craniofacial morphology and characteristics associated with dental anthropology. Data were analysed by the computer program at the Department of Orthodontics of Japan Tokyo Medical and Dental University. Data were compared with Japanese, North American Caucasians, Central and South American Indians from papers. It was concluded that: 1) Chinese in Taiwan were similar to Japanese, Central and South American Indians, in that; all possessed a shorter frontal cranial base and depth of face, and were completely different from North American Caucasians. The direction of growth showed counter-clockwise rotation in the four Mongoloid races; however, Caucasians showed straight--down growth. The four Mongoloid races had more frontal position of A,B point and more labial inclination of anterior tooth axis than Caucasians. 2) Chinese in Taiwan were similar to Japanese, but were different from Central and South American Indians, in having a flatter infraorbital outline, longer facial height, flattened mandibular plane angle and a more frontal position of chin. 3) Chinese in Taiwan were characteristically different from Japanese by having a smaller interincisal angle, lower frontal facial height, mandibular angle and mandibular plane angle. In summary, the results indicated that Chinese in Taiwan are characterized by having a wide but short face pattern, a retroposition of the mandible ramus, a more upright mandible angle and a prominent labial inclination of anterior tooth axis.

The quality of children has mostly been discussed in so far as it can affect fertility. The sex of children is a particularly important subject in this context. Because a child's sex is stochastically determined, Ben-Porath and Welch used the household production approach to identify risky decision points. The purpose of this paper is twofold. One is to simplify Ben-Porath's and Welch's model. The other is to use KAP data in Taiwan to examine the causes of preferring to have at least 1 boy and to test in what direction and the degree to which such preferences affect fertility. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) preferring to have at least 1 boy is significant in Taiwan; 2) the data support both the assumption of inelastic demand and mild learning; 3) concerning the dummy variable for the existence of at least 1 boy preference, it can be shown that the regression coefficients for each of family structure, wife's education, and husband's occupation were statistically significant at the .01 significance level; and 4) when the impact of "at least 1 boy preference" on completed family size is concerned, the regression coefficient for the existence of at least 1 boy preference is positive as expected and also the most significant variable included.