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The anaerobic spore-forming bacillus, Clostridium difficile (C difficile), has emerged as a serious infection over the past decade, more than doubling in incidence in North American medical centers. Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD), which can range from mild watery diarrhea to pseudomembranous fulminant colitis with toxic dilation and perforation, affects >500 000 persons in the US annually and is linked to the death of >15 000 of these individuals. Studies from referral centers as well as administrative databases have shown that patients with IBD (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis), specifically those with underlying colitis, are at an increased risk for C difficile carriage as well as for contracting CDAD. More importantly, there is overlap in clinical presentation of the infection and IBD, and CDAD can mimic a flare of IBD colitis. The detection of the superinfection, with rapid implementation of appropriate antibiotic agents against C difficile, is essential to improve clinical outcome. IBD patients infected with C difficile are at an increased risk for hospitalization, colectomy, and mortality compared with uninfected counterparts. CDAD is also associated with unique clinical scenarios in IBD, specifically causing infection in ileo-anal pouches and ileostomies. Toxin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) may be less sensitive in IBD patients than in those without IBD, requiring multiple samples to confirm the diagnosis. Oral vancomycin may function as the optimal treatment for hospitalized IBD patients with CDAD. Concomitant immunosuppression may predispose to more serious infection, and new data suggest that corticosteroid use correlates with infection. Repeat infection may occur in a substantial number of patients, and prior antibiotic exposure may not be identified in a subgroup of IBD patients with CDAD. Awareness of the rise in C difficile infections, and identification of this confounding issue with rapid initiation of appropriate treatment is essential to achieve optimal IBD patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flux tower method can effectively monitor the vegetation seasonal and phenological variation processes. At present, the differences in the detection and quantitative evaluation of various phenology extraction methods were not well validated and quantified. Based on the gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) data of temperate forests from 9 forest FLUXNET sites in North America, and by using the start dates (SOS) and end dates (EOS) of the temperate forest growth seasons extracted by different phenology threshold extraction methods, in combining with the forest ecosystem carbon source/sink functions, this paper analyzed the effects of different threshold standards on the extraction results of the vegetations phenology. The results showed that the effects of different threshold standards on the stability of the extracted results of deciduous broadleaved forest (DBF) phenology were smaller than those on the stability of the extracted results of evergreen needleleaved forest (ENF) phenology. Among the extracted absolute and relative thresholds of the forests GPP, the extracted threshold of the DBF daily GPP= 2 g C.m-2.d-1 had the best agreement with the DBF daily GPP = 20% maximum GPP (GPPmax) , the phenological metrics with a threshold of daily GPP = 4 g C.m-2.d-1 was close to that between daily GPP = 20% GPPmax and daily GPP = 50% GPPmax, and the start date of ecosystem carbon sink function was close to the SOS metrics between daily GPP = 4 g C.m-2.d-1 and daily GPP= 20% GPPmax. For ENF, the phenological metrics with a threshold of daily GPP = 2 g C.m-2.d-1 and daily GPP = 4 g C.m-2.d-1 had the best agreement with the daily GPP = 20% GPPmax and daily GPP = 50% GPPmax, respectively, and the start date of the ecosystem carbon sink function was close to the SOS metrics between daily GPP = 2 g C.m-2.d-1 and daily GPP= 10% GPPmax.

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Copyright of Oil Drilling & Production Technology / Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi is the property of Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to fully use of the innovative value of smocking technology in modern fashion design, and provide more ideas in the innovative design and application of traditional handicraft in modern clothing, the technology and characteristics of smocking in Britain, Italy and North America were summarize in this paper, and the innovative application of smocking technology in fashion modeling from aspects of form, material and technology were analyzed by using the method of mutual proof of pictures combining with the innovative application mode of smocking process in fashion design cases. The smocking technology is a kind of fabric recreation technology, which plays a decorative role in modern fashion design. It opens up new ideas for the development of fashion design, and has certain research significance for promoting the innovative application and development of traditional technology in fashion modeling design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Oil Drilling & Production Technology / Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi is the property of Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Oil Drilling & Production Technology / Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi is the property of Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)