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Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper delineates the characteristics and transformations of the identities of Hong Kong residents. Various telephone surveys and investigations indicate the dual, hybrid, and flowing identities of the majority of Hong Kong residents despite the Chinese and Hong Kong authorities' effort to promote a national Chinese identity through the so-called civic education. To explore the issue and the reason why there have been dual, hybrid and/or flowing identities of Hong Kong residents, the author formulates research questions, reviews the research literature and telephone surveys on the national identity of Hong Kong, and examines the effects of education policy and measures of national identity since the 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geomatics & Information Science of Wuhan University is the property of Geomatics & Information Science of Wuhan University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The resource stress caused by the rapidly increasing number of women from the Mainland entering Hong Kong for the sole purpose of giving birth has become one of the foci of the mounting intergroup conflicts between Hong Kong residents and Mainland visitors. Taking the perspective of intergroup competition for resources, this paper discusses how the contradictory directions of government policies and the inappropriate responses of the SAR government have intensified intergroup conflicts. With the exclusive population policies of Hong Kong and Mainland China, children born in Hong Kong to Mainland parents and their families are in an ambivalent and difficult situation. Ways to relieve their difficulties and alleviate intergroup conflicts are proposed at the end of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specialized tours are increasingly important to sustain the development of destinations. Specialized tours can rejuvenate established destinations, particularly those with traditional tour products that are being challenged by more recent local and regional competitors. They can also promote tourist revisits therefore securing market segments for the destinations in a sustainable manner. Tours offered to Chinese mainland students to take the SAT exams in Hong Kong are an excellent example. These tours are expected to bring 100,000 visitors and 1 billion yuan of receipts to Hong Kong annually. Moreover, planning and development of such tours is consistent with the broad strategic objectives of the Hong Kong government, which aims to brand Hong Kong as an educational hub in the near future. While the significance of these tours is widely acknowledged, their service quality is still lacking. Analyzing the relevant tourism service quality literature, this paper develops a theoretical model to evaluate service quality. The model examines package groups of mainland students taking their SAT exams in Hong Kong. It applies theory and method to the structural equation model to explore six identified dimensions of service quality of this specialist travel mode and its consequences. We further evaluate the relationships of variables in the model, which are in accord with proposed hypotheses. This paper fills important gaps in the study of package group tours, focusing on the group tours of mainland students taking their SAT exams in Hong Kong. It also offers practical insights into better developing and operating these specialist travel products. This study is one of the first research endeavors exploring such tours, thus establishing a solid foundation for further research into other important aspects of these tours. Our research also has practical applications that will benefit tour stakeholders, such as travel agencies and schools organizing the tours. It will enable them to tailor their products and services to cater more effectively to the needs and requirements of students taking the tours. Importantly, more innovative measures should be initiated to enhance interactions amongst group members. This will catalyze the smooth operation of the tours and assist word-of-mouth promotion for the tour organizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Moral Education has been gaining more attention in recent years, especially with a growing concern for holistic education and humanistic life-centred approaches, and with special reference to the caring for spirituality education in early childhood education. (Ng, 2008; Yeung, 2009; Lau, 2010) Aims or Focus of Discussion: The present paper will start by enquiring what sort of education is needed by young children today. Based on some literature reviews and a recent study of kindergarten education in Hong Kong, some relevant questions are brought for discussions in this paper, esp. the ones regarding the educational needs for spiritual growth among young pupils from kindergarten. Suggestions: It is suggested that education authority and educators should be given more time and resources to promote the care for spirituality education in schools, so that kindergarten teachers would be better trained and equipped for humanistic and holistic education. Conclusion: It is concluded that since spirituality education is part of humanistic and holistic education, kindergarten educators should give more time to care for spirituality education in schools, with special concern for the caring of spiritual needs and growth among young pupils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: "Spirituality Education" of children has gained more concern in recent years, but there is a lack of consensus for its meaning. Some literatures regard Spirituality Education as Religious Education, while quite many literatures have shown a close relationship between Spirituality Education and Humanistic Education, which could be unrelated with Religious Education. What is the meaning of "Spirituality Education" being mentioned by the EKE reformers after all? Is it the former or the later? The Guide to the Preprimary Curriculum (2006) proposed "Lifelong learning" and "Holistic Learning", affirming the need of child-centredness (Humanistic Education) in curriculum. If so, there is a likelihood that "Spirituality Education" has a closer connection with humanistic education than with religious education. It is therefore vital to clarify the meaning of "Spirituality Education" for fostering the current early childhood educational reform. This paper seeks to explore if Spirituality Education has been misunderstood by the early childhood education practitioners with a result that hindering the implementation of educational reform. Focus of Discussion: Through literatures review and the author's interpretation, this paper attempts to demonstrate that Spirituality Education is actually closely related with Humanistic Education and Holistic Education. Spirituality Education shares similar elements with that of liberal studies, in which the concerned areas and aspects of knowledge are widespread. Hence, it is not limited in promoting Religious Education. And pedagogies adopted in Spirituality Education mainly emphasize diversified and critical thinking. The rationales behind Spirituality Education are closely related with that of Humanistic Education and Holistic Education. Spirituality Education has no direct relation with Religious Education which emphasizes direct transmission of religious dogma. Suggestion: In view of the importance of the role of Spirituality Education played in early childhood educational reform, early childhood education stakeholders are encouraged to distinguish the differences between Religious Education and Spirituality Education. The early childhood educational institution should discriminate between them, and to practise their school-based curriculums and pedagogies in accordance with their schools' missions and religious backgrounds. It is hoped that the authorities could tolerate and accept schools with different missions, religious and cultural backgrounds, to provide them opportunities for receiving school vouchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The "Primary school curriculum leadership" scheme was first introduced to Hong Kong primary schools by the Education Bureau in year 2002/03. An additional teaching post which was known as Primary Schoolmaster/Schoolmistress (Curriculum Development) - or PSM(CD), had been created to help the school head to lead internal curriculum development in primary school. This scheme was considered to be a pioneering initiative in Hong Kong as well as the Chinese culture societies. Aims: The paper reviews the curriculum leadership development in Hong Kong primary schools by examining the impacts of the work of PSM(CD) on internal curriculum development and school development in the context of curriculum reform, the challenges and difficulties faced by the PSM(CD)s in discharging their responsibilities, their successful experiences, and provides implications for future development. Comments: PSM(CD)s claimed that to carry out their responsibilities, they needed to perform different roles such as coworker, mentor, innovator, role model, and leader. Furthermore, the most important factors that would hinder their work were school organizational factors, supports of school heads and colleagues, readiness of the school as a whole for change, and personal limitations. Conclusion: This paper argues while some achievements had been made since the introduction of the PSM(CD) scheme, it is also worth our attention to note that this scheme promoted teacher leadership development at the school sites, which eventually contributed positive impacts on whole school development. On the other hand, it is noted that PSM(CD)s would encounter many difficulties and challenges in discharging their duties. There is urgent need to find out solutions to help the newly appointed PSM(CD)s to develop their competences and become a "successful" curriculum leader. This paper also concludes the successful criteria of the work of PSDM(CD) which should be a useful reference for the PSM(CD)s as well as the school heads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 156 years of British colonial rule (1842-1997) finally ended when the sovereignty over Hong Kong was returned to China in 1997. Since 1980, many new policies had been introduced in Hong Kong for the purpose of smoothing the process of handover. Some of the policies were introduced out of consideration for new political circumstances. Others were launched with the hidden agenda of erasing colonial history. The implementation of Chinese as an official medium of communication in the judicial system reflects the former, whereas the change of the Chinese titles of government officials reflects the latter. Many translation issues were involved in these so-called localization policies. In this regard, the change of Chinese titles for government officials in Hong Kong is a subject worthy of study. The Chinese titles of major government officials in colonial Hong Kong were actually taken over from those of Imperial China. Therefore, they are marks of Chinese imperial history rather than British colonial history. However, for the apparent propose of erasing colonial history, these proper Chinese titles were changed to newly coined Chinese titles that are not found in Chinese history. The aim of this paper is to use the issue of translation as an example to demonstrate that in the decolonization process of Hong Kong, as in that of many other colonized countries which intended to break with their colonial past, many decolonizing policies were actually self-defeating in purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the impact of integration with Mainland China on Hong Kong's social development and proposes a class-based argument against the prevailing ethnicity-based argument to explain the problems of social development arising from integration. It argues that a certain class across the boundary has benefited greatly from the economic integration while leaving all the negative externalities unattended. This paper raises a policy question of how to establish a crossboundary redistribution mechanism to deal with this new transboundary class issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-occurrence of mental illness and substance abuse is among the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide. It has become more significant in the United States, Europe, and Hong Kong, and it presents complex issues for both mental health and substance abuse practitioners. This paper explores the historical and conceptual issues on dual diagnosis. In addition, different perspectives on dual diagnosis are crucial for developing public policies and programs to address client needs on the road to recovery. The dominant view on dual diagnosis has been the medical perspective. This paper describes three more perspectives: moralistic, psychosocial risk, and phenomenological. This broader view on dual diagnosis will benefit both policy and service development for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper systematically examines suicide-related information on Hong Kong websites based on a review of the challenges and opportunities presented by the Internet for youth suicide prevention. It discusses potential influences from these websites and ways we can cope with them. The paper anticipates providing a benchmark for further research and practice on online suicide prevention in Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between virtual communities and youth drug use according to some relevant research reports, especially the "Online drug information and Internet-based interventions: A pilot feasibility study" conducted by The Boys' and Girls' Clubs Association of Hong Kong in 2010. Nowadays, in the so-called "risk society," "risky" information is more easily shared without limitation of time and distance in cyberspace. On the other hand, the Internet seems to be a golden opportunity for reaching the young people in need. This paper also reflects on the feasibility of Internet-based youth work using the case study of online drugs information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the economic performance of Hong Kong's cultural and creative industries, and its contribution to the local economy. It also examines the salient features of creative manpower as well as the structure of the labour market. Analysis of these areas will help policymakers to have a better understanding of the dynamic relationship between the creative industries and the labour market, and to set the right policy measures. The paper proposes some theoretical premises about the constituents of the creative manpower market, in the hope of filling the gaps in this research topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restorative justice, as both a philosophy and a practical model, links knowledge and practices with justice, crime prevention, offender rehabilitation, conflict management, and community mediation. It is one of the most rapidly emerging concepts in the field of criminology, and over the past 20 years has called upon different groups of aspirants such as scholars, social workers, psychologists, legal professionals, and policy makers to work together. The prime objective of restorative justice is to assist offenders to express remorse, seek forgiveness from victims, and repair the harm they have caused, through a restorative justice forum. This paper firstly explores the origins, content, and focus of restorative justice. By describing the efforts made by a group of scholars, it analyses how restorative justice has become a better recognised service strategy in youth offender rehabilitation and student discipline services. Moreover, this paper will discuss the future development of restorative justice in Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new warrants pricing method based on nonparametric estimation with respect to China warrants market and Hong Kong warrants market, and applies it to out-of-time prediction. The result shows that model-guided nonparametric correction method outperforms direct nonparametric method, semi-parametric model and parametric model. In addition, model-guided nonparametric correction method has better performance than other models in terms of out-of-time prediction ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hong Kong is a world-renowned tourism destination and tourism-generating region. Although its sovereignty has been handed over to Mainland China, tourism scholars in Mainland are seriously inadequate in terms of their concern over Hong Kong. The paper is based on 60 tourism literature published on the Tourism Management, Annals of Tourism Research and International Journal of Hospitality Management and so forth. Six research themes are reviewed in the order of foreign tourist arrivals to Hong Kong, Hong Kong residents' outbound travel, competition and cooperation between Hong Kong and other tourism destinations, tourism industry sectors, service quality of tour guides and relationship between cultural heritage and tourism. In addition, directions for future research are proposed in the hope of providing references for tourism research and practice in Mainland China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The translation and regulation of scientific and technical term are vital to the development of science and technology of any country. The variant translations of one certain English term are very common among China mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong due to historical, political and geographic factors, which has posed a serious obstacle to many domains like economic, educational and academic exchanges among these regions. The inconsistency of translated terms is most prevalent and troublesome in information technology (IT). This paper attempts to look into the current problems taking IT as the study case in the semantic perspective and to put forward some solutions to regulating the translation of scientific and technical terms in three regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses and compares the demand for continuing education amongst young adults in Hong Kong in 2007/08 and 2009/10. Five topics are reported and discussed: the participation rate in continuing education, the top 10 subjects pursued by students, reasons for participating in continuing education, media sources concerning information about continuing education, and barriers to participating in continuing education. These research results could help continuing education institutions to offer programmes and help the Hong Kong SAR government to formulate a continuing education policy for young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are 13,000 cross-boundary students studying in Hong Kong while living in Shenzhen. They cross the boundary every day but they cannot enjoy most social welfare services either in Hong Kong or in Mainland China. Having a unique socioeconomic and cultural background, these children encounter difficulties in adjusting to the school life in Hong Kong. Living in Shenzhen, their voices are not heard and their needs are not met. This paper will introduce the background and needs of the cross-boundary students and the services provided by the International Social Service Hong Kong Branch. Suggestions for effective policy provisions and social services to improve the life of cross-boundary students will also be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the signing of the mutual recognition of higher education qualifications between Hong Kong and China in 2004, the Hong Kong government has introduced several key corresponding initiatives to attract more nonlocal students to Hong Kong, especially Mainland Chinese. The findings in this paper indicate that the dramatic increase in the number of Mainland Chinese students studying in Hong Kong could be highly beneficial to the quality of higher education and human capital in Hong Kong. Since the majority of these Mainland Chinese students are among the best and the brightest--with a high concentration in high-technology and high-growth industries-- they will likely add much to the local workforce and the Hong Kong economy. Concerted efforts and more favourable policies are needed in order to attract, develop, and retain talent so that nonlocal graduates may join the local workforce and contribute to the Hong Kong economy. Policy implications and recommendations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the annual data set, which involves a balanced panel of four port cities exports to 32 countries and Hong Kong, China over the period of 1997 2008, this paper is the first attempt to extend the conventional gravity model to measure the effect of transport costs and port efficiency on China's exports. Our results can be summarized in three main findings: 1) the improvement of port efficiency and reduction of road transport costs play a vital role in China's export competitiveness in the global market. The coefficient estimates on them are relatively large, around 0.72 and -0.89, respectively; 2) the effect of transport costs and port efficiency on China-to-Asia exports significantly exceeds that on China-to-Europe and China-to-America exports; 3) the overall estimated elasticity of road, railroad and port measure is 1.66, which is almost three times that of the average wage of port cities. The empirical results provide strong evidences that improvement in the quality of transportation services in port cities of China exhibit significant economic effects not only on how much but also how trade grows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2009, the Hong Kong senior secondary school curriculum has entered into a new stage as all secondary 4, 5, and 6 students will receive free education provided by the government. There will be no public examinations for secondary school students until they fully complete their secondary school education. With regard to curriculum design, it is necessary for the new senior secondary school curriculum to be designed in such a way that it is orientated towards general education. But how can this be done so that the new curriculum will be responsive to students' diverse needs? This paper explores how the new senior secondary school curriculum has been designed to cater for students' individual differences. Its limitations are discussed and suggestions are made in light of the problems faced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the importance of vocational education and training (VET) in the successful implementation of the 334 Education Reform through the provision of multiple progression pathways. It also presents how the Vocational Training Council (VTC) has reformed the VET system to attune to changing economic and global trends and new developments, especially those brought about by education policies. It reveals the new face of the VET programmes driven by the VTC which provides value-added multiple progression pathways for the graduates from the new secondary education system, as well as in-service personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cynicism is a dominant cultural phenomenon in contemporary Hong Kong. It manifests itself as "one acts differently from what one pledges." It is not difficult to see this cynical culture in government policies and NGO projects. Even in education where honesty is much valued, one also witnesses the widespread cynical culture. This paper, drawing on the concept "cynicism" and focusing on two major objectives of the new senior secondary Liberal Studies curriculum, analyses why we act differently from what we pledge, in order to find ways to overcome the cynical mentality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government of Hong Kong implemented education reform (the new academic structure) in 2009 in the context of globalization and the international trend of education reforms. The reform has led to changes in the structure and curriculum of secondary schools, which, together with the effect of globalization, will also affect the development of tertiary education in Hong Kong. This paper examines the future development of tertiary education in the above situation. From a review of related literature and education developments in the past, it is envisaged that there may be a substantial increase in private universities in the near future that will lead to a significant increase in the provision of degree courses. Issues such as education quality, government support, and measures to improve the quality of higher education related to the future development are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the salient features of the Hong Kong financial system that deal with inflation are discussed. Since Hong Kong adopts a currency board system and has an open economy, the city has no direct control over the external factors that cause inflation. Given the incapability of Hong Kong to handle inflation, the social pressure, studies, career choices, and attitudes towards investment of young people in Hong Kong are subject to its influences. For policy makers, it is vital to understand how these influences affect young people’s beliefs and attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of self is one of the most important factors that affect the effectiveness of therapy. Self understanding and growth of the therapist are foundations of use of self during therapy sessions. According to the Satir Model, self-understanding and growth could be achieved through various kinds of training. This paper explored the context of social work education and practice in Hong Kong and highlighted the significance of self-exploration and self-growth in generalist Bachelor of Social Work professional training. It then discussed the Satir Model, with regard to its therapeutic beliefs and meta goals, in the role of enhancing self growth. Applications of principles, concepts and strategies of the Satir Model in helping students to enhance their self-growth were then illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National pride is an important basis for the internal cohesiveness of modern nation-states. This paper makes use of data from a 2007 social survey to examine the national pride amongst Hong Kong youth, and the factors shaping it. It finds that national pride amongst the youth of Hong Kong is very high and similar to that of older age groups, reflecting the success of Hong Kong's reunification with the Chinese nation-state over the past decade. This study also reveals that the factors which have shaped the national pride of Hong Kong people include place of birth, subjective class identification, satisfaction with the local economy, satisfaction with local democratic development, local pride in being citizens of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and trust in the central government. The last two factors seem to most engender national pride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]