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This paper has a review of the transformation of American higher medical education in the early 20th century, which is signalized by the publication of Flexner report in 1910. At the same time, the author also has an analysis on the whole event. The experience of its success or failure is summarized in order to give references to the reform of Chinese higher medical education.

The development of professionalism in the health care industry has resulted in the existence of distinct lines of demarcation between disciplines. Duplication or absence of services, or lack of connection between services has made it difficult to respond to the needs of people with chronic conditions. With the rapid growth of the population with such conditions, the concept of integrated care has been proposed in order to increase accessibility, quality of care, cost sustainability and user satisfaction for such patients. The main content of this paper includes a definition of integrated care, the rationale behind it, and a model for it, as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with it. Four integrated care systems were selected from different countries: Social HMO and PACE from USA, SIPA from Canada, Japan's community support system and Taiwan's long-term care resources management centers. Recommendations are also provided for members of the nursing profession actively participating in integrated care systems.

Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the health status of Asian immigrants in Canada and the associated factors., Methods: Using data from the 2003 Canadian Community Health Survey, a descriptive analysis was performed to estimate the frequency of health associated factors among different populations. Age-standardization rates was also used to compare the prevalence of chronic conditions among Asian immigrants, other immigrants and native residents. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted Odds ratio (OR) associated with each health outcome and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) after controlling for potential confounding factors., Results: After age-standardization, Asian immigrants had a similar prevalence of 1-5 chronic conditions and a lower prevalence of 5+ chronic conditions (3.56%) compared with non-immigrants (5.31%). Asian immigrants were less likely to report any chronic disease (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.46-0.51) than non-immigrants (OR = 1.00). Recent Asian immigrants were less likely to report any chronic condition (OR= 0.34, 95% CI: 0.31-0.37) than long-term Asian immigrants (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.58-0.66). After adjusting for socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors, Asian immigrants had a slightly changed risk of four chronic conditions with exception of heart disease., Conclusion: Asian immigrants had lower risk of chronic conditions as a whole, however, these health advantages decreased along with increasing length of residence in Canada. Socioeconomic factors and lifestyles cannot fully explain the differences of health status between Asian immigrants and non-immigrant Canadians reported in this paper.

The regulations and standards of flammability of textiles for toys in United States, Canada and European Union and other developed countries were explained in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the unique nature and treatment concept of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), TCMs have been respected again since 70s of last century. The regulatory agencies of some developed countries (the FDA, EMA and Health Canada etc) have published new guidance/guidelines/directives in recent years, such as the botanical drug product guidance of the FDA, the evidence for quality of finished natural health products guidance of the Health Canada and the guideline on quality of herbal medicinal products/ traditional herbal medicinal products of the EMA etc. All of the regulatory agencies are willing to scientifically evaluate the herbal medicines and accept it as therapeutic product. This paper analyzed the history of herbal medicine regulation and the similarities and differences of the regulatory requirements of the European Union, the United States and Canada, proposed possible future direction of the international development of Chinese medicine from the perspective of global regulatory affairs.

The history of acupuncture in Ontario, Canada was traced, and the current status as welI as the prospection were introduced in this paper. Statistics showed that the history of acupuncture in Ontario started in the 1880s, and it was only popular in China Town and Chinese community. In the 1970s, it gradually merged into the mainstream of the society, and entered into a growing period. With the tide of Chinese immigration in the 1980s and 1990s, acupuncture matured rapidly. In 2006, the "Traditional Chinese Medicine Act" was passed in Ontario, it was considered as a milestone in the history of acupuncture. At present, just like the other 23 health care professions, acupuncture has already be included into the legislation system, and become a component of Ontario's health care system. At the same time, the law and regulation may also promote the establishment of "pure Chinese Medicine" in Ontario.

The paper researches the optimization of main framework of Chinas professional sports market access system in order to develop and improve China's professional sports market access system and to promote the healthy development of professional sports market, with the result believing that the access system in China is the one of complex regulation with the characteristics of both social and economic regulations. The combination of market access mechanism, dynamic regulatory mechanism and exit mechanism forms the active monitoring system, which is conducive to maintaining competitive and orderly market environment of professional sport. Incentive regulation approach overcomes the problems brought about by the traditional administrative orders and control, which is conducive to regulating the clubs' main capacity construction and the soaring cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Landscape structure and spatial pattern are the core issues in landscape ecology. The application of graph theory provides a research framework for landscape pattern analysis. Landscape graph based on graph theory is gradually applied to the connectivity modeling of biodiversity conservation and decision support of landscape planning. The representation, analysis and application of landscape graph have become a hot topic in conservation biology and landscape ecology. In this review, we first introduced the graph theory basis of landscape map. Based on the Scopus database, 257 published journal papers with the words "landscape graph", "connectivity" and "network" in titles, abstracts, and keywords from 1993 to 2019 were retrieved. We analyzed the research progress and development trend of this field from the aspects of annual published papers, journal sources, research areas, research institutions and landscape types involved. The results showed that before 2017, the number of journal papers published showed an overall increasing trend, and after 2017, the annual number of published papers decreased year by year. The main research forces were concentrated in United States, France, Canada, and China, contributing to 86.8% of the total published papers. Most of the research results were published in "Landscape Ecology", "Landscape and Urban Planning", and "Biological Conservation". In the research content, the representation of landscape graph mainly included the definition of nodes, the measurement of edges and the simulation of landscape. The analysis of landscape graph involved analysis index and landscape graph partitioning. This study mainly focused on the application of landscape graph in science and practice, including biodiversity conservation, landscape (ecological network) planning and management, the assessment of landscape impacts. Landscape graph based on graph theory influences conservation science and planning practitioners by helping understand landscape connectivity changes, animal behavior and habitat conservation. The impact of graph theory on conservation science and planning comes from the rich theoretical basis and mature research methods. Landscape graph based on graph theory provides a springboard for ecological understanding of landscape structure and pattern, and is an important tool for global researchers and practitioners.