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Objective: To share related knowledge and experiences with countries along the line, literature regarding current cohort studies was summarized. Distribution, establishment and development of cohort studies among large prospective general population were analyzed in 17 countries of Western Asia and the 16 countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Methods: Literature review was conducted to collect basic information on cohort studies, with descriptive study used to analyze the characteristics of these cohort studies. Results: There were 562 cohort studies with sample size as more than 1 000 stated in Western Asia and Central and Eastern Europe, including 468 (83.27 % ) carried out in the nation itself and 94 (16.73 % ) with international multicentered collaboration. According to the nature of cohort studies, 347 (61.74 % ) were etiologically based. As for the contents involved, 310 (55.16 % ) of them targeted on chronic/non-communicable diseases, 125 (22.24 % ) concentrated on maternal and child health. Among those on chronic/non-communicable diseases, 51 (16.45 % ) were on cancers and 83 (26.77 % ) on cardiovascular disease studies. There appeared 10 large prospective cohort studies targeting on general population, mainly ongoing in Iran and European countries, with a duration of 8-29 years, including 4 of them with sample size as more than 50 000. In terms of the contents, epidemiological investigation, physical examination and biological samples collection took the major parts. Few papers were published in 9 out of the 10 cohort studies at the early stage of those projects but the number of papers increased annually and stabilized to certain extent. Conclusions: The regional distribution of cohort studies carried out in countries from the Western Asia and Central and Eastern European areas appeared unbalanced. Contents of these designs would mainly involve etiological studies, with focus on non-communicable diseases as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases, mental and psychological diseases, and maternal and infant health etc .. However, only few large prospective cohort studies would base on general population.

Wolfberry has important unique medical values as well as edible and commerce values. In this paper,we analyze the characteristics and problems of international trade of wolfberry based on the customs data between 2008 and 2017. During periods of these ten years,the wolfberry was mainly exported with a small proportions of imports. The total export volume increased steadily,reached 82 182. 08 tons and 696. 622 million dollars respectively. Wolfberry came from 31 provinces/autonomous regions and exported to 105 countries and regions through 21 ports. Most of the total exports of wolfberry flew to markets of Asia and Europe,the Ningxia autonomous region was the major export province. Large amount of wolfberry exported through Tianjin port. Compared with the export volume,the import is almost negligible,mainly coming from North Korea,almost all through Changchun port,Jilin province to enter the domestic market. There is a situation of"import of domestic goods". To enhance the international competitiveness of wolf berry industry,we must rely on the fundamental research of wolfberry,speed up the standardization process,strengthen the scientific and technological innovation in wolfberry products,improve the added value and profit of wolfberry.

Objective: To examine the effects of parenteral supplementation of glutamine dipeptide on the outcomes of surgical patients., Methods: The relevant data 1997 to March or May 2005 were retrieved from SCI, Medline, EMBASE, Chinese Cochrane Centre databases. The bibliographies of the retrieved papers and the personal file were searched as well. All the patients in the retrieved papers received parenteral nutrition, whether alanyl-glutamine dipeptide (Ala-Gln) was added was the only difference between the intervention and control groups. Methodological quality assessment was based on the Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook and Jadad's Score Scale. Statistical software RevMan4.2 was used for meta-analysis. The data were treated by intention-to-treat method., Results: A total of 1074 relevant papers were screened. Thirteen prospective randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) from European & Asian studies met the inclusion criteria. Ten RCTs reported 355 cases of infectious complications showed that Ala-Gln administration significantly reduced the prevalence of infectious complications with a pooled relative risk (RR) of 0.42 (95% CI 0.24 - 0.72; P = 0.002). Eight studies with 273 cases reported the postoperative length of stay (LOS) and showed that Ala-Gln significantly reduced the postoperative LOS by 3.25 days (95% CI = -4.87 to -1.62; P = 0.00009). There was no significant effect of Ala-Gln on cost of hospitalization, though there was a trend to reduction (2 studies, pooled n = 52, P = 0.2)., Conclusion: Parenteral Ala-Gln significantly reduces the post-operative infectious morbidity and LOS among surgical patients.