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Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Residual plastic films degrade soil structure and have a detrimental impact on seed germination and the subsequent seedling development and establishment, thereby leading to reductions in crop yield. Removing the films from soil prior to sowing is hence critical to safeguarding crop growth. This paper presents a roller-type device incorporated into ploughing machine to simultaneously strip, collect the films from the soil and then unload them in a row prior to sowing. The device was nail-teeth designed to pick up and strip the residual films. The optimal combination of the structure and working parameters of the device was theoretically analyze using a quadratic regression orthogonal rotation test by taking forward speed of the machine, rotating speed of film pick up roller and rotating speed of film stripping shaft as determinants, and the efficiency of both film pick up rate and film stripping rate to represent the performance of the device. The significance of each determinant in affecting the rate of film pick up and stripping was analyzed using the Design-Expert software. The results show that in terms of impact on film pick up rate, the three determinants were ranked in the order of machine forward speed > rotating speed of film pick up roller > rotating speed of film stripping shaft, while in terms of impact on film stripping rate, the determinants were ranked in the order of rotating speed of film stripping shaft > rotating speed of film pick up roller > machine forward speed. Optimization calculated using MATLAB showed that the optimal working parameters were: device forward speed 1.62 m/s, rotating speed of film pick up roller 90 r/min, and rotating speed of film stripping shaft 1 055 r/min. We verified these optimal results against field experiments and found that the film pick up and film stripping rate was 70.56% and 82.96%, respectively. The differences between the experimental results and the calculated results was small, indicating that the optimized working parameters were reliable and robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is a large amount of maize straw mulching on farmland in Northeast China. Under conditions of conservation tillage, there are large amount of straws mulching on soil surface that it required the opener of no-tillage seeder should have excellent functions for straw cutting, anti-blocking and seedbed cleaning, as well as stable ditching performance that can keep the ditch depth and the ditch width fluctuating uniformly. During the mechanized sowing period, maize no-tillage seeder with sharp angle opener is facing the problem of seriously clogged up and high-power consumption, while planter with disc opener shows little disturbance to soil under straw mulching condition and a good trafficability. However, large positive pressure and counterweight that auxiliary ditching operation will be needed for general double disc opener, with poor soil entry ability and straw blockage problem, especially in the conditions of large amount of straw mulching on the surface of farmland, the disc opener will press the straw into furrow instead of cutting them off when ditching in farmland with quantities of straw mulching. Based on the above issues, an asymmetric large-small double disc ditching device for corn seeding was put forward in this paper, which is mainly composed of large disc, small disc, direct-axis, oblique-axis and rack. The large disc and the small disc are arranged asymmetrically, which forming rotating connection with the rack by direct-axis and oblique-axis respectively. The rotating plane of the large disc is perpendicular to the horizontal plane and the small disc is inclined setting. The angle between the rotating plane of the small disc and the vertical plane is 8° (the working inclination of small disc), besides, the angle between the rotating plane of the small disc and the direction of the ditching operation is 12° (the working deflection of small disc). When working, large disc mounted on front of small disc cuts maize straw and stubble in advance, and then small disc that staggered set in the rear-lower part removes straws and ditches seed furrows, in order to prepare clean seedbeds for maize sowing. Based on mechanical analysis and kinematics analysis, diameter of large disc and small disc was obtained, which was 460 mm and 360 mm respectively. The gathering point located on the front edge of the small disc that gathering point angle of small disc is 56°, meanwhile the gathering point located in the interior of large disc with radius of 190 mm, gathering point angle of 56°. The performance of asymmetric large-small double disc ditching device was tested by EDEM simulations and field experiments without straw mulching on soil in advance beforehand, and the difference of ditching depth and ditching width were 2.15 mm and 1.62 mm respectively. Results of field experiments under wheat straw mulching showed that asymmetric large-small double disc ditching device could realize relatively stable and reliable ditching effect. Under straw mulching conditions, the ditching device could meet the requirements of no-tillage maize sowing, the average ditching depth was 71.41 mm and the average ditching width was 38.27 mm. Besides, anti-blocking performance of asymmetric large-small double disc ditching device was tested in field experiments with 4 straw mulching amount(full-straw coverage, small amount of coverage (0.66 kg/m2), middle amount of coverage (1.64 kg/m2), large amount of coverage (2.18 kg/m2)), at 2 different working speeds (4 km/h, 6 km/h). Anti-blocking tests indicated that the ditching device was operating smoothly, and there was no obvious blockage and continuous breaking in the ditch overall, which revealed better straw-cutting capability and enhanced penetrability. The device meets the requirements of agronomic production and standards of maize sowing, and this research can provide theoretical support and technical basis for the development of maize no-tillage planter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transplanting trees is a high intensity work, which is necessary to be mechanized in modern society. At present, most of the tree transplantation machines are developed on the basis of general excavators, which have the disadvantages of high power requirement and high energy consumption. Its performance can be improved in 2 aspects, which are the power matching of the whole machine and the resistance reduction during digging process. The commonly used tree transplantation machines in the market dig holes with a shovel. The shovel is an important part of the machine. The machine’s digging performance and the energy consumption are determined by the size, shape and quantity of shovel. In order to reduce the resistance of the shovel, scholars have carried out a series of researches on bionic structural and surface. It is noticed that some animals living in soil for a long time have the characteristics such as geometric non-smooth units on the surface of theirs body, which is the main reasons for reducing the viscosity and resistance, and the soil animal-ground beetle is a typical representative of this feature. In order to reduce the resistance and the energy consumption effectively when digging soil, the paper analyzed the force of the shovel and established the mechanical model according to the working conditions and characteristics. Solidworks and ANSYS/LS-DYNA software were used to establish the numerical model of the shovel and soil, digging process was simulated in software and the force of the shovel was calculated. Through numerical simulation, the digging angle of the shovel was optimized; it was found that the optimal digging angle of the shovel is 83°. Then, a new type of bionic shovel was designed to simulate the surface structure of the soil organ of soil animal-ground beetle, there were many convex units with the shape of sphere on the surface of the shovel, and the size, shape and distribution of the convex units is main considered. Under the condition that the digging angle of the shovel is 83°, the best parameters of the bionic shovel were obtained by numerical optimization: the convex diameter is 14 mm, the center distance of the convex is 28 mm, and the height of the convex is 4 mm. The bionic shovel was developed according to the best parameters and was installed on the prototype of the tree transplant machine to carry out the comparison test. Because the shovel is operating inside the soil, it is impossible to accurately measure the force by sticking the strain gauge on the surface of the shovel, so the hydraulic cylinder pressure of the driving was tested to reflect the force of the shovel indirectly, that is, the force of shovel was equal to the inlet pressure multiply with the inlet area of hydraulic cylinder. 5 times experiment were carried, and the maximum and average force of shovel were recorded: The maximum force of bionic shovel was 2.474 kN, compared with 2.783 kN of the original shovel, the force was reduced by 0.309 kN, the average force reduced 0.512 kN. The results showed that the bionic shovel can effectively reduce the resistance of 11.11%. The bionic shovel is proved to have a good resistance reduction characteristic, which can provide technical support for energy-saving and consumption reduction of the tree transplant machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liquid quantity data is one of the most important information to spraying UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle). During the aerial spraying, the liquid quantity in the pesticide tank is dynamic, the operators have always to paid attention to the liquid quantity so that they can make suitable decisions for the flight controlling. Therefore, the liquid quantity monitoring method for pesticide tank is the most important in UAV spraying operation. However, other special characteristics need to be evaluated in order to achieve real-time monitoring the amount of pesticide liquid of spraying UAV, including unstable liquid surface, variation of physical and chemical properties of different pesticides, shapes of different tanks, the anti-corrosion requirements, tank sizes, etc. In this paper, we aimed to explore the feasible method for liquid quantity monitoring of pesticide tank in spraying UAV. Based on the above characteristics, we developed a solution called dual-pressure liquid quantity monitoring system, which consisted of double pressure sensors for liquid-level monitor, wave filter for liquid level turbulence (i.e.va combination of the median filter and the moving average filter), liquid level correction for aircraft on a tilt (based on a gyroscope), and conversion model for liquid level and liquid quantity. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed method, a prototype of liquid monitoring device was developed, and the relevant verification test was conducted to test its performance. The experimental results showed that there was a significant (p < 0.05) linear negative correlation between the liquid level and pressure difference (between ambient atmospheric pressure and sealed air chamber pressure caused by liquid level), and the correlation coefficient R2 was 0.9989. It showed that the dual-pressure method can effectively eliminate the influence of ambient atmospheric pressure changes on the measurement accuracy and stability. By using the proposed wave filter, the C.V. (coefficient of variation) of liquid level data decreased from 28.45% to 12.27%, indicating that the proposed wave filter can filter off the liquid level turbulence effectively. By using liquid-level correction for aircraft on a tilt, the error was reduced to 0.05 from -1.09 hPa when the aircraft tilt up to 30°. Therefore, the proposed tilt correction method can effectively eliminate the error caused by aircraft body tilt. In order to test the performance of prototype of liquid quantity monitor in the actual spraying operation, the test based on a spraying UAV, 3WDM4-10, was conducted. The test included three different flying attitudes, forward, backward and turn around at the edge of field. When the payload of the pesticide tank was 2, 4 and 6 L, the mean liquid quantity data out by the liquid quantity monitor were 1.985, 3.942, and 5.984 L, the relative errors of the liquid quantity monitor were 0.75 %、1.45%、0.77%, the RMS error was 0.182, 0.199 and 0.180 L, respectively. The results demonstrated that the output of the proposed liquid quantity monitor is stable and reliable in different flying attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the difficulties of sowing for foxtail millet and improve the low germination rate of millet after sowing in dry land of North China, we firstly studied the agricultural requirements of precision drill of millet without thinning out seedlings. We prepared a mixed suspension of foxtail millet using water and agricultural super absorbent polymers, because the agricultural super absorbent polymers can promote crop growth. We did some experiments to find suitable super absorbent polymers and the optimal proportion for mixed suspension according to the requirement of fluid seeding. At the same time we designed a kind of seed metering device by small-amount liquid for foxtail millet. This paper determined the number of rollers, dimension parameter and combination form of tube. It also expounded sucking seeds, delivering seeds and metering seeds of this seed metering device. This device consists of seed box, delivery pump, pump tube, three-way tube, long bent tube, end drainage tube and short bent tube. The function of delivery pump is providing power for the seed metering device, the function of three-way tube is dividing and combining the mixed suspension, the long bent tube or the short bent tube can improve the uniformity of seeding, and the end drainage tube can decrease every drop volume of mixed suspension to ensure that every drop has 2-3 seeds. Because the delivery pump has impulsive motion, we greatly reduced the impulsive motion of this device by using 6 rollers of .delivery pump and designing the structural style of tube, which has long bent tube, short bent tube, three-way tube and end drainage tube. The length of long bent tube is 100 mm, and the length of short bent tube is 74.4 mm. We also chose the material and diameter of tube. The material of tube is silica gel, which has the advantages of good elasticity and long service life. The diameter of pump tube, long bent tube, short bent tube and end drainage tube is 4.8, 4, 4 and 4 mm, respectively. Finally we designed and conducted the experiments of the uniformity and steadiness for mixed suspension of millet, and the variability coefficient of seed number was adopted. And we performed the performance tests with 4 indices adopted, including the percentage of damaged seeds, qualified rate of hill distance, qualified rate of seed number per hill, and rate of no seed hill for seed metering device in laboratory. We also carried out the field experiment of sowing with 3 indices including the qualified rate of hill distance, qualified rate of plant number per hill and seedling emergence rate for this device. The results showed that the suitable agricultural super absorbent polymer was Anxin for preparing the mixed suspension of foxtail millet, and the quality ratio of super absorbent polymers, grain of millet seed and water was 1.1 : 10 : 200 in mixed suspension; the variability coefficient of seed number was 9.8% in this mixed suspension, and was 9.7%-10.4% within 5 hours, and the seeds in mixed suspension had no obvious settlement. The percentage of damaged seeds was less than 0.01%, the qualified rate of hill distance was greater than 86%, the qualified rate of seed number per hill was greater than 75%, and the rate of no seed hill was less than 4% in laboratory test. The qualified rate of hill distance was greater than 77%, the qualified rate of plant number per hill was greater than 74%, and the seedling emergence rate was greater than 87% in field experiment of sowing. The results provide a theoretical reference for the design and analysis of seed metering device by small-amount liquid for small grain seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)