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Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediment from city catchment area were selected to research the environmental responses of PAHs contamination under an urban-suburb gradient. Total concentrations of 16 PAHs in the samples were found from 1.8 ng/g to 4 126.3 ng/g, with the average concentration of 403.2 ng/g. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs increased with urbanization levels, which were higher in the urban area than that in the suburban area. The composition of low molecular weight PAHs was higher in the suburban area than that in the urban area. These were probably because PAHs source differed during urbanization. The results of isomer ratios of PAHs and principal component analysis coupled with multiple stepwise linear regressions showed that PAHs in Ningbo were mainly from traffic emissions and coal combustion. The proportion of traffic emissions and coal combustion mixed sources was 78% in the urban area with high-level urbanization. In contrast, the proportion of diesel-power vehicular was 42%, and coal combustion was 33.9% in the suburban area with low-level urbanization. These showed a difference in PAHs sources with a gradient of urbanization. Ecological risk analysis by the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) showed that the potential ecological risk of 16 PAHs in surface sediment from urban catchment area was low, and a significant difference was observed in the average of effect rang low (ERL) quotient between urban and suburban areas (P<0.05). The average of ERL quotient of H3 sampling site in the urban area exceeded 1, which might raise some ecological risk. While the average of ERL quotient of sampling sites in the suburban area did not exceed 1. The toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalents (TEQBaP) of 16 PAHs (mean value) in urban area was 3 times higher than that in suburban area, and 7 carcinogenic PAHs were the main factors to the ecological risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the distribution characteristics, sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of Zhanjiang mangroves, surface sediments were collected from 12 sampling sites in May 2018. The concentrations of 16 PAHs were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that 16 PAHs were all detected in Zhanjiang mangroves, and the detection rates of PAHs except BghiP, DahA, IncdP and BaP were all over 80%. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 248.99 ng / g to 1 079.84 ng / g (with the mean value (494.30±259.33) ng/g). Compared with other studies in sediments in domestic and foreign mangroves, the concentrations of ∑PAHs in the sediments of Zhanjiang mangrove was at a medium level, and was generally moderately polluted. The main dominance of PAHs pollution were from the combustion of fossil fuels, followed by biomass combustion. The concentrations of PAHs were positively correlated with rainfall and total organic carbon (TOC). Overall ecological risk was lower, but the supervision of Nap, Ace and Flu, should be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole / electrostatic field Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of 16 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in water and sediment samples. The water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (Oasis HLB column) while the sediment samples were ultrasonically extracted using 0.1% formic acid methanol and then purified using Sep-Pak PSA column. The treated samples were separated on a Hypersil Gold-C18 column (1.9 μmx2.1 mmx50 mm) and eluted with 0.2% aqueous formic acid solution and methanol. The detection and analysis were performed in electrospray ionization and dd-MS2 + confirmation, in positive mode. The analyzed 16 OPEs were quantitated by external standard method. The lowest detection limits were 3.10- 116.70 ng/L and the linear correlation coefficients were 0.940 7-0.999 8. The developed method was used to analyze the target compounds in water samples and sediment samples from Luoma Lake. In 21 water samples, the concentrations of ∑16OPEs were in the range of 2.99-1 113.09 ng/L, with a median concentration of 408.68 ng/L and an average concentration of 420.03 ng/L. In 6 sediment samples, the concentration of ∑16OPEs were in the range of 15.70-41.28 ng/g, with an median concentration of 27.06 ng/g and an average concentrations of 27.49 ng/g. Compared with the data reported from other water bodies in China or other countries, the concentrations of OPEs in Luoma Lake were at a median/low level. Ecological risk assessment showed that triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tri-o-cresyl phosphate (o-TTP), tri-m-tolyl phosphate (m-TTP) and tri-p-tolyl phosphate (p-TTP) could pose medium or high risks to water and sediments in Luoma Lake at some sites [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil samples were analyzed in the water-level fluctuation zone of Chongqing from the Three Gorges Reservoir for the content and distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Meanwhile, PAH congeners were analyzed and the potential sources of PAHs in soil were identified by isomer ratio, and the ecological risk of PAHs was evaluated by ecological risk model. The results showed that the content of ∑16PAHs in these regions ranged from 180.2 - 618.0 ng·g-1 (based on dry mass), and the median value was 421.1 ng·g-1 (based on dry mass), which was in the medium-low pollution level. All 16 kinds of PAHs were detected, and phenanthrene was the monomer with the highest abundance, which accounted for 19.5% - 32.8% of ∑16PAHs. The content of Σ16PAHs in these different elevations ranged from 281.0 - 794.1 ng·g-1 (based on dry mass), with the median val- ue of 610.2 ng·g-1 (based on dry mass), showing an increasing trend with the increase of elevation. Whereas the composition ratio of PAHs was dominated by 3- and 4-rings. The composition of PAHs in soil exhibited a moderate coefficient of variation. Human activities and water level fluctuation had a great influence on the distribution of PAHs in the soil from different elevations. Ecological risk assessment results showed that the fluoranthene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene reached high-level risk. The isomer ratios indicated that incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass were the main sources of soil PAHs. The results provided a theoretical reference for the prevention and control of PAHs in Chongqing of the Three Gorges Reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

p-Phenylenediamine antioxidants (PPDs) are rubber antioxidants that can suppress oxidation, heat, or light radiation to delay the aging of polymer components and extend the service life of rubber products. In recent years, PPDs have been found in the environment, and their ecological risks remain largely unknown, which cause widespread concern. In this work, a method of gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with ultrasonic extraction was developed for the determination of PPDs in zebrafish embryos. In order to have good performance, extraction solvents and sorbents were optimized. Under optimal conditions, embryonic samples were combined with 5 mL of dichloromethane and ultrasonically extracted for 15 min. The extraction procedure was repeated twice, after that the resulting extracts were purified by 0.1 g primary secondary amine (PSA). Based on internal standard method, the analytes were detected using GC-MS/MS in selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode with optimal parameters. The results showed that the chromatographic peaks of analyte were completely separated, and the baseline was smooth. The correlation coefficient (R2) of each analyte exceeded 0.99 in the concentration range of 0.1-200 μg/L. Method detection limits (MDLs) and method quantification limits (MQLs) were in the range of 0.38-0.68 ng/g and 1.28-2.28 ng/g, respectively. Except for the average recovery of N,N′-bis(methylphenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine (DTPD), which was higher than 120%, the average recoveries of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), N-phenyl-N′-cyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine (CPPD) and N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (IPPD) were 73.1%-109%, and the intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 2.97%-15.0% and 4.76%-18.8%, respectively. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this method, it was applied to detect PPDs in zebrafish embryos exposed to PPDs. The results indicated that PPD concentrations were 12.5-16.4 ng/g. After calculation, the measured bioconcentration factors of each analyte within 48 h were 1.70-33.6 L/kg. These values were much lower than the corresponding predicted bioconcentration factors, because PPD concentrations in vivo had not reached equilibrium during the exposure time of 48 h. This method is simple, sensitive, and suitable for the detection of PPDs in zebrafish embryos, which facilitates future bioaccumulation and toxicity mechanism studies for a comprehensive assessment of the ecological risks of PPDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the pollution status and sedimentary records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of Houguan Lake in Wuhan, this study collected 7 surface sediment samples and 1 sedimentary column sample in September 2020. The sedimentary column chronological sequence of the Lake was constructed using a combined 210Pb and 137Cs dating method. The content of 16 optimized PAHs was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the source of PAHs was analyzed using characteristic ratio method. The results showed that the average concentration of PAHs in the surface sediment was (247.90±32.01) ng/g, belonging to a moderate pollution level, with 3 and 4 ring PAHs being the main pollutants, and there was no significant difference in spatial distribution. The sedimentation rate of the sedimentary column is 0.73 cm/a, and the collected sedimentary column can reflect the sedimentation process in the past 160 years. The average content of 16 PAHs in the sedimentary column is 56.84 ng/g, indicating a low pollution level. According to the composition characteristics of PAHs, the sedimentation process is divided into four stages. The composition characteristics of PAHs in different stages differ significantly, reflecting the transformation of energy structure in different historical periods. Before the 21st century, there was a significant positive correlation between the content of PAHs and socio-economic indicators such as GDP and permanent population. In recent years, the content of PAHs have been mainly affected by meteorological conditions such as evaporation and temperature, indicating that with China' s emphasis on ecological civilization construction, Wuhan has achieved certain results in ecological environment protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research of Environmental Sciences is the property of Research of Environmental Sciences Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research of Environmental Sciences is the property of Research of Environmental Sciences Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research of Environmental Sciences is the property of Research of Environmental Sciences Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging pollutants posing potential threats to ecosystems and human health. This article reviews the presence and distribution of antibiotics and ARGs in China's Lake Taihu, analyzing pollution levels and exploring the risks to ecosystems and public health. Based on this analysis, we propose a set of recommendations and measures for addressing antibiotic and ARG pollution in Lake Taihu, aiming to provide a scientific basis for effective pollution control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have attracted significant attention as a emerging environmental contaminant. The biological toxicities and ecological health risks associated with PFASs have emerged as a popular subject for ecotoxicology related research. PFASs have a detrimental impact on individual microbes in the environment. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to PFASs can disrupt the composition, structure and enzyme activity of the microbial community in the environment, disrupting the normal cycling of materials and energy in the ecosystem. This paper reviewed the impact of PFASs on microbial community structure and diversity across various environmental media, namely freshwater, marine and soil. Additionally, it summarizes the effects of enzyme activity and function in response to PFASs. Based on these findings, an assessment of the future direction of ecological risk assessment of PFASs was conducted to provide a theoretical basis and support for unbiased environmental and ecological risk assessment of PFASs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Perfluorooctane sulfonate acid (PFOS) is of great concern as a new contaminant. In this study, CoZMo-POP 2 fugacity model was used to simulate and calculate emission, fate distribution, and transfer processes of PFOS, N-EtFOSA, N-MeFOSA, N-EtFOSE and N-MeFOSE in Yangtze River Delta during 1988-2022. The results showed that cumulative emissions of PFOS, N-EtFOSA, N-MeFOSA, N-EtFOSE and N-MeFOSE in the study area were about 26 t, 2.5 t, 0.16 t, 7.8 t and 5.9 t, respectively. The model reliability was verified by fact that residuals of modeled and measured concentrations of PFOS in soil, freshwater, and sediment were within 1 log unit. According to the result of sensitivity analysis, temperature and partitioning coefficients were key parameters affecting pollutant concentrations. When environmental system reached equilibrium, the largest sink of PFOS was coastal water, accounting for approximately 79% of total amount remaining in the system. The transfer from fresh water to estuarine water and estuarine water to coastal water were the main PFOS transfer routes between media, accounting for 53% of total transfer. Flow to the outside is most important output pathway for PFOS. The largest sink of N-EtFOSA, N-MeFOSA, N-EtFOSE and N-MeFOSE were soilaccounting for approximately 99%, 98%, 91% and 97% of total amount remaining in the system, respectively. Degradation was the main output pathway for N-EtFOSA, N-MeFOSA, N-EtFOSE and N-MeFOSE. This study simulated the transfer and fate of PFOS and PreFOS in the environmental multimedia of Yangtze River Delta, which could provide a scientific basis for its pollution control and ecological risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in industrial production. At present, this type of pollutant has been widely detected in the global environment. The distribution characteristics and ecological risk pollution of phthalate organic pollutants in seawater and sediments near Xiamen were evaluated, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentration of PAEs in the samples. The results showed that a total of 11 PAEs compounds were mainly detected in the aqueous and sedimentary environmental media, and the total PAEs mass concentration in water ranged from 45.9-251.1 ng/L, with an average concentration of 109.2 ng/L. The concentration in sediment ranges from 8.12-50.29 μg/kg, with an average concentration of 27.7 μg/kg. The risk entropy method was used to assess the risk of PAEs in the near sea area, and the results showed that DBP has a moderate ecological risk level. It is necessary to further trace the pollution emissions of PAEs in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the J Lake system, which receives recycled water, was selected as the research object. The ecological risk assessment of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in both the water and sediment phases of the lake was conducted based on the multi-media regression model. The results showed that the hazard quotients (HQs) of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) in both water and sediment phases were less than 0.1, indicating a negligible risk to aquatic life in the lake. The ecological risks of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the lake revealed significant spatial heterogeneity in the water phase the low-risk area of DBP accounted for 42.7%, while the medium-risk and low-risk areas of DEHP accounted for 93.5% and 5.6%, respectively, and in lake sediment phase the medium and low risk areas of DBP accounted for 0.5% and 69.2%, respectively, while the medium and low risk areas of DEHP accounted for 0. 9% and 68. 3%, respectively. Moreover, the ecological risks of DEP, DBP, and DEHP in the water phase varied greatly in different seasons, and the ecological risks of PAEs in sediment phase are similar to those in water. It is suggested that reducing the concentrations of DBP and DEHP in reclaimed water and controlling the production and use of DEHP at source can effectively reduce the risk level of DBP and DEHP in the receiving J Lake system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science / Nongyaoxue Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), as a kind of typical persistent organic pollutants, are widely distributed in environmental media and cause varying degrees of harm to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to understand the distribution law of PFCs in the environment of a specific area, and formulate standard limits suitable for China. The Yangtze River Basin is an important part of China's Yangtze River Economic Belt. It is a key area of Chinese economic and social development. To protect the ecological environment of the Yangtze River Basin is considerable critical for the green development of the Yangtze River Basin. This paper focuses on the existence condition of PFCs in the Yangtze River Basin, and summarizes their distribution and change rule in the upper, middle and lower water environment and sediments. In this paper, the pollution status of PFCs in the Yangtze River Basin and the progress of environmental benchmark research were analyzed, then the research demands of the formulation of environmental benchmarks for PFCs in Chana were clarified. Finally, this article puts forward suggestions for the future systematic research of Chinese PFCs environmental benchmarks and provides decision-making basis and reference for the potential ecological risk assessment and control of PFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Clean Coal Technology is the property of Clean Coal Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science / Nongyaoxue Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)