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Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Industry is the property of Liaoning Provincial Institute of Agricultural Mechanization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] Alfalfa is sensitive to water stress at branching stage, but how a simultaneous salinity stress affects this sensitivity is not well understood. The objective of this paper is to address this issue. [Method] Pot experiments were conducted in 2018-2019 at the Shengmu High-tech Economic Park, in Dengkou County, Inner Mongolia. It consisted of three water treatments with the soil water content kept at 55%~70% (W1), 75%~85% (W2), and 85%~100% (W3) of the field capacity, respectively. Each water treatment had four salinity stresses with the soil salt content set at 1.0 (S0), 1.5 (S1), 3.0 (S2) and 4.5(S3) g/kg, respectively. In each treatment, we measured osmotic substances, antioxidant enzymatic activities, above- and below-ground biomass at early flowering stage. [Result] Water and salinity stresses reduced water consumption and aboveground biomass more considerably when they worked collectively than working separately. When the water stress was minor, however, imposing a slight salinity stress with soil salt content ≤3 g/kg can increase the contents of proline and Na+, boosted peroxidase (POD) activity, and reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD). This alleviated oxidative damage of the water stress, thereby promoting crop growth. Compared with S0+W1, S2+W1 increased the contents of proline and Na+, and boosted POD activity, by 74.28%, 17.28% and 34.60%, respectively, while reducing SOD activity by 9.87%. These led to an increase in water consumption and aboveground biomass by 6.48% and 2.17%, respectively. [Conclusion] When water stress is not severe, imposing a slight salinity stress can improve the tolerance of alfalfa to water and salinity stress at branching stage. For all treatments we studied, keeping soil salt content in the range of 2~3 g/kg and soil water content in the range of 70%~85% of the field water capacity was optimal to improve resistance of the crop to both salinity and water stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the irrigation uniformity of alfalfa under subsurface drip irrigation and propose a reasonable irrigation quota, this paper uses the method of field experiment, 3 irrigation quotas (20, 25, 30 mm) for subsurface drip irrigation, 2 drip irrigation belts for burial depth (10, 20 cm), and 2 drip irrigation belt dripper flow rates (1.38, 2.0 L/h) are used to study the research, the effects of drip irrigation belt dripper flow, burial depth of drip irrigation belt, alfalfa growth period on irrigation uniformity, and effects of different water treatments on alfalfa plant height and yield. The drip irrigation belt dripper flow has a relatively large influence on the drip irrigation uniformity. Increasing the drip irrigation dripper flow can improve the drip irrigation uniformity coefficient. Under the same drip irrigation belt dripper flow, the burial depth of drip irrigation belt of 10 cm and 20 cm has no significant effect on the uniformity coefficient of drip irrigation. The effect of alfalfa turning green period and flowering period, jointing period and branching period on the irrigation uniformity coefficient is not significant. When the water consumption is 456.69 mm, the hay yield of alfalfa is the largest, which is 12 847.78 kg/hm2. Considering the production factors such as water saving, high yield and high efficiency, it is suggested that the irrigation quota of subsurface drip irrigation of alfalfa in Ordos Otuokeqianqi Area is 25 mm, and the irrigation water is 12 to 14 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Alfalfa is a perennial herb with high yield and high quality. It is a common feed for livestock and poultry. In the paper, the evaluation methods of forage value of alfalfa hay were reviewed by physical evaluation, wet analysis, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and cornell net carbohydrate and protein system (CNCPS), and the problems existing in the application and evaluation of alfalfa hay in ruminant production are summarized, to provide a reference for the rational application of alfalfa hay in ruminant production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment studied the effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) function in the grasses and legumes mixture. A mixed sowing experiment of Medicago varia Martin. cv. Caoyuan No.3 and Agropyron mongolicum Keng. cv. Mengnong No. 1 was carried out on four years grassland. The paper researched AMF infection, soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients situation. The results showed that the total yield of mixed sowing was 24.3% higher than that of monoculture alfalfa and 46.9% higher than that of monoculture ice grass, and the plant height of mixed sowing ice grass was higher than that of monoculture ice grass. The pH value of rhizosphere soil of mixed grassland was significantly lower than that of non-rhizosphere soil. The vesicle infection rate of mixed sowing ice grass was significantly higher than that of monoculture ice grass. The total nitrogen of mixed sowing soil was higher than that of alfalfa monoculture or ice grass monoculture. The available P content in rhizosphere soil was higher than that in non-rhizosphere soil. The experiment indicates that the soil yield can be increased with the increase of Arbuscular fungi infection rate, the increase of nitrogen and phosphorus content in rhizosphere soil, and the decrease of soil pH value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】 Spring wheat and alfalfa and two crops widely grown by farmers in Northwestern China. A knowledge of their planting areas is important for agricultural management but challenging at regional scale. This paper investigates the feasibility of using air-born technologies to identify their areas at different growing stages. 【Method】 The studies were based on Sentinel-2 imagery acquired from the Qingtongxia Irrigation District, with which we developed a decision tree classification algorithm to identify spring wheat and alfalfa. Accuracy of the method was tested against ground-truth data. 【Result】 The accuracy of the model for identifying spring wheat and alfalfa in early April was 69% and 75%, respectively, due to the similarities of the canopies of the two plants. With the growth of the plants and increase in available data, the accuracy of the model improved gradually, with its accuracy for identifying the spring wheat and alfalfa exceeding 90% on 14th May. Using all five satellite imageries available by 13th May, the accuracy of the model for identifying spring wheat and alfalfa reached 94% and 97%, with their associated Kappa coefficient being 0.75 and 0.86, respectively. The estimated planting areas of the spring wheat and alfalfa in Qingtongxia Irrigation District was 24,000 hm2 and 2,000 hm2, respectively. The spatial distribution of spring wheat was complex, characterized by a large number of fragmented planting zones. 【Conclusion】 The decision tree classification method combined with the Sentinel-2 images can preliminarily identify spring wheat and alfalfa in early April. Its accuracy improves steadily as more data become available, with the accuracy exceeding 90% after the middle of May.

【Objective】 Soil water is one of the most important abiotic factors influencing plant growth in arid areas. This paper aims to develop an optimal drip irrigation schedule for alfalfa production in desert farmlands in Northwestern China. 【Method】 The study was based on the HYDRUS-1D model . It compared four irrigation schedules: intensive irrigation (LH-I), moderate intensity irrigation (MH-I), and low intensity irrigation (SM-I). Without irrigation was the control (CK). Each irrigation schedule was associated with five initial volumetric water contents in the 0-20 cm soil layer: 4% (S1), 6% (S2), 8% (S3), 10% (S4) and 12% (S5). Overall, there were 20 combinations. In the simulation for each treatment, we “measured” the time for soil water in the root zone to reach the wilting point, as well as the soil water content at the wilting point. We also measured the time-period during which the soil water content in the root zone remained above the wilting point. These enabled us to find the optimal irrigation schedule. 【Result】 The effect of SM-I and CK on the above criteria was more sensitive to change in the initial soil water content in the top 0-20 cm of soil. The plant roots were able to take up water even without irrigation when the initial soil water content in the 0-20 cm of soil was greater than10%. When the initial soil water content was less than 20%, the majority of irrigated water in the LH-I treatment remained in the topsoil. With an appropriate initial moisture content, the topsoil had a positive effect on retaining the irrigation water from MH-I in the root zone. The retention time of water in the root zone was positively correlated with the topsoil water content in SM-I. The water content in the deep soil was greater in LH-I irrigation than in other treatments. Soil water content remained above the withering point for 5.7 days in MH-I, the longest among all treatments. 【Conclusion】 When initial volumetric water content in the 0-20 cm soil layer was less than 4%, LH-I was optimal, when the initial topsoil water content was higher than 4%, MH-I worked the best.

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】 Soil alkalinization is an abiotic stress affecting agricultural production in many countries. Amending it by soil conditioners is a technique to ameliorate the adversary effect of alkalization and safeguard crop growth. In this paper, we study the efficacy of mixture of desulfurization gypsum and fly ash for improving alfalfa growth in a newly reclaimed alkalized soil. 【Method】 The field experiments were conducted in plots which were amended with mixture of desulfurization gypsum and fly ash at different ratios: 30 t/hm2 of desulfurization gypsum and 15 t/hm2 of fly ash (T1), 30 t/hm2 of desulfurization gypsum and 30 t/hm2 of fly ash (T2), 30 t/hm2 of desulfurization gypsum and 45 t/hm2 of fly ash (T3), 45 t/hm2 of desulfurization gypsum and 15 t/hm2 of fly ash (T4), 45 t/hm2 of desulfurization gypsum and 30 t/hm2 of fly ash (T5), 45 t/hm2 of desulfurization gypsum and 45 t/hm2 of fly ash (T6). The control is without amendment (CK). In each treatment, we measured the changes in soil properties and plant growth. 【Result】 Regardless of the mixture ratios, soil amendment significantly improved physical properties of the soil. Compared with CK, T3 reduced soil bulk density by 7.69% and increased porosity and water-holding capacity of the soil by 9.69% and 18.70%, respectively. The amendments also improved chemical properties of the soil, with T4 reducing the pH in the 0-10 and 10-20 cm of soil layers by 10.51% and 11.66%, alkalinity reduced by 56.76% and 50.27%, respectively. T4 also reduced soluble salt content in the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm of the soil layers by 32.33%, 52.55% and 3.04% respectively, compared to CK. Alfalfa grew better in T4 and T1, with its fresh weight increasing by 61.76% and 43.21%, and dry matter by 48.80% and 30.72%, respectively, compared to CK. It was found that overapplication of the conditioners comprised yield, with T6 reducing the fresh and dry matter by 19.69% and 10.24%, respectively, compared to CK. 【Conclusion】 Amending the alkalinized soil with a mixture of desulfurization gypsum and fly ash at appropriate ratios can improve soil physical properties and reduce soil pH, alkalinity and soluble salt content in the soil, thereby promoting alfalfa growth. For all the treatments we compared, amending the soil with 45 t/hm2 of desulfurization gypsum and 15 t/hm2 of fly ash worked best.

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】 Alfalfa is a prevalent crop in northwestern China and its cultivation heavily depends on irrigation. This paper is to delve into the influence of irrigation methods on yield and quality of alfalfa, with the ultimate goal to improve its water use efficiency. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted from April to September in 2021 in an irrigated alfalfa field in Karamay, Xinjiang. It compared three irrigation methods: shallow drip irrigation (W1), point sprinkler irrigation (W2), and rolling sprinkler irrigation (W3). In each treatment, we measured the growth traits, water consumption, water-saving index, and yield and quality of the alfalfa. The optimal irrigation method was determined using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on combination weighting. 【Result】 As the times of cutting increased, the height, stem diameter and yield of the alfalfa decreased, while its crude protein content increased. As time elapsed following the third and fourth cutting, the water consumption decreased first followed by an increase. The total water consumption during the two stages varied with irrigation method, and their significance was ranked in the order of W1W2>W3. Both shallow drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation effectively improved plant quality. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation indicated that, overall, the shallow drip irrigation was optimal for growth, water consumption, yield and quality of the crop. 【Conclusion】 The shallow buried drip irrigation not only saved water but also improved yield and quality of the alfalfa. It is hence most suitable for alfalfa cultivation in the arid and water-scarce regions in the northwest of China.

Because the large harvest of second crop of alfalfa in the north and the meeting with the rainy season, the quality of storage process become worse due to the lack of drying time. The heat-air circulate drying technology can overcome the technical bottleneck of high cost, low efficiency and degraded quality of the bundle drying process. Combined with the heat-air circulate drying characteristics and the picking and bundling technology, this paper studied the reasonable drying technology parameters of the alfalfa bundles. The 5HY,, heat-air test bench was used with the temperature and humidity sensor to detect the temperature and humidity of each point in the bundle to explore the temperature and moisture transfer rules in the bundles. Taking the appearance quality and unit energy consumption of the alfalfa as the evaluation index, the orthogonal test design method was used to determine the drying technology parameters of the high moisture alfalfa bundles. The test results indicated that the obtained experimental characteristics of the square bundle drying experiment are divided into preheating stage, constant speed drying stage and stable stage. According to the sensory evaluation of color and odor, the evaluation of the bundle length and the drying temperature and the sensory evaluation index were significant and negatively correlated. According to the unit energy consumption as the evaluation index, the length and density of the bundles had significant effects on the unit energy consumption index and were negatively correlated. Using the Neuro shell combined with the real economic benefit to predict the neural network, the optimal combination of parameters for the heat-air circulate drying technology was obtained, namely: the bundle length was 285.7 mm, the drying process parameter density was 238.38 kg/ m³, the drying temperature was 60.48°C, the air velocity was 1.73 m/ s, and the energy consumption was 0.203 kJ/ kg H2O. The study of the predicted drying technology could be used as a guide for artificially assisted dry storage of alfalfa bundles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfalfa plays an important role in dairy farms for economic and ecological reasons in northwest China. In order to manage the complex relations between alfalfa growth and environmental issues accurately and timely, the alfalfa simulation model has been widely studied. An alfalfa growth simulation model based on water and nitrogen factors (ALFSIM-WN) was proposed. The model was divided into 3 sub-models, including crop dynamic sub-model, water balance sub-model and nitrogen balance sub-model using modular design method. It took alfalfa in Ningxia irrigation area of Yellow River as research object and could simulate the growth dynamics of alfalfa under different water supply and variable fertilization. It also could estimate the yield of alfalfa. In order to verify the accuracy and applicability of ALFSIM-WN, experiments were carried out at grassland experiment area of Maosheng Grass Limited Company in Yinchuan (northwest China, 3855N, 10606 E). The experimental alfalfa was Medicago sativa No.7. The irrigation methods included surface irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation. A split plot was designed as 2 experimental treatments. The 1st treatment was the irrigation amount which was divided into 5 irrigation levels including the surface irrigation (1 199 mm) and the subsurface drip irrigation (525, 600, 675, 750 mm). The 2nd treatment was nitrogen application rate which included 4 nitrogen application levels (0, 60, 120, 180 kg/hm2). A total of 17 treatments were designed in experiment. Different irrigation levels were carried out in batches according to different cuts and different growth period of alfalfa. Different nitrogen application levels were carried out in different cuts. Through 2 years experiments (2016-2017), model parameters had been determined using data from 2016, and growth parameters of alfalfa (such as growth period, leaf area index, soil moisture dynamics and yield) had been predicted based on gathering meteorological date, soil data and field management data of 2017. The comparison between simulated and observed was taken in this paper. The results showed that the simulated values by the model was in agreement with the trend of the observed values under different irrigation and nitrogen treatments, such as growth period, leaf area index, soil water content and yield of the alfalfa. Alfalfa in Ningxia irrigation area of Yellow River could harvest 3 to 4 times per year, the mean relative error of the growth period of alfalfa in 4 cuts simulated by the model was between 1.9% and 5.7%, which was consistent with the local growth period for forage. In addition, through analyzing the 4 cuts data in 2017, the mean relative error of leaf area index simulated by the model was between 2.3% and 17.6%, the mean relative error of soil water content simulated by the model was between 2.3% and 17.6%, and the mean relative error of yield simulated by the model was between 1.7% and 16.2%. The root mean square error of the leaf area index was between 0.09 and 0.44, the root mean square error of soil water content is between 0.009 and 0.039 cm3/cm3, and the root mean square error of yield was between 0.3 and 2.3 t/hm2. Therefore, the ALFSIM-WN had higher simulation accuracy in simulated growth period, leaf area index, soil water content and yield, indicating that the model has good application in Ningxia irrigation area of Yellow River and can be used as an effective simulation tool for alfalfa growth in forage planting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】 Sandy soil is less fertile and poor in water-holding capacity. The objective of this paper is to experimentally investigate the efficacy of amending it with modified bentonite to improve its physical properties and yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in pots packed with sandy soil taken from the Ulan Buh desert which was amended with the modified bentonite at ratios (weight/weight) ranging from 0 to11%. For each treatment, we measured the change in water-holding capacity, soil hardness, soil respiration, and the development and ultimate yield of the alfalfa. 【Result】 Adding modified bentonite to the soil increased its water holding capacity, hardness and respiration, as well as alfalfa growth, regardless of the amending ratios. Compared with CK without bentonite amendment, the amendment at ratio of 3%, 5%, 7%, 9% and 11% reduced daily water consumption of the alfalfa by 18.3%, 22.2%, 28.1%, 39.6% and 40.2%, respectively, saved irrigation water by 21.7%, 22.6%, 28.3%, 38.1% and 38.3% respectively, and increased dry mass of the alfalfa by 146.4%, 198.5%, -15.9%, -20.1%, -34.2% respectively. Benitoite amendment also increased the leaf numbers of the crop by between 99.8% and 492.9%, leaf circumference between 3.6% and 411.4%, depending on the amending ratio. We also found that bentonite amendment altered the composition of biomass of the alfalfa with the contribution from leaves and stems increasing from 1.8% to 5.4%, and 5.9% to 9.8% respectively, but reduced the specific leaf area ratio by 55.7% to 96.4% and fraction of root biomass by 10.1% to 12.6%, depending on the amending ratio. 【Conclusion】 Amending the sandy soil with modified bentonite can improve its physical properties, reduce daily water consumption of alfalfa while in the meantime increasing irrigation water use efficiency and the ultimate crop yield. For the alfalfa variety we studied, an amending ratio in the range of 3.0%~5.0% was optimal.

【Background】Ningxia is in arid and semi-arid region in China, characterized by uneven spatiotemporal precipitation, strong evaporation, long cold winter, short hot summer, and late arrival of spring and early onset of autumn. Over the past years the planting areas of alfalfa in Ningxia have continued to increase due to its high yield and nutrition, but water resource scarcity has constrained its production. Reclaimed domestic wastewater can be used as an alternative irrigation water source, but it is rich in salt content and other organic and inorganic contaminants, and the impact of its irrigation on growth and quality of alfalfa remains obscure. 【Objective】This paper aims to experimentally unravel the changes in growth and quality traits of the alfalfa irrigated with treated urban domestic wastewater. 【Method】The experiment consisted of three factors and three levels, all designed using the orthogonal test. The primary- and second-order factors of the irrigation that affected alfalfa growth and quality traits were calculated using the variance analysis, from which the optimal combination was proposed. 【Result】Irrigation amount impacted plant height, stem thickness, first-level branch number, hay yield, crude fat, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, relative feeding value, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium all at significant level (P

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Resources & Environment / Nongye Ziyuan yu Huanjing Xuebao is the property of Journal of Agricultural Resources & Environment Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)