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Understanding the treatment and influencing factors of straw is important to improve the utilization efficiency of straw resources and alleviate the negative external effects of the environment. Here, we proposed an analysis framework of farmers' straw disposal behavior based on ecological rationality. The Logit model was used to analyze the farmers' willingness and influencing factors for the selection of straw burning and feed utilization with a dataset of 424 valid questionnaires in dry farming areas of Gansu Province. The results showed that the straw disposal behavior of farmers was the result of decision-making cognition formed in the process of long-term adaptation and co-evolution between farmers and the surrounding environment. In dry farming area, the straw treatment methods were diversified, with feed utilization and fuel as the two main forms and straw incineration and discard being ubiquitous. Among the factors that affect farmers' straw burning behavior, householder age (P＜0.1), education level (P＜0.01), the scale of livestock raising (P＜0.05), the proportion of agricultural income (P＜0.1), and government policy propaganda (P＜0.01) had significant inhibitory effect. The gender of householder (P＜0.1) and cognition level (P＜0.01) helped farmers to choose the non-pro-environmental behavior, and the environmental awareness of farmers was weak. In terms of straw feed utilization behavior, householder age (P＜0.1), education level (P＜0.05), the situation of family members serving as village cadres (P＜0.05), feed proces-sing technical guidance (P＜0.01) and subsidy for prohibition of straw burning (P＜0.1) had positive effect on straw forage utilization, while the topography (P＜0.1) had a negative effect. Some policy recommendations were given to promote utilization of straw resources: constructing a combination mechanism of "prohibition of burning and subsidies", strengthening the extension of straw feed utilization technology, and accelerating the improvement of straw collection-store-transportation service system.

The application of large amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizer can result in soil N accumulation and consequently N loss. To address these problems in a wheat-maize rotation area of the North China Plain, a two-year field experiment (2016-2017) was conducted to examine the effects of three different N fertilizer strategies on crop yield, N uptake, N loss and soil inorganic N content. The treatments were: controlled-release fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, nitrification inhibitor and farmer's practice (control). The results showed that the wheat yield from the microbial fertilizer treatment in 2016 was significantly lower than that from the controlled-release fertilizer treatment and the nitrification inhibitor treatment, but was not significantly different from conventional farmer fertilization. The N uptake of wheat and annual crops in the microbial fertilizer treatment was significantly reduced. There was no significant difference in crop yield and N uptake among the treatments in 2017. Soil fertility of the tillage layer was maintained or improved in all three treatments compared with the control, and the contents of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available potassium and organic matter increased with the increase of plant growth period in the microbial fertilizer treatment. Microbial fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor reduced the inorganic N content in the 40-100 cm soil profile, while controlled-release fertilizer increased the inorganic N content in the 0-40 cm soil layer. N loss through ammonia volatilization was higher than that through leaching, which was greater than the loss through N 2 O emission. Runoff loss was negligible. Among the treatments, N loss in farmer's practice treatment was the highest. Microbial fertilizer significantly reduced N loss through ammonia volatilization, but the loss through leaching was larger. In conclusion, with reduced N application compared with the farmer's practice, controlled release fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor could maintain crop yield and N uptake, and microbial fertilizer could ensure crop yield and N uptake for a longer plant growth period. The results suggested that inorganic N content in the 40-100 cm soil layer could be reduced in the soil by adding microbial fertilizer and nitrification inhibitors, and the amount of inorganic N was not reduced significantly by application of controlled release fertilizer. Several N reduction measures could reduce N loss. The microbial fertilizer treatment needed to be modified to reduce N leaching.

Based on a long-term experiment in the Changwu Agro-ecological Experimental Station, the real-time PCR analysis was used to examine the soil microbial abundance and to reveal the effects on soil microbial community under different long-term fertilization systems. The results showed that compared to the CK (barren field), the population of bacteria increased by 21% and archaea by 32% in treatment with inorganic fertilizer application. The abundance of bacteria in the treatment of chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer increased by 37% and archaea by 36%. The treatment with chemical fertilizer mixed with organic fertilizer significantly increased the abundance of bacteria and archaea. The soil AOB increased by 7.13 times while the soil AOA only by 0.2 folds after 30-year application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. AOB was highly responsive to fertilizer application, especially to nitrogen fertilizer. Compared with the single nitrogen application and the application of nitrogen fertilizer mixed with organic fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased the abundance of nifH and pmoA. The content of nifH, nirS cd and pmoA in the abandoned land was significantly higher than that in the cultivated soil. Results from the correlation analysis on soil basic physical and chemical properties indicated that soil pH, total nitrogen and organic carbon were key factors affecting soil microbial community abundance. In conclusion, long-term fertilization significantly changed soil microbial abundance, and fertilization patterns and cultivating methods had significant effect on microbial community abundance.

To reveal the regulatory mechanism of agricultural management practices on soil quality, an experiment was carried out to study the different cropping system and straw management on soil organic carbon and fractions and soil enzyme activity in farmland of arid oasis region, which would provide a scientific basic for enhancing agricultural resources utilization and sustainable development. In crop planting planning area, we took the mainly crop (cotton, wheat, maize) as research objects and designed long-term continues cropping and crop rotation experiments. The results showed that the soil organic carbon (SOC), soil microbial biomass C, labile C, water-soluble organic C, and hot-water-soluble organic C content were increased by 3.6%-9.9%, 41.8%-98.9%, 3.3%-17.0%, 11.1%-32.4%, 4.6%-27.5% by crop rotation compared to continues cropping, and 12%-35.9%, 22.4%-49.7%, 30.7%-51.0%, 10.6%-31.9%, 41.0%-96.4% by straw incorporated compared to straw removed, respectively. The soil catalase, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, invertase glucose, cellulase glucose activity were increased by 6.4%-10.9%, 6.6%-18.8%, 5.9%-15.3%, 10.0%-27.4%, 28.1%-37.5% by crop rotation compared to continues cropping, and 31.4%-47.5%, 19.9%-46.6%, 13.8%-20.7%, 19.8%-55.6%, 54.1%-70.9% by straw incorporated compared to straw removed, respectively. There were significant positive linear correlations among SOC, labile SOC fractions and soil enzyme. Therefore, we concluded that labile SOC fractions and soil enzyme were effective index for evaluating the change of SOC and soil quality. Based on factor analysis, in arid region, developing agricultural production using cropland management measures, such as straw-incorporated and combined short-term continues cotton and crop rotation, could enhance SOC and labile SOC fractions contents and soil enzyme activity, which could improve soil quality and be conducive to agricultural sustainable development.

As the limit of the usage of available forest land, cultivated ginseng in the farmland would become the mainly Panax ginseng planting mode, meanwhile the non-polluted production technology would be the mainly development direction in the future. In this study, the non-polluted cultivation technology system of P. ginseng was established based on the research results of field investigation in the cultivated regions. The system includes suitable planting regions selecting, planting method, field management, pest control, harvesting & processing, and quality control. Aimed at the serious issues in the cultivation, research strategies have been provided to guarantee the sustainable development of the ginseng industry. The patterns of soil restoration after P. ginseng cultivation, establishment the platform of comprehensive disease & pest control, breeding new varieties for high stress tolerance and resistance, and a traceability system for P. ginseng cultivation. In all, these strategies was considered to largely developing of the ginseng industry in the green and sustainable way., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Soil respiration is an important process for carbon emission. A field study was conducted with four treatments including T (traditional tillage+straw mulching level 0 kg·hm -2 ), R (ridge tillage+straw mulching level 0 kg·hm -2 ), RS1 (ridge tillage+straw mulching level 3750 kg·hm -2 ), and RS2 (ridge tillage+straw mulching level 7500 kg·hm -2 ), so as to probe the effects of ridge tillage and straw mulching amount on soil respiration and soil organic carbon(SOC) and the relationships of soil respiration rate with soil temperature and water content (SWC) during the growth period of fava bean in the triple intercropping system of fava bean/maize/sweat pomato in dryland region of southwest China known as the purple hilly region. The changes of soil respiration rate were in accordance with crop growing, being firstly increased and then decreased during the whole growth period of fava bean, and there were significant differences in soil respiration rate among different treatments, which could be ranked as RS2[3.365 g·(m 2 ·d) -1 ] > RS1[2.935 g·(m 2 ·d) -1 ] > T[2.683 g·(m 2 ·d) -1 ] > R[2.263 g·(m 2 ·d) -1 ]. Ridge tillage reduced soil respiration in fava bean farmland, whereas straw mulching treatment increased it, whose variation trend was in accordance with that of straw mulching levels. There was a significant exponential relationship between soil respiration and soil temperature at 5 cm and 10 cm depth, and the exponential model at 10 cm produced better fitness than that at 5 cm. The temperature sensitivity ( Q 10 ) at 10 cm could be ranked as RS2 > RS1 > R > T, being 1.751,1.665,1.616, and 1.35, respectively. The combined exponential model indicated that soil temperature and water content (SWC) could jointly explain 68%(R), 79%(RS1) and 76%(RS2) of variation in soil respiration. This study results suggested that ridge tillage and straw mulching significantly increased SOC of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil layers, and the increase of SOC was in accordance with that of straw mulching levels. The SOC was significantly increased in 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers, which could be ranked as RS2 > RS1 > R > T, and the increases in SOC at 5-10 cm were especially notable. The weighted average of particulate organic carbon (POC) at 0-30 cm was significantly increased, but the proportion of POC in SOC did not show significant influence.

Conservation tillage and the weed diversity are two hot issues in the modern ecological agriculture. Although it is known that the diversity of weed would increase slightly in the farmland under conservation tillage, the interaction effects between the tillage and the nutrient management on the weed community are not clear. In this study, one wheat-maize rotation field located in Ji'nan, Shandong Province, was selected as the studying site. Different tillage methods (no-tillage, deep subsoiling, rotary tillage, deep tillage) and different nutrient managements (farmers routine, 480 kg N hm -2 per year; high production and efficiency, 360 kg N hm -2 per year; optimal management, 300 kg N hm -2 per year) were carried out for 3 years. The characteristics of the spring weed communities under different managements were investigated and compared. The results showed that there were 15 species in the spring weed communities in the test filed and Digitaria sanguinalis and Echinochloa crusgalli were the dominant species. The plots under no-tillage or deep subsoiling had higher weed densities compared with those under the deep tillage or rotary tillage. In terms of the effect of tillage on the weed community diversity, both species richness index and species evenness index were lowest but the community dominance index was highest in the plots under deep tillage. In terms of the effect of the nutrient management, with the increase of fertilizer application, both species richness and evenness index increased under the different tillage methods. The community dominance increased with the increasing fertilizer application under deep tillage or rotary tillage and vice versa under no-tillage, deep subsoiling. In terms of weed biomass, the plots under no-tillage or deep subsoiling had significantly higher weed biomass than those under the other two tillage methods. The plots under routine nutrient management had higher weed biomass than those under the other two nutrient managements. Among all these treatments, the plots under the combination treatment of no-tillage and routine nutrient management had the highest weed biomass. According to these results, it was implied that no-tillage and fertilization would improve species richness index, species evenness index, and the productivity of spring weed community in the wheat-maize farmland.

The long-term experiments were conducted at two locations with different soil fertility. There were four treatments, including super high-yielding cultivation treatment (SH), high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation treatment (HH), local farmer's practice (FP), and control (CK), respectively. The field experiments were established to study the effects of different cultivation practices on composition, carbon and nitrogen distribution of tillage layer soil aggregates in different soil fertility, with the aim of proposing technological approaches to enhance soil fertility and achieve the sustainable development of increasing yield and efficiency in wheat-maize ecosystem. The results indicated that compared with treatments in low soil fertility (LSF), same treatments in high soil ferti-lity (HSF) had the higher mean mass diameter and geometric mean diameter, contents of organic carbon and total nitrogen, and lower fractal dimension in dried soil aggregates at soil tillage layer, which was beneficial to the formation and stability of large aggregate. Optimizing application of NPK fertilizers and the application of combined chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer could increase the diameter of soil aggregate, reduce the fractal dimension of aggregate and promote the formation and stability of large aggregates, and the effect on HSF was greater than that on LSF; also they could improve the content and distribution of organic carbon and total nitrogen in large soil aggregate, the contribution rate to >5 mm aggregate in LSF was greater than in HSF, while the contribution rate to 5-0.5 mm aggregates in HSF was greater than in LSF.

Copyright of Journal of Soil & Water Conservation (1009-2242) is the property of Institute of Soil & Water Conservation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of China's effort to become an agricultural power and advance its rural modernization, agricultural productive services play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between smallholder farmers and modern agriculture, contributing significantly to sustainable agricultural development. This empirical study, based on a sample of 959 farmers from six Hubei counties, employed a dualpath analysis framework combining farmers' recognition of cropland protection measures with their satisfaction with agricultural productive services. The research delved into long-term cropland protection behaviors through three dimensions: adoption, persistence, and future intentions. Utilizing Probit, NB2, Ordered Probit, and CMP models, the investigation explored the impact of agricultural productive services on farmers' durable cropland protection practices. Key findings included: ① The benchmark regression analysis revealed that agricultural productive services acted as ‘fuel’ for durable cropland protection, encouraging farmers to maintain practices such as crop residue management and integrated pest control. Robustness checks and addressing endogeneity ensured the reliability of these findings. ② The mechanism analysis uncovered that these services concurrently enhanced farmers' recognition of cropland protection measures and their satisfaction with agricultural productive services, effectively driving long-term protection. The effects of both factors were not influenced by the nature of the measures. ③ The heterogeneity analysis highlighted disparities in the impact of agricultural productive services. The services significantly contributed to the part-time farmers' long-term cropland protection, while their influence on off-farm farmers' continuous protection was less pronounced. Moreover, the services had a stronger effect on younger farmers compared to older ones. Age-related factors revealed that agricultural productive services were more effective for older farmers in promoting capital-intensive crop residue management, whereas their impact on labor-intensive pest and disease control was less significant. Consequently, this study argues that a collaborative framework centered on farmers, with a focus on the ‘efficient market’ for agricultural productive services and a ‘proactive government’ that actively supports and equips farmers, is essential for achieving long-term cropland protection and sustainable agricultural goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the bias characteristics of agricultural technological progress in China, the Malmquist–Luenberger productivity index based on the input-oriented directional distance function was used to measure agricultural input-biased technological progress in 30 Chinese provinces from 1997 to 2019, thus providing an in-depth analysis of the spatial and temporal evolutionary characteristics of the land-saving bias of agricultural technological progress in China. The study produced several interesting results：agricultural total factor productivity in China showed an overall growth trend with an average annual growth rate of 2.87%, and technological progress was an important source of agricultural total factor productivity growth. The IBTC index was greater than 1 in all years, and agricultural technological progress was input-biased with an overall bias toward land conservation. Specifically, although there was a bias toward saving labor between land and labor, there was a bias toward saving land between land and other input factors, such as agricultural machinery, fertilizers, and pesticides. An assessment of the temporal evolution characteristics revealed that the land-saving bias of agricultural technological progress gradually decreased over time. The spatial distribution showed that the degree of the land-saving bias of agricultural technological progress was stronger in eastern China than in central and western China. The study indicates that, in the future, while further optimizing the structure of production factors, we should further promote the economical and intensive use of agricultural land and achieve sustainable agricultural development by strengthening agricultural technological innovation and application, formulating differentiated technological progress development paths, and improving agricultural factor markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Remote Sensing is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Remote Sensing & Science Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) / Huanan Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban) is the property of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At present, China implements an extensive agricultural space management mode based on quantity control. Although it has the necessity and feasibility in national level, the eastern developed areas have encountered great implementation resistance, resulting in the dilemma of dual low efficiency of quantity protection and production capacity. There is still a huge gap between the current management mode and practical demands of the eastern developed regions. Therefore, it is urgent to put forward the agricultural space optimization strategy for high-quality development. To this end, this study defined the basic concept of the agricultural space, and pointed out that agricultural space was a physical entity composed of most agricultural production space and a small amount of farmers' living space, and also an organic whole with certain structure and function formed by interrelated and interacting elements. Furthermore, this study concluded that agricultural space had three connotations: social foundation, human nature need and functional diversity. Through investigating current research of agricultural space optimization, the problems of current research were pointed out and they included: 1) insufficient coordination of agricultural space, meaning that ignoring other types of agricultural land other than arable land and ignoring the production factors flow, structure adjustment and function reflection; 2) insufficient understanding of demand transformation, meaning that healthy, green and experiential agricultural consumption had become a new trend; 3) insufficient attention to market mechanism, meaning that reliance on administrative means and lack of analysis of market patterns led to reduced production efficiency. Then, the basic principles of agricultural space optimization were put forward in order to meet the requirements of high quality development. Safety, including grain security, food security and ecology security was taken as the bottom line. Efficiency, mainly refers to the matching of demand and supply, was taken as the center. Quality, meaning the better agricultural products and service, was taken as the breakthrough. Based on these, the basic strategies of agricultural spatial layout optimization in the developed eastern coastal areas were proposed: the supply side coordinated agricultural space resources, including arable land, garden plots, farms and other types of agriculture space, the demand side analyzed agricultural demand changes, including diverse, customized and experienced needs. Then, supply and demand sides were connected through the market mechanism. According to the use of agricultural space, it was divided into the following three categories: 1) supporting agricultural space, with grain production as the main function; 2) promoting agricultural space, with non-grain agricultural products as main function, such as vegetables and fruits, meat, poultry and others; 3) integrating agricultural space, with agricultural leisure as the main function. For different type, different fine management measures were established and different optimization paths to meet the safety, efficiency, quality requirements were carried out. For example, in the supporting agricultural space, we should ensure grain supply and promote farming scale. In the promoting agricultural space, we should provide food diversity and facilitate agricultural clusters. In the integrating agricultural space, we should maintain ecological stability and facilitate agricultural specialization. In the eastern developed areas, the optimization of agricultural space layout must abandon the previous single perspective of quantitative protection. This study emphasized the overall value and comprehensive multifunction of agricultural space to serve the growing needs of urban and rural residents for better agriculture, which has a certain theoretical innovation significance and is expected to be tested and popularized in future practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural space is one of the most important parts of the territorial space, particularly for agriculture production and rural living. Agricultural spatial planning is an overall arrangement about the protection, utilization, renovation, and restoration of agricultural space during a specific period. Specifically, the territorial spatial planning aims to optimize the agricultural spatial structure for the implementation of rural development strategy. It is also necessary to improve the national food security, agricultural efficiency, and competitiveness in the construction of ecological civilization. Three categories are often divided into the plans of agricultural space: 1) protection of cultivated land, 2) utilization of regional division, 3) rural territory consolidation, such as the readjustment of farmland, and rural construct land, as well as ecological restoration. These plans have greatly contributed to the management of land space at different stages of rural development. However, most plans focused only on one activity or one element of agricultural space, leading to low efficiency of space protection, and the disorder of space utilization, even the destruction of the ecological environment system. Six development trends can also be found in the utilization of agricultural space in the era of ecological civilization, multi functions of agriculture, high-quality of consumption demand, green development mode, digitization of development means, urban-rural integration, and industrial integration of development path. In this study, seven strategies were also proposed. 1) The structure of the agricultural spatial system was optimized using the concept of life community. 2) A trade-off was coordinated between the baselines of security and social-economic development, thereby promoting the harmonious coexistence between man and nature. 3) Three systems were also necessary to be built, in response to the demands for high-quality products, life, and ecological environment. First, the classified protection was composed of various agricultural land for different products, such as the permanent basic farmland for food security, grain, and key agro-product production protection areas for stable supply, as well as the predominant areas of characteristic agricultural products for competitive advantage. Second, the efficient utilization system consisted of regional distribution, the whole industrial chain, and agricultural parks layout. Third, the consolidation and restoration system also included quantity supplement, quality improvement of farmland, and rural ecological restoration. 4) Regional distribution of agriculture was optimized, according to main functions. 5) The industrial chains were relocated suitable for the green development. 6) Agriculture parks were necessary to integrate the urban-rural and industrial communities. 7) The efficiency of planning and management was also improved using digital technology. Therefore, this finding can provide a promising insightful idea for the territorial spatial planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the future development direction of organic agriculture and promote its moderate and healthy development in China, this paper systematically analyzed the status and trend of international organic agricultural land, the organic shares of the total agricultural land, and the organic farmland use types. The results showed that: The regional distribution of organic farmland in the world was relatively concentrated, and grassland was the dominant use type; the organic areas and organic shares were increasing in the world, the largest increase was organic pasture land; organic agriculture was still a kind of minority agriculture. In view of this, the paper suggested that organic agriculture should not be developed as major agriculture but as characteristic agriculture, and China should focus on organic pasture development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To guide the rational utilization of agricultural resources and the revitalization and development of rural areas in mega-cities, this paper studies the spatial distribution rules and development patterns of agricultural multi-functions, Taking Shanghai as an example. The multifunctional agriculture was divided into four functions, namely, agricultural products supply, social security, culture and leisure, and ecological regulation function. By full consideration of cultural landscape, geographic location conditions and traffic factor, evaluation index system and model were built to analyze multifunctional spatial distribution rule and make clustering analysis. The result showed that 1) quantitative evaluation result can accurately reflect multifunctional spatial distribution law of agriculture in Shanghai and the distribution of various functions closely related to the natural condition, geographic location, traffic condition and economic development. 2) Agricultural multifunctional combinations of different streets were divided into five types: eco-structured development pattern, traditional agriculture development pattern, farming culture development pattern, cultural and leisure development pattern, balanced development pattern. Each pattern had corresponding development strategies. Radar analysis map of four agricultural multifunctional average evaluation values for towns of five agricultural multifunctional development patterns were constructed. Towns of eco-structured development pattern had almost no social security function. These patterns mainly located in the suburbs and there were almost no registered population engaged in agriculture. Radar map for towns of traditional agricultural development pattern showed that the agricultural products supply function was very high, and the quality grade of agricultural land in these towns was relatively high, because of the geographic location and traffic conditions, culture and leisure functions were not very high. Towns of traditional agricultural development pattern were suitable for developing traditional agriculture, improving the level of agricultural scale, agricultural production efficiency and agricultural product quality. Radar map for towns of farming cultural development pattern shows that the agricultural products supply function, culture and leisure function were all relatively high, but the ecological regulation function and the social security function were all at the medium level. The agricultural land proportion in these areas and the agricultural products supply function was relatively high. Towns of farming culture development pattern were suitable for developing large-scale agricultural production and small-scale agricultural workshops. Radar map for towns of cultural and leisure development pattern was close to those of agricultural culture development pattern, but its agricultural products supply function was obviously lower than those of farming culture development pattern. Radar map for towns of functional balanced development pattern showed that the supply function of agricultural products, social security, ecological regulation and cultural and leisure function were all at the middle level. These towns of functional balanced development pattern could select different combinations of four functions according to local situation and determine a more reasonable agricultural development pattern. The level of multi-functional development pattern was circular distribution, followed by cultural leisure, farming culture and traditional agricultural development pattern, while the eco-structured development pattern was interspersed in the cultural leisure development pattern. Five development patterns are highly correlated with planned agricultural and ecological functional zones. The spatial distribution law and development pattern of agricultural multi-function are according with actual situation of Shanghai. This study can provide references for guiding rational use and protection of agricultural resource, also for rural development and revitalization in large city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huainan City is a typical city of the overlapped area of crop and coal production, and coal mining subsidence is typical in the country, this paper took the mining subsidence area of Huainan City as the research object, and discussed the change characteristics of the actual farming radius after village relocation in the subsidence area and its impact on agricultural production. It mainly studied the changes in the agricultural production convenience, the mode of labor and the enthusiasm of production activities caused by the change of farming radius, and the adverse effects brought by it. Firstly, based on regular “Equal” method, we calculated the spatial farm radius before and after the village relocation in the subsidence area from 2010 to 2015, which represented only the spatial distance and needs to be corrected. And then based on the DEM data of Huainan City, the relief amplitude of the study area was analyzed and the best statistical unit for calculating the relief amplitude value of Huainan City was determined, and the topographic correction coefficient of the farming radius of Huainan City was calculated based on the unit. According to the cultivated land area in the land ownership area, the regional reclamation index was calculated. Then, the topographic landform and agricultural land layout of the spatial farming radius was quantitatively corrected by using the topographic correction coefficient of the farming radius and reclamation index to obtain the actual farming radius, and the change characteristics of the actual farming radius after village relocation in subsided areas were analyzed. Finally, based on the calculation results of actual farming radius, combined with the field questionnaire survey, the impact of farming radius on agricultural production was analyzed from the aspects of farming convenience and agricultural labor, and corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were put forward. The results showed that: 1) the best statistical unit for extracting relief amplitude in Huainan City based on 30 m by 30 m GDEM DEM data was 120 m by 120 m, and the topographic correction coefficient of the farm radius of rural settlements was 1.052 based on the unit. 2) Due to the impact of coal mining, the ground collapsed, forming sporadic water accumulation areas, increasing the fragmentation of cultivated land and reducing the effective cultivated land ratio, therefore, the reclamation index of the land in which the village was relocated in 2015 was decreased compared to 2010. 3) Through the mathematical model of farming radius, the actual farming radius before and after the village relocation in the coal mining subsidence area was calculated, compared with the farming radius before relocation, the actual farming radius after the village relocation of the coal mining subsidence area had expanded by 1~20 times. Among the villages, those moved to Phoenix lake new village had the highest increase in the farming radius, increasing by 22 540.45 m. The villages relocated to Liulongxin village had the smallest increase in the farming radius, increasing by 914.05 m. 4) By converting actual farming distance into time, we compared the time before and after relocation for farming. Before relocation, it only took 9-24 minutes on foot for farming. However, after relocation it was 20-296 minutes, indicating that the time spent on the road has increased dramatically. In order to reduce the time spent on road, farmers have to update their transportation or reduce the number of round trips, which would directly lower the convenience of farmers farming and may weaken the enthusiasm of farmers in agricultural production activities. Through questionnaire survey, we found that the agricultural population had decreased after the relocation, and increasing farming radius led to more farmers give up agricultural production. The agricultural labor force gradually shifted to non-agricultural industries and towns, causing the farmland to be barren, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of agriculture. 5) In order to reduce the adverse impact of increased farming radius on agricultural production, the local government and relevant departments should take corresponding measures: implementing effective and reasonable relocation of mining villages; increasing agricultural support; strengthening agricultural scale operation and accelerating agricultural mechanization production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limitation of the current mode of transmission has hindered the spread and development of farming culture and spirit. In view of the mentioned facts, a method of developing an intelligent exhibition platform based on virtual reality was proposed. In order to avoid the error and delay caused by interaction, we proposed an algorithm of model interactive control that could realize observing the 3D (three-dimensional) model by rotating and zooming it accurately. Meanwhile, we put forward a virtual scene roaming algorithm for orientation changing aiming at the problem that the present virtual scene path roaming algorithm cannot change the object's orientation, and as a result, the effect achieved by this algorithm was more similar to behavior of human. The intelligent exhibition platform of virtual farming scene was designed and developed based on the Unity3D platform, with 3D Max as the 3D modeling tool and C# as the scripting language. Virtual farming scene should be built on the basis of the objective facts, so that it can be in line with the historical background and reality. But one of the difficulties of this platform was that we had no real scene for reference, so we proposed a method of observation and measurement to solve the problem. According to the analysis and design of the data, the display platform was divided into 2 parts, the north ancient China with dry land and the south ancient China with paddy fields. Each part would be shown from 3 aspects, i.e. scene, farming tools and typical production skills. By observing the appearance, recording the structure, size and angle measurement of real farming tools and its components, we obtained the basic data to complete 3D modeling. There were 2 frequently used methods for 3D modeling: entity modeling and fractal modeling. Through the analysis of physical characteristics of objects, different modeling methods were adopted to complete modeling. With its convenient and intelligent features, key frame animation has become the most basic computer animation technology. In order to achieve the final animation effect, combined with the characteristics of the 3D models of this platform, we adopted key frame animation technology to complete the animation. In order to achieve the intelligent display of scenes, we used 3D virtual roaming technology, and the scene roaming was divided into 2 modes, automatic mode and manual mode. The first way could browse the virtual scene automatically by using the virtual scene roaming algorithm for orientation changing that we have proposed, while the second provided user an opportunity to view the scenes manually through a virtual character. We adopted human-computer interaction technology by using the algorithm of model interactive control that we have proposed. And the interaction accuracy was favorable. Unity3D was utilized as the development software for the platform. The completed 3D models were imported into Unity3D project file with a file format of .FBX. Both the scene roaming and interactive function of the platform were achieved by coding C# scripts. The virtual scene that could show experiment results of the platform rendered a good effect. The research result showed that blended with roaming and controlling, the intelligent platform restored an ancient farming scene, which publicizes the typical production skills, greatly improves the practicability of the platform, and offers a kind of new method for culture exhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivated land resource safety is of great significance for ensuring regional grain security. Taking relevant cultivated land data from 1990 to 2010 in Hebei Province as basis, this paper built a dynamic change evaluation system for cultivated land resources security. The quantitative evaluation was carried out on the security status of cultivated land resource by coefficient of entropy and TOPSIS model, and the principal component analysis method was adopted to analyze its driving forces. The result showed that aggregative index of cultivated land resources security temperal changed obviously between the state of insecurity and unsafe condition during the past 20 years. The index of quantity security was first decreased and then increased, the index of quality security showed clear growth trend; the index of ecological security showed a declining trend year by year. The driving factors affecting the security of cultivated land resources were socio-economic factors, demographic factors, and natural factors. Before ending, the paper put forward related counter-measures to improve the safety of the cultivated land resources in Hebei Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban farms operated with community-supported agricultural mode provide a new concept and practical case for the recreational ways of urban residents and sustainable development of both urban and rural areas in China. Currently, we lack the study of such phenomenon among our domestic tourists and recreational academic circle. The paper, choosing "Small Donkey Farm for Urban Residents" operated with community-supported agricultural mode in Beijing outskirts as a case study, proposes the EARTH mode (education-association-relaxation- trust-health) for the recreation of urban residents by employing qualitative study approach. It is expected that the relative results of the study will provide support for relevant decision-making and take this new mode seriously from departments concerned, strengthen natural, environmental and social education to urban residents, enhance community association, meet the needs of urban residents for relaxation in farms, build social trust and initiate healthy way of life so as to promote the sustainable development in urban and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural landscape refers to various forms of agricultural land formed due to historical or cultural factors, with the rural settlement and its surrounding natural environment as the background and agricultural activities (farming, animal husbandry, etc. ) as its base. The typical agricultural landscape includes "Mulberry-Dike-Fish-Ponds", "terrace farming", "fish-raising in rice fields", etc.. Agricultural landscape has its own features, which represent the unique artificial ecosystem established over thousands of years of farming activities. They are also land forms based on the geography, climate, soil, hydrology and other environmental factors in rural areas, in combination with unique features of local history, society, economy, and culture. In the process of developing rural tourism, a lack of comprehensive and deep understanding of agricultural landscape features embedded with farming history and culture, or blind adoption of methods in urban landscape construction will lead to the loss of the core value of agricultural landscape and rural characteristics. In order to maintain the features of agricultural landscape resources in rural areas in developing rural tourism, scientific explorations in agricultural landscape resources have become essential to research. According to this essay, in order to protect agricultural landscape features, a deep understanding of the systematic functions of agricultural production, people's life and the ecology is first and foremost; this could then be followed by the principles of integrity, sustainable development of resources, regional differentiation and coordinated coexistence. Under the guidance of these principles, it is imperative to monitor and evaluate the forms of agricultural landscape and ecological system by in-depth field investigation and with computer-aided GIS, RS and other modern technologies. The planning schemes of development of rural tourism landscape are proposed on the basis of these investigations and need to gain multidisciplinary scientific evidences. The subsequent construction and management should proceed in accordance with the protection of agricultural natural landscape and maintenance of local culture. In the process of tourism development, real-time control and management in the quantity and quality of the regional agriculture landscape and utilization of the ecological environment should be implemented, so should the structure of ecological system in agricultural landscape maintained in order to realize effective protection and sustainable use of agricultural landscape. With tourism development and organic regeneration in the traditional agriculture landscape of "Mulberry-Dike-Fish-Ponds" located in Seven-stars village, Xiqiao town, Nanhai city, Guangdong province as a case for study, this paper discusses how to realize effective protection and sustainable utilization of agricultural landscape features in tourism development. The "organic regeneration" of "Mulberry-Dike-Fish-Ponds" of agricultural landscape is to respect its inner structure and mechanism of ecological system, to make further improvement according to the conditions of the new era and need of meeting new function requirements, to carry out ascension transformation, to restore its biological cycles of the ecological system mechanism structure and the Field-edge fish ponds modification for tree planting, and at the same time to recover its biological cycles and structure relationship between Field-edge and fish ponds with consideration of leisure travel and promoting wetland landscapes. Therefore, the deserted Mulberry-Dike-Fish-ponds system will not be simply constructed to be lakes, ponds or paved plaza for tourism development. By exploring, protecting and maintaining the features of agricultural landscape, the Seven-star Village has turned "Mulberry-Dike-Fish-Ponds" into a tourism region with its characteristics in agricultural production, people's life and the ecology, as well as an agriculture base known for its pollution-free fruits, vegetables and fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural Land Transfer is currently a new trend of change in China's agricultural field. From the academic perspective, it has many divergences of opinions. Judging by property right, while in the process of farming land transfer, the subject will change about right to use, there is no change about the subject of contracted and proprietary right. Farming land transfer is impersonality require of agriculture productive develop entering new moment, in return, that will facilitate agriculture productive further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]